This document discusses several common respiratory diseases including their causes and treatments. Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease caused by genetic and environmental factors that results in lung inflammation. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden lung failure caused by sepsis, trauma, pneumonia or other infections. Asbestosis is caused by inhaling asbestos fibers and causes lung scarring. Byssinosis or "brown lung disease" results from inhaling cotton or other plant dusts. Pulmonary fibrosis involves lung scarring from smoking, infections or environmental exposures. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by bacteria while silicosis is a lung disease from inhaling silica dust during occupations like mining or construction. Treatments focus
Byssinosis is a lung disease caused by occupational exposure to dust from cotton, hemp or flax.
Other names for byssinosis include Monday fever, brown lung disease, mill fever or cotton workers' lung.
New Latin, from Latin byssinus of fine linen.
Byssinosis is a lung disease caused by occupational exposure to dust from cotton, hemp or flax.
Other names for byssinosis include Monday fever, brown lung disease, mill fever or cotton workers' lung.
New Latin, from Latin byssinus of fine linen.
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Wondering how on earth these celebrities manage to keep the glow of their skin on for years.
Magic or expensive cosmetics?
No, the name of the magic is yoga.
Yoga is the answer to all physical, mental and spiritual development.
1. Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose):
2. Ustrasana (Camel Pose):
3. Matsyasana (Fish Pose):
4. Halasana (Plow Pose):
5. Trikonasana (Triangle pose):
6. Pavanmuktasana (Wind Relieving pose):
7. Breathing Exercise:
Glowing Skin Remedies For Normal Skin Types:
• Mix the juice of half a tomato or orange with two tsp yoghurt. Massage your face with this preparation with upward strokes for a few minutes. Keep on till it dries and then wash off with cold water.• Massage your face using the inner part of a papaya peel. When it dries, wash with cold water.
• Grind half cup cabbage or press out the juice from the resulting pulp. Apply and cleanse it off after it dries. You can do the same thing with a small carrot.• Use the inner part of apple peels to massage your face and wash off with cold water when dry.• Rub an ice cube on your face. Pat dry. This helps to improve blood circulation and brings a natural glow to the skin.
The 4 degrees of separation between pain and pleasureDeborah Davis
Do you feel any sort of foot pain whenever you go for a walk? There are a number of things you can do either to prevent or lessen the pain. For starters, you should regularly exercise your feet by doing some morning stretches. You can also use some orthotics or shoe inserts. To learn more about foot pain, check out these slides from Docpods.
Digitized Student Development, Social Media, and IdentityPaul Brown
Originally presented at the ACPA 2016 International Convention in Montreal, Canada. This presentation provides an overview of my research on college student development in digital/social spaces.
Originally presented as a Genius Lab at the 2016 ACPA Convention in Montreal, this presentation provides an overview of some basic concepts related to making great presentation slides.
This lecture elucidates in detail the important occupational health diseases, the all-important concept of work absenteeism and, lastly, the prevention of occupational diseases.
Dental consideration in respiratory disorders/prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Dental consideration in respiratory disorders/ dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Climate Change:
Definitions: USA EPA!
Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.
History:
20 hottest years in the last and present century occurred after 1980.
KYOTO PROTOCOL
On February 2005 KYOTO PROTOCOL came into force in most of the 169 countries of the world.
It was decided that by 2010 GHG emissions would be reduced by 5.2% below 1990 level.
Causes:
Constantly emitting GHGs are the prime cause of it.
1.Water vapor (H. 2O)
2.Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3.Methane (CH4)
4.Nitrous oxide (N2O)
5.Ozone (O3)
6.Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs)
Effects:
Ill health of mother earth.
Future:
A darker future awaits for us if we don't take rationale steps right now.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. 3 Causes of Respiratory Diseases in Modern Era
Respiratory disease:
Respiratory diseases is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting
the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms.
Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-
threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer.
The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology. A doctor who specializes in
respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist.
Sarcoidosis:
Sarcoidosis is a disease caused by small areas of inflammation. In pulmonary sarcoidosis,
small patches of inflamed cells can appear on the lungs' small air sacs (alveoli), breathing
tubes (bronchioles) or lymph nodes. The lungs can become stiff and may not be able to hold
as much air as healthy lungs.
Causes of Sarciodosis:
Genetic disorders may involve spreading this disease.
Abnormal immune system.
Infectious agents such as propionibacterium acnes can be
found in bronchoalveolar lavage of approximately 70%
patients and is associated with disease activity.
Sarcoidosis frequently causes an increase in vitamin D
production outside the kidney.
Treatment:
Follow your healthcare provider's directions.
Stay away from dust and chemicals that can harm the lungs.
Pay attention to the air quality forecast of area. Follow precautions for Orange and
Red days, when pollution levels are dangerous for anyone with lung disease.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS):
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the sudden failure of the respiratory
(breathing) system. It can develop in anyone over the age of 1 who is critically ill. A person
with ARDS has rapid breathing, difficulty getting enough air into the lungs and low blood
oxygen levels.
Causes of ARDS:
ARDS cause by following:
Sepsis (bacterial infection of the blood)
Trauma
Pneumonia or other lung infection
Multiple blood transfusions
Breathing in salt water
Breathing in harmful smoke or fumes
4. 4 Causes of Respiratory Diseases in Modern Era
Breathing vomit into the lungs
Narcotics
Treatment:
Treatments may include:
Oxygen through tubes in your nose or through a mask
Oxygen through breathing tube which goes through your mouth or nose into your
windpipe. The tube is connected to a ventilator, a machine that helps you breathe.
Fluids through an IV line to improve your blood flow and to provide nutrition
Medicine to prevent and treat infections and to relieve pain
Asbestosis:
Asbestos contains a microscopic fibers cause disease, including
cancer.
Causes of asbestosis:
Asbestosis may be cause by:
Asbestos mining
Milling industries
Construction
Fireproofing
Treatment:
Treatments may include:
Aerosol medications to thin secretions
Oxygen by mask or by a plastic piece that fits into the nostrils
Lung transplantation
Byssinosis:
Byssinosis (brown lung disease) is a lung disease. The small
airways become blocked, severely harming lung function.
Causes of Byssinosis:
The disease may be caused by:
Dusts from cotton processing
Hemp and flax.
Treatment:
Change job to avoid more exposed to disease.
Prescribe medications such as bronchodilators to improve symptoms.
Chronic byssinosis may be treated with respiratory treatments, including
nebulizers.
Pulmonary fibrosis:
Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease marked by scarring in the lungs. The scarring is called
fibrosis. As the lung tissue becomes scarred, it interferes with a person's ability to breathe.
5. 5 Causes of Respiratory Diseases in Modern Era
Causes of Pulmonary fibrosis:
The disease may be cause by:
Cigarette smoking
Certain viral infections
Exposure to environmental pollutants, including silica and
hard metal dusts, bacteria and animal proteins, and gases
and fumes
The use of certain medicines
Genetic problems
Treatment:
Doctor may prescribe prednisone to reduce inflammation. Prednisone is a
corticosteroid. It can have serious side effects, which suppress the immune
system.
Oxygen therapy may be prescribed if the amount of oxygen in blood gets low.
Lung transplant may be recommended in such cases.
Pertussis:
Pertussis is known as whooping cough. It is a serious, very contagious
disease that causes severe, uncontrollable coughing fits. The coughing
makes it difficult to breathe and often ends with a "whoop" noise.
Causes of Pertussis:
It is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person when an
infected person sneezes or coughs.
Treatment:
Cough syrups and drops will not work on pertussis so doctor may prescribe
antibiotics, fluids given through a vein (intravenously), and/or an oxygen tent with
high humidity.
Silicosis:
Silicosis is a lung disease that is caused by inhaling tiny bits of silica.
Silica is a common mineral that is part of sand, rock and mineral ores
like quartz. It is a chronic disease and cannot be cured.
Causes of Silicosis:
Causes may include:
Highway and bridge construction and repair
Building construction, demolition, and repair
Abrasive blasting
Masonry work
Concrete finishing
6. 6 Causes of Respiratory Diseases in Modern Era
Rock drilling
Mining
Sand and gravel screening
Treatment:
Healthcare provider may prescribe cough medicine, bronchodilators (medications
that helps to open airways to help breathe more easily), and oxygen.
To keep the disease from getting worse, it is important to stay away from any
additional sources of silica and other lung irritants.
References:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/respiratory+disease
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_diseases
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/sarcoidosis/symptoms-diagnosis.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/sarcoidosis/page2.htm#3whogetss
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/asbestosis/understanding-asbestosis.html
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/byssinosis/
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/pulmonary-fibrosis/
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/pertussis/
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/silicosis/understanding-silicosis.html