Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources like fossil fuel burning. It makes rainwater acidic and harms aquatic life, forests, and infrastructure. Areas with granite bedrock and those downwind of industrial regions are most affected. To reduce acid rain, emissions must be decreased through cleaner energy sources and regulated smokestack emissions. Affected ecosystems can also be treated by adding limestone to neutralize acidity.

2. -:NOx:-:NOx:
--
-:SOx:-:SOx:
--
-:GROUP-B:-

3. -:Contents:-
 Introduction.Introduction.
History.History.
Causes.Causes.
Affected Areas.Affected Areas.
Effects On Living Organisms.Effects On Living Organisms.
Effects On Ecosystem E Materials.Effects On Ecosystem E Materials.
Controlling Measures.Controlling Measures.

5. -:Introduction:-

MSN Encarta

6. -:Acid Rain:-
• Acid rain is a popular term refining
to the deposition of wet(rain, snow,
fog and dry acidic components.
• A more accurate term is acid
deposition.
• Wet deposition.
• Dry deposition

7. -:Formation of Acid Rai:-

8. -:Formation of Acid Rain:-
• Distilled water has a neutral PH of 7.
Liquids with pH less than7 are acidic
and those with a PH greater than 7
are alkaline.
• Acidic rain has a Ph of 5.6 to 5.7.
• CO2 and H2O reacts to form the
carbonic acid that can ioniz in water.
( H2CO3)________(H+) +(HCO3-)

9. • Pollutants from a
source of pollution
drift up to the
atmosphere. Once in
the atmosphere, the
pollutants combine
with moisture to
form acid rain. The
acid rain is collected
in a cloud and will be
released when it
rains.
-:Formation:-

11. -:History:-
• In 18521852 he reported the relationship
between acid rain and atmospheric
pollution.
• After 19601960scientists began observing
and studying phenomenon.
• Harold Harvey of CanadaHarold Harvey of Canada was among
the first to research a dead lake in
USUSA public awareness of the problem
was heightened in 19901990 after the
New YorkNew York times .

12. -:History:-
• Ph readings in rain and fog is
below 2.42.4 have been reported
in industrial areas it is a
problem in RussiaRussia and China.China.
• Acid rain was first observed
by RobertRobert Angus SmithAngus Smith in
Manchester England.Manchester England.

13. -:Acid Rain In US:-
• In 1991, NAPAP1991, NAPAP provided its
first assessment of acid rain in
the US.US.
• In 2007,IN USA2007,IN USA total SOSO22
emissions were 8.9 million tons8.9 million tons,
achieving the program's long
term goal ahead of the 20102010
statutory deadlinestatutory deadline.

14. -:Acid Rain In Canada:--:Acid Rain In Canada:-
• In 1994, Canada1994, Canada and the provinces
began working with stakeholders to
develop new national acid rain strategy
since the 20 kg/ha/ye20 kg/ha/ye deposition
target. .
• These negotiations resulted in a series
of international agreements over the
years that followed, beginning with the
1979 UNECE1979 UNECE

16. -:Causes:-
• Emission from volcanoes.
• Acid producing gases are also created
by biological process on land, wet land
and oceans.
• The major biological source is dimethyl
sulfide.
• Bacterial decomposition and lighting also
contribute to the acid rain.

17. -:Human activities:-
• Coal burning.
• Extraction of metals.
• Industrial emissions.
• Electric power plants.
• Nuclear power plants.

18. -:Anthropogenic sources:-
• Automobiles produce 1/2
world NOx.
• SO2 cause 70% of acid rain.
• Livestock are responsible for
2/3 of all sources of NH3
which causes acid rain.

21. -:Affected Areas:-
-:Canada:-
• Acid rain is a problem in Canada
• Water and soil systems lack natural alkalinity
such as lime base.
• Cannot neutralize acid.
• Canada consists of susceptible hard rock
such as granite.
• Do not have the capacity to effectively
neutralize acid rain.

22. CanadianCanadian
forestsforests
Jizera mountainJizera mountain
inin
PolandPoland

23. -:Affected Areas:-
• China, Eastern Europe and Russia are
the areas, most effected by acid rain.
• The forests of upstate New York and
New England.
• This shows that the effects of acid
rain can spread over a large area, far
from the source of the pollution.

24. TaiwanTaiwan
ChinaChina
U.S
U.KU.K

26. -:Effects On Aquatic Life:-
• Continual acid rain decrease the PH
level and increase the “Al” level.
• Such factors cause chronic stress
That kill fish or may lead to:
1. Lower body weight.
2. Smaller size.
3. Less able to compete for food.
4. Less able to compete for habitat.

27. • It disturbs fish
ability to maintain “Ca”
level.
• Eggs of fish become
weak and brittle.
• Actual threat is from
long term increase
which stops the fish
from reproducing.
Death of
fish due to
acid rain.

28. Survival Of Aquatic Species
-:w.r.t to Acid Rain:-

29. -:Effects On Plants:-
Dissolve the toxic substances.
“Al” get absorbed by roots.
It corrodes waxy protective coatings
of leaves.
Making plants susceptible to diseases.
Cause slower growth, injury or death
of forest.

30. -: Effects On Human Beings:-
Not direct effect
on human.
It causes skin
infections:
a. Irritation to face.Irritation to face.
b.b. Skin allergy.Skin allergy.
It may causes
Asthma.

32. -:Effects of Acid Rain – Materials:-
• Destroy the historical monuments
made up of limestone and marble.
• Increase oxidation of Cu+2 and bronze
• Accelerates weathering in metal and
stone structures
 Eg. Parthenon in Athens,Eg. Parthenon in Athens,
Greece,TajMahal in Agra,Greece,TajMahal in Agra,
India.India.

33. Sandstone figure(Castle Westphalia)Sandstone figure(Castle Westphalia)
corrode by acid raincorrode by acid rain
-:1908:- -:1969:--:1908:- -:1969:-

34. -:Effects On
Ecosystem:-
• Biological organisms and Environment
in which they are live are called as
the “Ecosystem”.“Ecosystem”.
• At pH 5pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch.
• At lower pH levels, some adult fishadult fish
and organisms die.
• Some acid lakesacid lakes have no aquatic life.

35. -:Acid Rain on the Forest Floor:-
• A spring shower in
the forest washes
leaves and falls
through the trees
to the forest
floor below.
• This is major
cause of forest
death.

37. -:-:Preventions and Solutions:-Preventions and Solutions:-
• 1 CLEAN UP SMOKE STACKS AND
EXHAUST PIPES:
-Almost all the electricity that power
modern life comes from burning fossil fuel
such as coal, natural gas and oil.
-Coal accounts for most SO2SO2 emission and
a large portion of NOXNOX emissions.
Reduction of sulpher:Reduction of sulpher:
a.Using coal with less sulfur.
b.Washing the coal.
c.Burning natural gas creates less SO2.SO2.

38. -:Use alternative energy sources:--:Use alternative energy sources:-
• There are other
sources besides
Fossil fuel.
• They include :They include :
1.Nuclear power.
2.Wind power.
3.Solar energy.
4.Geothermal energy.
5.Hydropower.
WindWind
energyenergy
SolarSolar
energyenergy

39. -:Restore a damaged environment:-
-Acid deposition penetrates deeply into
the fabric of an ecosystem changing
the chemistry of soil and stream.
-It takes many years for ecosystem to
recover from acid deposition, even
emissions are reduced.
-Limestone or lime can be added to acidic
lakes to cancel out the acidity.
- The process called liming has been
extensively used in Norway and Sweden

40. -: Take action as individuals:-
Individuals can contribute in thisIndividuals can contribute in this
case:case:
-Buy vehicles with low NOXNOX emission.
-Keep your thermostat at 68 degree F
in winter and 72 degree F72 degree F in summer.
-Promote awareness of the issue.
- Install pollution control equipment.