Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Air pollution control with BS6 Engine
Air pollution control with BS6 Engine
- 1. 1 Air Pollution ControL with BS6ENGINE By Piyali Goswami Student of Mechanical Engineering
- 2. 2 Objective…………………………………………………………………………………..3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………4 Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES)………………………………………………4 Pollution Emission Norms BS4 Vs BS6 ………………………………………………...5 How BS6 Works…………………………………………………………………………..6 How Diesel Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms……………………………………7 Bharat Stage Characteristics For Diesel Engines………………………………………8 How Petrol Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms……………………………………8 Bharat Stage Characteristics For Petrol Engines………………………………………9 BS6 Engine In Bikes……………………………………………………………………..9 Fuel Usage……………………………………………………………………………….10 Selective Catalytic Reduction …………………………………………………………..10 AdBlue………………………………………………………………………………..….10 Some BS6 Four Wheelers And Two Wheelers……………………………………..11&12 Reference………………………………………………………………………………...13 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….14 INDEX
- 3. 3 OBJECTIVE: This describes anintelligent approach to control Air Pollution with BS6 engine. India is a vast country with 10 highly populated cities. This is a qualification that we might not feel happy to boast of considering the alarming amount of pollutants the vehicles of the country release on the Indian roads. In the Indian cities, the vehicular emissions are major contributors to the worsening of air quality. Studies show that the release of NOx, SO2, CO2 and other particulate matters take a toll on the health of Indians. For instance, the PM2.5 levels in a city like Delhi is 6 times more than what is allowed by the WHO. Following the Paris Climate Agreement signed by India in 2016, India has taken the responsibility to cut down its carbon footprint by 35-55% within the next 12 years from what was recorded in 2005. These carbon footprint obligations have forced the country to move directly to BS VI norms bypassing the BS V norms. The BS VI norms will see the NOx emissions come down by 25% approximately in case of petrol engines and 68% in case of diesel engines. The PM emissions for diesel engines will come down by 80%. From an air quality and human health perspective, perhaps the single most important aspect of the BS VI regulation is the tightening of the PM emission limit and introduction of a PN limit for heavy-duty diesel vehicles. India is making an effort to reach the global standards and hence, a lot of changes in the trends, sales and choices made by customers are expected in the coming years.
- 4. 4 INTRODUCTION: Clean air isessential for the wellbeing of people and other living organisms. Pollution can’t be friends with us in any way because of the harmful combination of chemicals it contains. Everyone wants to breathe fresh and pure, but no one wants to contribute a part of their attention to the environment. The increasing number of vehicles, the use of fuels, poor transportation system, and frequent industrialization setups are the main reason for the increased level of pollution in the country. Air pollution is one of them that caused due to the emission of harmful smoke out of the vehicle engine that drivers don’t really bother about. It contaminates the air with harmful gases, dust, smoke that we inhale. Not only human beings, but it also affects plants and animals. To regulate the pollution emitted by cars and two-wheels, the government of Asian nation has placed forth regulations known as Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES). The Central government has mandated that every vehicle manufacturer, each two-wheels and four-wheels, ought to manufacture, sell and register solely BS6 (BSVI) vehicles from 1 April 2020. BHARAT STAGE EMISSION STANDARDS (BSES): Under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the Central Pollution Control Board sets the pollution emission standard and timeline for implementation and regulation for the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines and spark-ignition engines equipment in motor vehicle. The first emission introduced in the year 2000 with the name ‘India 2000’. In the year 2005 and 2010, BS2 and BS3 were introduced. And, then 2017 came up with emission norm BS4. Every motor vehicle has to go through compliance with the regulation if manufactured after the implementation of the pollution norms. In 2016, the Indian government has announced to skip BS5 norms and take on BS6 norms by 2020. The sale and registration of motor vehicle conforming the standard emission 6 is going to be banned from 1st April 2020 according to the Supreme Court judgment. This important step was taken to control the heavy pollutant emission facing by the people became worse around 2019. The adoption of norm BS6 is introduced to bring down pollution levels.
- 5. 5 It’s the mostchallenging deadline the auto industry has ever faced. Even by global standards, the four-year time frame given to automakers to upgrade their engines from BS4 straight to BS6 emission standards, skipping the BS5 stage altogether in the process, was impossibly short, and the equivalent of a running a marathon like a 100m sprint. The table below offers an insight into the implementation timelines of the emission norms: POLLUTION EMISSION NORMS BS4 VS BS6: BS6 emission standard is the sixth emission norm in the sequence in terms of reducing pollution as compared to retiring the BS4 emission standard. BS4 and BS6 are the assigned emission norms that set the maximum allowable levels of pollutant releases from a motor vehicle engine exhaust. The BS6 norms vehicles required to emit nearly 60mg/km of NOx (nitrogen oxides) emission, not more than that. Whereas, it was 80mg/km in the case of BS4 norms. Though, the particular matter (PM) limit has also been capped at 4.5mg/km in petrol engines. In the case of diesel cars emission norms, it’s way strict. NOx emissions should go down from 250mg/km to 80mg/km, HC+NOx emission must go down from 300mg/km to 170mg/km, PM emissions from 25mg/km to 4.5mg/km. The level of sulphur and nitrogen oxide content in fuel plays a significant role. BS6 fuel has lower sulphur content than BS4 fuel. The sulphur content in BS6 fuel is five times lower (10ppm) as compared to sulphur content in BS4 fuel (50ppm). And, the nitrogen oxide level for the BS6 diesel engine and petrol engine will be brought down by 70% and 25%. After BS6 norms come in effect from 1st April 2020, BS6 fuel will start dispensing across all petrol pumps in the country. You can even use BS6 fuel in BS4 or older cars without any trouble. Emission Standard Reference Year of Introduction India 2000 EURO 1 2000 Bharat Stage II (BS2) EURO 2 2005 Bharat Stage III (BS3) EURO 3 2010 Bharat Stage IV (BS4) EURO 4 2017 Bharat Stage V (BS5) EURO 5 To be skipped Bharat Stage VI (BS6) EURO 6 2020
- 6. 6 Sulphur infuel helps in proper lubrication inside the engine and burn more efficiently. BS6 contain lower sulphur than BS4 fuel with additives that imitate the lubricating properties of Sulphur. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) came up with a role in BS6 norm, whereas, it wasn’t available with BS4. With the introduction of BS6 emission norms, Real Driving Emission (RDE) will also be implemented to measure a vehicle’s pollutant emission in real-time conditions. It was not paired with BS4 emission norms. Onboard Diagnostic (OD) feature is another change that came up with BS6. It wasn’t introduced with BS4. A vehicle that has BS6 compliant engine require to fill with BS6 fuel. It won’t adhere to BS6 norms if someone with a BS6 engine uses BS4 engine fuel. Whereas, the emissions will be increased if a vehicle with BS4 fuel engine uses BS6 engine fuel. HOW BS6 WORKS: Jumping from BS4 to BS6 involves a drastic reduction in emissions. The noxious gases being spewed out of the exhaust is the unholy trinity of carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). In addition, there is particulate matter (PM) – a microscopic mix of nasty elements that the engine can’t burn. PM hangs in the air and is known to be carcinogenic, if inhale too much of it. Any engine burning fossil fuel unchecked, emits this deadly cocktail, and the only way to reduce these emissions is to make the combustion process as complete as possible. In theory, the emissions from complete combustion are water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) – all of which are natural, non-toxic elements. CO2 is the biggest culprit for global warming, though. Combustion, however, is never 100 percent complete and it’s those engines that come closest that are the cleanest.
- 7. 7 BS6 standards demanda drastic reduction in emissions (see below) and the technology needed to achieve this varies between petrol and diesel engines as their emissions profiles are different. HOW DIESEL ENGINES ARE UPGRADED TO BS6 NORMS: For diesel engines to jump from BS4 to BS6 is a herculean task. To meet BS6 standards, the we need both, a DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) and NOx treatment. It’s because diesels, unlike petrol, produce high levels of PM and NOx, and to achieve the 82 percent and 68 percent reduction, respectively, of both these pollutants, sophisticated hardware is needed. It’s this hardware that has seriously shot up costs, especially for bigger diesels. For NOx reduction, all diesel engines above 2.0 litres need Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), which is a clever emissions control system that injects ammonia-based urea, or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF), into the exhaust. The ammonia in the fluid triggers a chemical reaction that essentially converts NOx into harmless nitrogen and water. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions of up to 90 percent and allows diesel engines to comfortably meet the norms. Hence, it’s only on big, expensive cars and SUVs that SCR is viable.
- 8. 8 The technology thatmainstream Indian car companies are banking on is a Lean NOx Trap (LNT) because it’s a cost-effective solution that’s much cheaper than SCR. A cannister placed downstream of the engine’s exhaust manifold traps NOx as the name suggests. When the cannister or trap fills up, a richer fuel mixture is injected into the engine, and that reacts with the NOx, converts it to harmless nitrogen, and is then expelled from the LNT into the exhaust system. A general rule is that the limit for LNT is in cars with engines up to 1.5 litres and a body weight of under 1,500kg. Since LNTs use very expensive precious metals, and the size of the LNT catalyst is proportional to the size of the engine, this tech becomes too costly for big engines. The DPF, the other main piece of hardware in a modern diesel, also located in the exhaust system, and usually before the SCR or after the LNT, doesn’t like sulphur either. Excessive sulphur can clog the filter, but it can be burned off by running the engine at high speeds or by active regeneration – a method that involves spraying neat, unburnt diesel through the cylinders into the exhaust manifold to light off the DPF. The higher sulphur content in BS4 fuel means the DPF has to be regenerated or cleaned more frequently. Bharat stage characteristics for diesel engines Stage Year of Rollout Carbon Monoxide Oxides Discharge Sulfur Content BS3 2005 0.64g/km 0.50-0.56g/km 100 PPM BS4 2017 0.50g/km 0.25-0.30g/km 50 PPM BS6 2020 0.50g/km 0.06g/km-0.17g/km 10 PPM
- 9. 9 HOW PETROL ENGINESARE UPGRADED TO BS6 NORMS Petrol engines have it a lot easier than diesel, which is why the cost and effort to upgrade them to BS6 isn’t that high. Hence, the cost difference between a BS4 and a BS6 petrol car is quite reasonable and the reason why they will increase in popularity in the BS6 era. The thing about petrol engines is that they emit far lower PM and NOx than diesels, and hence don’t need the same expensive hardware. To meet the tougher norms, petrol engines essentially need a larger catalytic converter and this isn’t hugely costly or difficult to engineer, even on engines that are decades old. The problem with a bigger catalytic converter is increased exhaust back pressure, which has a direct impact on fuel efficiency and drivability. This is why the official fuel consumption figures on some BS6 cars are lower. Also, the throttle response in many BS6 cars has been dulled, and the power delivery feels flat and less perky. This challenge has made engine-calibration engineers a much-sought-after bunch, because they are the ones in the field, finely balancing the conflicting demands of performance, fuel efficiency and emissions. The tragedy is that the oil companies didn’t increase the octane rating to 95 as originally planned, due to cost reasons, and have stuck to 91 octane – the same as BS4. The low octane penalises fuel economy and performance by as much as 3-4 percent. Bharat Stage characteristics for Petrol engines Stage Year of Rollout Carbon Monoxide Oxides Discharge Sulfur Content BS3 2005 2.3g/km 0.35g/km 100 PPM BS4 2017 1.0g/km 0.18g/km 50 PPM BS6 2020 1.0g/km 0.16g/km 10 PPM
- 10. 10 BS6 ENGINE INBIKES: The transition to BS6 for two-wheelers has been particularly daunting, due to the challenges of working with small engines that have been built to be as frugal as possible, both in terms of cost and efficiency. While the switch from BS3 to BS4 was managed with relatively far fewer mechanical changes, the BS6 emission standards are so stringent that the changes have been far more extensive, and hence, expensive. BS6 emission norms are so tight that extremely precise fuelling is vital. This is why you see most mainstream manufacturers ditching the affordable and simple carburettors in their products, for more accurate, but expensive fuel-injection systems. Considering the entire costs of the injectors, fuel pump, ECU, etc, we’re looking at a 10 percent hike in price for affordable machines, if not more. There’s also the fact that BS6 compliance demands considerably more catalyst material, which is another significant contributor to the cost. In fact, this is one of the big reasons why you’ll see a fairly significant price hike in two-wheelers that already have FI systems. There are still a couple of manufacturers who have not yet fully committed to FI, but most of the big players, including Hero and the big Japanese manufacturers, have switched their entire line-ups to FI systems. The alternative to fuel injection is the electronically controlled carburettor, or the e-carb, which is something TVS and Bajaj are working on for their low cost, 125cc-and-below products. E-carbs are not as consistent or precise as fuel-injection systems, but they do come at a lower price, and it will be interesting to see the effects of their application. FUEL USAGE : The type of fuel you are using for your vehicle has its own importance because it plays a very significant role in emission regulation whether you are using diesel and petrol. The use of fuel should consider energy security and emission reduction. Metropolitan cities like Delhi and Mumbai running more than 1 lakh commercial vehicles on CNG fuel.
- 11. 11 In considerationof a safe environment, India is preparing to introduce bio-diesel and ethanol petrol. To facilitate alternative fuel options, the Indian auto industry is working with the authorities. For every new vehicle going to be sold after March 2020, it is mandatory to be in compliance with Bharat Stage 6 emission norms as per the Supreme Court. The SCR or Selective Catalytic Reduction unit is a specially designed component in a BS6 engine, which is added to reduce emissions. The SCR system reduces NOx emissions by increasing the combustion temperature, which reduces the production of Particulate Matter in the engine. The NOx although increases while doing so, but it is controlled by the SCR using catalytic reduction. AdBlue: AdBlue is a brand name for a special diesel exhaust fluid. The fluid is made from urea and deionized water that’s stored in the car. When the car’s engine runs, AdBlue does its job as it is mixed with exhaust gases and converts the pollutants from the exhaust gases into nitrogen and water which make it completely harmless for the environment. BS6 Sedan Cars: BS6 Two-Wheelers: Hero Splendor iSmart 110
- 12. 12 Maruti Suzuki Dzire HyundaiElantra Mercedes Benz E-Class Audi A6 Honda City Hyundai Aura Honda SP 125 Yamaha FZ V 3.0 Yamaha FZ S V 3.0 Jawa Perak Royal Enfield Classic 350 BS6 KTM 390 Duke KTM 250 Duke Harley Davidson Street 750 TVS Star City Plus Hero Passion XPro Jawa KTM 390 Adventure BS6 Suzuki Access 125 Yamaha FZS-FI V3 BS6 TVS Apache RTR 160 BS6 Royal Enfield Himalayan BS6 Yamaha YZF R15 V3 BS6 Honda SP 125 BS6 TVS Apache RTR 160 4V Hero HF Deluxe BS6 Hero Splendor iSmart BS6 Jawa 42 Yamaha Fascino 125 BS6 SUVs: Kia Seltos Jeep Compass Toyota Innova Crystal BS6 Hatchback Cars: Maruti Suzuki Alto 800 Maruti Suzuki S-Presso Hyundai Grand i10 Nios Maruti Suzuki Swift Maruti Suzuki Wagon R 1.2- litre Maruti Suzuki Baleno Toyota Glanza Tata Tiago Maruti Suzuki Celerio Tata Altroz Hyundai Santro BS6 Crossover Cars: Maruti Suzuki XL6 S-Presso Tata Nexon Mahindra XUV 300 Ford Eco Sport TATA Harrier BS6 Scooters: Honda Activa 125 Honda Activa 6G Honda Activa 125 BS6 BS6 TVS Jupiter
- 13. 13 BS6 Petrol Engine BS6Diesel Engine BS6 Bike Engine
- 14.
- 15. 15 CONCLUSION: So, this iswhat can be concluded keeping in mind all the points covered above: The Bharat Stage 6 norms and fuel is surely going to disrupt the automotive market in India To make sure that BS6 engines work thoroughly and efficiently there have to be several types of equipment that will increase business for the companies and small manufacturers dealing in such components. With BS6 the government can ensure that a strict implementation can bring down the pollutants released from vehicles in major metropolitan cities. The introduction of timely emission norms can ensure that the new and updated technology arrives in the Indian market on time. The BS6 might be succeeded by Real Driving Emissions standard, as mentioned above. While the manufacturers have already started bucking up their belts when it comes to following the emission norms brought in by BS6, the final hurdle will be the government policies to ensure that the older vehicles and their emissions do not nullify the effects of the new, more efficient vehicles. Now, we can imagine how vigorously emission of smoke from vehicle engine can damage the livelihood of people residing on every corner of the globe. So, Let’s start a bit from our side and contribute to the eradication of pollution dissolving in the air.