This is an overview of BS6 engine. It has a brief description on
Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES), Pollution Emission Norms BS4 Vs BS6 , How BS6 Works, How Diesel Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms, Bharat Stage Characteristics For Diesel Engines, How Petrol Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms, Bharat Stage Characteristics For Petrol Engine, BS6 Engine In Bikes, Fuel Usage, Selective Catalytic Reduction , AdBlue, Some BS6 Four Wheelers And Two Wheelers.
2. 2
Objective…………………………………………………………………………………..3
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………4
Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES)………………………………………………4
Pollution Emission Norms BS4 Vs BS6 ………………………………………………...5
How BS6 Works…………………………………………………………………………..6
How Diesel Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms……………………………………7
Bharat Stage Characteristics For Diesel Engines………………………………………8
How Petrol Engines Are Upgraded To BS6 Norms……………………………………8
Bharat Stage Characteristics For Petrol Engines………………………………………9
BS6 Engine In Bikes……………………………………………………………………..9
Fuel Usage……………………………………………………………………………….10
Selective Catalytic Reduction …………………………………………………………..10
AdBlue………………………………………………………………………………..….10
Some BS6 Four Wheelers And Two Wheelers……………………………………..11&12
Reference………………………………………………………………………………...13
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….14
INDEX
3. 3
OBJECTIVE:
This describes an intelligent approach to control Air Pollution with BS6 engine. India is a vast country with
10 highly populated cities. This is a qualification that we might not feel happy to boast of considering the
alarming amount of pollutants the vehicles of the country release on the Indian roads. In the Indian cities,
the vehicular emissions are major contributors to the worsening of air quality. Studies show that the release
of NOx, SO2, CO2 and other particulate matters take a toll on the health of Indians. For instance, the PM2.5
levels in a city like Delhi is 6 times more than what is allowed by the WHO.
Following the Paris Climate Agreement signed by India in 2016, India has taken the responsibility to
cut down its carbon footprint by 35-55% within the next 12 years from what was recorded in 2005. These
carbon footprint obligations have forced the country to move directly to BS VI norms bypassing the BS V
norms. The BS VI norms will see the NOx emissions come down by 25% approximately in case of petrol
engines and 68% in case of diesel engines. The PM emissions for diesel engines will come down by 80%.
From an air quality and human health perspective, perhaps the single most important aspect of the
BS VI regulation is the tightening of the PM emission limit and introduction of a PN limit for heavy-duty diesel
vehicles. India is making an effort to reach the global standards and hence, a lot of changes in the trends,
sales and choices made by customers are expected in the coming years.
4. 4
INTRODUCTION:
Clean air is essential for the wellbeing of people and other living organisms. Pollution can’t be friends with
us in any way because of the harmful combination of chemicals it contains. Everyone wants to breathe fresh
and pure, but no one wants to contribute a part of their attention to the environment. The increasing number
of vehicles, the use of fuels, poor transportation system, and frequent industrialization setups are the main
reason for the increased level of pollution in the country. Air pollution is one of them that caused due to the
emission of harmful smoke out of the vehicle engine that drivers don’t really bother about. It contaminates
the air with harmful gases, dust, smoke that we inhale. Not only human beings, but it also affects plants and
animals.
To regulate the pollution emitted by cars and two-wheels, the government of Asian nation has placed forth
regulations known as Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES). The Central government has mandated that
every vehicle manufacturer, each two-wheels and four-wheels, ought to manufacture, sell and register solely
BS6 (BSVI) vehicles from 1 April 2020.
BHARAT STAGE EMISSION STANDARDS (BSES):
Under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the Central Pollution Control Board
sets the pollution emission standard and timeline for implementation and regulation for the output of air
pollutants from internal combustion engines and spark-ignition engines equipment in motor vehicle.
The first emission introduced in the year 2000 with the name ‘India 2000’. In the year 2005 and 2010,
BS2 and BS3 were introduced. And, then 2017 came up with emission norm BS4. Every motor vehicle has to
go through compliance with the regulation if manufactured after the implementation of the pollution norms.
In 2016, the Indian government has announced to skip BS5 norms and take on BS6 norms by 2020. The sale
and registration of motor vehicle conforming the standard emission 6 is going to be banned from 1st April
2020 according to the Supreme Court judgment. This important step was taken to control the heavy
pollutant emission facing by the people became worse around 2019. The adoption of norm BS6 is introduced
to bring down pollution levels.
5. 5
It’s the most challenging deadline the auto industry has ever faced. Even by global standards, the
four-year time frame given to automakers to upgrade their engines from BS4 straight to BS6 emission
standards, skipping the BS5 stage altogether in the process, was impossibly short, and the equivalent of a
running a marathon like a 100m sprint.
The table below offers an insight into the implementation timelines of the emission
norms:
POLLUTION EMISSION NORMS BS4 VS BS6:
BS6 emission standard is the sixth emission norm in the sequence in terms of reducing pollution as
compared to retiring the BS4 emission standard. BS4 and BS6 are the assigned emission norms that set
the maximum allowable levels of pollutant releases from a motor vehicle engine exhaust.
The BS6 norms vehicles required to emit nearly 60mg/km of NOx (nitrogen oxides) emission, not more
than that. Whereas, it was 80mg/km in the case of BS4 norms. Though, the particular matter (PM) limit
has also been capped at 4.5mg/km in petrol engines.
In the case of diesel cars emission norms, it’s way strict. NOx emissions should go down from 250mg/km
to 80mg/km, HC+NOx emission must go down from 300mg/km to 170mg/km, PM emissions from
25mg/km to 4.5mg/km.
The level of sulphur and nitrogen oxide content in fuel plays a significant role. BS6 fuel has lower sulphur
content than BS4 fuel. The sulphur content in BS6 fuel is five times lower (10ppm) as compared to sulphur
content in BS4 fuel (50ppm). And, the nitrogen oxide level for the BS6 diesel engine and petrol engine
will be brought down by 70% and 25%.
After BS6 norms come in effect from 1st April 2020, BS6 fuel will start dispensing across all petrol pumps
in the country. You can even use BS6 fuel in BS4 or older cars without any trouble.
Emission Standard Reference Year of Introduction
India 2000 EURO 1 2000
Bharat Stage II (BS2) EURO 2 2005
Bharat Stage III (BS3) EURO 3 2010
Bharat Stage IV (BS4) EURO 4 2017
Bharat Stage V (BS5) EURO 5 To be skipped
Bharat Stage VI (BS6) EURO 6 2020
6. 6
Sulphur in fuel helps in proper lubrication inside the engine and burn more efficiently. BS6 contain lower
sulphur than BS4 fuel with additives that imitate the lubricating properties of Sulphur.
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) came up with a role in BS6 norm,
whereas, it wasn’t available with BS4.
With the introduction of BS6 emission norms, Real Driving Emission (RDE) will also be implemented to
measure a vehicle’s pollutant emission in real-time conditions. It was not paired with BS4 emission
norms.
Onboard Diagnostic (OD) feature is another change that came up with BS6. It wasn’t introduced with
BS4.
A vehicle that has BS6 compliant engine require to fill with BS6 fuel. It won’t adhere to BS6 norms if
someone with a BS6 engine uses BS4 engine fuel. Whereas, the emissions will be increased if a vehicle
with BS4 fuel engine uses BS6 engine fuel.
HOW BS6 WORKS:
Jumping from BS4 to BS6 involves a drastic reduction in emissions. The noxious gases being spewed
out of the exhaust is the unholy trinity of carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of
nitrogen (NOx). In addition, there is particulate matter (PM) – a microscopic mix of nasty elements that the
engine can’t burn. PM hangs in the air and is known to be carcinogenic, if inhale too much of it. Any engine
burning fossil fuel unchecked, emits this deadly cocktail, and the only way to reduce these emissions is to
make the combustion process as complete as possible. In theory, the emissions from complete combustion
are water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) – all of which are natural, non-toxic elements. CO2
is the biggest culprit for global warming, though. Combustion, however, is never 100 percent complete and
it’s those engines that come closest that are the cleanest.
7. 7
BS6 standards demand a drastic reduction in emissions (see below) and the technology needed to achieve
this varies between petrol and diesel engines as their emissions profiles are different.
HOW DIESEL ENGINES ARE UPGRADED TO BS6 NORMS:
For diesel engines to jump from BS4 to BS6 is a herculean task. To meet BS6 standards, the we need
both, a DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) and NOx treatment. It’s because diesels, unlike petrol, produce
high levels of PM and NOx, and to achieve the 82 percent and 68 percent reduction, respectively, of
both these pollutants, sophisticated hardware is needed. It’s this hardware that has seriously shot up
costs, especially for bigger diesels.
For NOx reduction, all diesel engines above 2.0 litres need Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), which is
a clever emissions control system that injects ammonia-based urea, or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF), into
the exhaust. The ammonia in the fluid triggers a chemical reaction that essentially converts NOx into
harmless nitrogen and water. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions of up to 90 percent and
allows diesel engines to comfortably meet the norms. Hence, it’s only on big, expensive cars and SUVs
that SCR is viable.
8. 8
The technology that mainstream Indian car companies are banking on is a Lean NOx Trap (LNT) because
it’s a cost-effective solution that’s much cheaper than SCR. A cannister placed downstream of the
engine’s exhaust manifold traps NOx as the name suggests. When the cannister or trap fills up, a richer
fuel mixture is injected into the engine, and that reacts with the NOx, converts it to harmless nitrogen,
and is then expelled from the LNT into the exhaust system.
A general rule is that the limit for LNT is in cars with engines up to 1.5 litres and a body weight of under
1,500kg. Since LNTs use very expensive precious metals, and the size of the LNT catalyst is proportional
to the size of the engine, this tech becomes too costly for big engines.
The DPF, the other main piece of hardware in a modern diesel, also located in the exhaust system, and
usually before the SCR or after the LNT, doesn’t like sulphur either. Excessive sulphur can clog the filter,
but it can be burned off by running the engine at high speeds or by active regeneration – a method that
involves spraying neat, unburnt diesel through the cylinders into the exhaust manifold to light off the
DPF. The higher sulphur content in BS4 fuel means the DPF has to be regenerated or cleaned more
frequently.
Bharat stage characteristics for diesel engines
Stage
Year of
Rollout
Carbon Monoxide Oxides Discharge Sulfur Content
BS3 2005 0.64g/km 0.50-0.56g/km 100 PPM
BS4 2017 0.50g/km 0.25-0.30g/km 50 PPM
BS6 2020 0.50g/km 0.06g/km-0.17g/km 10 PPM
9. 9
HOW PETROL ENGINES ARE UPGRADED TO BS6 NORMS
Petrol engines have it a lot easier than diesel, which is why the cost and effort to upgrade them to BS6
isn’t that high. Hence, the cost difference between a BS4 and a BS6 petrol car is quite reasonable and the
reason why they will increase in popularity in the BS6 era. The thing about petrol engines is that they
emit far lower PM and NOx than diesels, and hence don’t need the same expensive hardware. To meet
the tougher norms, petrol engines essentially need a larger catalytic converter and this isn’t hugely costly
or difficult to engineer, even on engines that are decades old.
The problem with a bigger catalytic converter is increased exhaust back pressure, which has a direct
impact on fuel efficiency and drivability. This is why the official fuel consumption figures on some BS6
cars are lower. Also, the throttle response in many BS6 cars has been dulled, and the power delivery feels
flat and less perky.
This challenge has made engine-calibration engineers a much-sought-after bunch, because they are the
ones in the field, finely balancing the conflicting demands of performance, fuel efficiency and emissions.
The tragedy is that the oil companies didn’t increase the octane rating to 95 as originally planned, due to
cost reasons, and have stuck to 91 octane – the same as BS4. The low octane penalises fuel economy and
performance by as much as 3-4 percent.
Bharat Stage characteristics for Petrol engines
Stage Year of Rollout Carbon Monoxide Oxides Discharge Sulfur Content
BS3 2005 2.3g/km 0.35g/km 100 PPM
BS4 2017 1.0g/km 0.18g/km 50 PPM
BS6 2020 1.0g/km 0.16g/km 10 PPM
10. 10
BS6 ENGINE IN BIKES:
The transition to BS6 for two-wheelers has been particularly daunting, due to the challenges of working
with small engines that have been built to be as frugal as possible, both in terms of cost and efficiency.
While the switch from BS3 to BS4 was managed with relatively far fewer mechanical changes, the BS6
emission standards are so stringent that the changes have been far more extensive, and hence,
expensive.
BS6 emission norms are so tight that extremely precise fuelling is vital. This is why you see most
mainstream manufacturers ditching the affordable and simple carburettors in their products, for more
accurate, but expensive fuel-injection systems.
Considering the entire costs of the injectors, fuel pump, ECU, etc, we’re looking at a 10 percent hike in
price for affordable machines, if not more. There’s also the fact that BS6 compliance demands
considerably more catalyst material, which is another significant contributor to the cost. In fact, this is
one of the big reasons why you’ll see a fairly significant price hike in two-wheelers that already have FI
systems.
There are still a couple of manufacturers who have not yet fully committed to FI, but most of the big
players, including Hero and the big Japanese manufacturers, have switched their entire line-ups to FI
systems. The alternative to fuel injection is the electronically controlled carburettor, or the e-carb, which
is something TVS and Bajaj are working on for their low cost, 125cc-and-below products. E-carbs are not
as consistent or precise as fuel-injection systems, but they do come at a lower price, and it will be
interesting to see the effects of their application.
FUEL USAGE :
The type of fuel you are using for your vehicle has its own importance because it plays a very significant
role in emission regulation whether you are using diesel and petrol.
The use of fuel should consider energy security and emission reduction. Metropolitan cities like Delhi
and Mumbai running more than 1 lakh commercial vehicles on CNG fuel.
11. 11
In consideration of a safe environment, India is preparing to introduce bio-diesel and ethanol petrol. To
facilitate alternative fuel options, the Indian auto industry is working with the authorities.
For every new vehicle going to be sold after March 2020, it is mandatory to be in compliance with Bharat
Stage 6 emission norms as per the Supreme Court.
The SCR or Selective Catalytic Reduction unit is a specially designed component in a BS6 engine,
which is added to reduce emissions. The SCR system reduces NOx emissions by increasing the combustion
temperature, which reduces the production of Particulate Matter in the engine. The NOx although
increases while doing so, but it is controlled by the SCR using catalytic reduction.
AdBlue:
AdBlue is a brand name for a special diesel exhaust fluid. The fluid is made from urea and deionized
water that’s stored in the car. When the car’s engine runs, AdBlue does its job as it is mixed with exhaust
gases and converts the pollutants from the exhaust gases into nitrogen and water which make it
completely harmless for the environment.
BS6 Sedan Cars: BS6 Two-Wheelers:
Hero Splendor iSmart 110
12. 12
Maruti Suzuki Dzire
Hyundai Elantra
Mercedes Benz E-Class
Audi A6
Honda City
Hyundai Aura
Honda SP 125
Yamaha FZ V 3.0
Yamaha FZ S V 3.0
Jawa Perak
Royal Enfield Classic 350 BS6
KTM 390 Duke
KTM 250 Duke
Harley Davidson Street 750
TVS Star City Plus
Hero Passion XPro
Jawa
KTM 390 Adventure
BS6 Suzuki Access 125
Yamaha FZS-FI V3 BS6
TVS Apache RTR 160 BS6
Royal Enfield Himalayan BS6
Yamaha YZF R15 V3 BS6
Honda SP 125
BS6 TVS Apache RTR 160 4V
Hero HF Deluxe BS6
Hero Splendor iSmart BS6
Jawa 42
Yamaha Fascino 125
BS6 SUVs:
Kia Seltos
Jeep Compass
Toyota Innova Crystal
BS6 Hatchback Cars:
Maruti Suzuki Alto 800
Maruti Suzuki S-Presso
Hyundai Grand i10 Nios
Maruti Suzuki Swift
Maruti Suzuki Wagon R 1.2-
litre
Maruti Suzuki Baleno
Toyota Glanza
Tata Tiago
Maruti Suzuki Celerio
Tata Altroz
Hyundai Santro
BS6 Crossover Cars:
Maruti Suzuki XL6
S-Presso
Tata Nexon
Mahindra XUV 300
Ford Eco Sport
TATA Harrier
BS6 Scooters:
Honda Activa 125
Honda Activa 6G
Honda Activa 125 BS6
BS6 TVS Jupiter
15. 15
CONCLUSION:
So, this is what can be concluded keeping in mind all the points covered above:
The Bharat Stage 6 norms and fuel is surely going to disrupt the automotive market in India
To make sure that BS6 engines work thoroughly and efficiently there have to be several types of equipment
that will increase business for the companies and small manufacturers dealing in such components.
With BS6 the government can ensure that a strict implementation can bring down the pollutants
released from vehicles in major metropolitan cities.
The introduction of timely emission norms can ensure that the new and updated technology arrives
in the Indian market on time. The BS6 might be succeeded by Real Driving Emissions standard, as mentioned
above.
While the manufacturers have already started bucking up their belts when it comes to following the
emission norms brought in by BS6, the final hurdle will be the government policies to ensure that the older
vehicles and their emissions do not nullify the effects of the new, more efficient vehicles.
Now, we can imagine how vigorously emission of smoke from vehicle engine can damage the
livelihood of people residing on every corner of the globe. So, Let’s start a bit from our side and contribute
to the eradication of pollution dissolving in the air.
