Metal Casting basics
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This presentation is for academic purpose Topics:- 1) Steps in casting 2) Types of pattern 3) Materials used for pattern making 4) Pattern allowances 5)Sand 6) Core and types of core 7) Gating system 8) Chvorinov's rule 9) Freezing ratio 10) Special casting processes 11) Types of furnace 12) Casting Defects
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Sand casting uses sand as the primary mould material mixed with other materials like clay and water. A pattern with the shape of the desired casting is packed in sand to form the mould cavity. Molten metal is poured through a sprue hole and gates into the mould. After solidification, the mould is broken and the casting is removed and further processed by cutting off ingates. The sequential steps involve packing sand in the drag and cope halves of a flask with the pattern, cutting runners and gates, and pouring molten metal. Key terms include flask, pattern, parting line, and gates. Core sands require higher strength and permeability than moulding sands.
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6.core
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This document discusses molding sands used in the casting process. It describes the key characteristics of molding sands including their refractory nature, permeability, and ability to withstand heat without reacting with molten metal. It outlines different types of molding sands such as green sand, dry sand, and loam sand. The document also examines the ingredients that make up molding sands like silica sand, clay, and water. It provides details on properties, additives, and how varying the ingredients affects the characteristics of the molding sand.
Metal Casting - Manufacturing Technology 1
The document discusses manufacturing technology and focuses on sand casting. It defines key terms like manufacturing, technology, and manufacturing technology. It then discusses the history and process of metal casting. The main focus is on sand casting, including its definition, the 6 step process, and types like green sand and dry sand. Pattern materials and allowances are explained. Finally, it touches on moulding sand constituents, properties, core making, and sand testing methods.
Similar to Metal Casting basics (20)
Unit 1 manufacturing technology I Metal casting process
Unit 1 manufacturing technology I Metal casting process
moulding Sand and its functions also its use in foundry
moulding Sand and its functions also its use in foundry
More from Ubaid Shah
6 automotive sensors
This document discusses different sensors used in automobiles and their locations. It outlines sensors that measure oxygen levels, engine knock, parking distance using ultrasound or electromagnetic waves, inlet air temperature, throttle position, manifold pressure, engine coolant temperature, and crankshaft position. Selection criteria for sensors include what to measure, measurement range and dynamics, required accuracy and cost, operating environment, output type, sensitivity, power needs, and weight.
5 bodies and structures
This document discusses aerodynamics and aerodynamic drag in vehicles. It defines aerodynamic drag as the force opposing the forward motion of a vehicle caused by air resistance. Aerodynamic drag is a function of air density, vehicle speed, and the vehicle's coefficient of drag which depends on its shape. Specific techniques to reduce drag mentioned include minimizing frontal area, making the front end smooth with continuous curves, and using aerodynamic devices like wings, spoilers, and scoops.
4 auto electrial system
The automobile electrical system allows power to be generated and distributed throughout the vehicle. A key component is the alternator, also known as a generator, which converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy to charge the battery and power accessories. Proper maintenance and repair of the electrical system is important for safety and performance of modern vehicles that rely on electricity for many functions.
3.2 wheels and tyres
Wheels and tyres are made of various materials. Rims are typically made from mild steel, aluminum alloy, or aluminum-magnesium alloy. Tyres are composed of synthetic or natural rubber combined with fabric, steel wires, and other materials to provide traction and a cushioned ride. Different wheel designs like flat base or drop centre are used depending on the vehicle application.
3.1 suspension systems
The document discusses suspension systems in vehicles. It defines a suspension system as the system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve two main purposes - contributing to a vehicle's handling and braking ability, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by road conditions. The key components of a suspension system are described as control arms, ball joints, springs, and shock absorbers. Different types of springs and suspensions systems like independent suspensions and types of stub axles are also outlined.
2.2 steering
The document discusses steering gear ratios, which indicate the relationship between the rotation of the steering wheel and the turning of the wheels. It states that heavy vehicles have a ratio of 20:1, meaning the steering wheel must rotate 20 degrees for the wheels to turn 1 degree, while cars have a ratio of 12:1. With heavy vehicles turning their wheels 60-80 degrees, this corresponds to the steering wheel rotating 1200-1600 degrees, or 3-4 full revolutions. It also briefly mentions different types of steering gears like rack and pinion and worm and nut systems.
2.1 brakes
The document discusses the fundamentals of brake systems. It explains how brakes work by converting kinetic energy to heat energy through friction. It describes the basic components and operation of hydraulic brake systems including the master cylinder, control valves, and brake lines. It also discusses the different types of brakes, drum brakes, disc brakes, power brakes, parking brakes, and antilock braking systems.
1 transmission system
The document describes the components and operation of manual transmissions. It discusses the relationship between gears and torque, and describes the basic types of gears. It outlines the power flow through 3, 4, and 5-speed transmissions. It also names common transmission parts like the synchronizer and driveshaft. Finally, it lists some common transmission troubles like leakage, difficulty shifting, and noise, along with their potential causes and troubleshooting steps.
Machine tools
Lathe Machines,
Milling Machines,
Drilling Machines,
Grinding Machines,
Lapping
Honing machines
shaping
planning Machines.
Modern machine
Modern Machine Tools:
CNC machines: Introduction, principles of operation,
Types – Vertical machining centres and horizontal machining centres,
major elements, functions, applications,
controllers,
open loop and closed loop systems
Types of automatic machines,
Transfer machines
Basics of rolling process
This presentation is for academic purpose
Topics:-
1) Metal forming
2) Stress- strain analysis for forming process
3) Hot working and cold working process
4) Rolling process
5) Rolling mill arrangements
6) Rolling defects
7) Ring rolling
8) Thread rolling
9)Seamless Pipe Manufacturing By Rolling Process
10) Production of Steel Balls by Rolling Process
11) Roll-Forging
Basics of Polymer Moulding
This presentation is for academic purpose
Topics:-
1) Polymer
2) Thermosetting plastic
3) Thermoplastic plastic
4) Moulding of Thermosetting plastic: Compression and transfer moulding
5) Moulding of Thermoplastic plastic
Basics of joining process
This presentation is for academic purpose
Topics:-
1) Joining Process
2) Weldability
3) Types of weld joints
4) Edge preparation
5) Gas welding
6) Oxy-acetylene welding
7) Arc Welding
8) Types of power source
9) DCSP and DCRP
10) Types of arc welding
11) Resistance Welding
12)Thermit welding
13)Friction welding
14) LASER beam welding
15) Electron beam Welding
16) Explosive Welding
17) Defects in welding
18) Soldering
19) Brazing
20) Riveting
21) Adhesive bonding
More from Ubaid Shah (13)
Recently uploaded
一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...Paris Salesforce Developer Group
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our desired pressure
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdf
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
AI-Based Home Security System : Home security
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
smart pill dispenser is designed to improve medication adherence and safety f...
Smart Pill Dispenser that boosts medication adherence, empowers patients, enables remote monitoring, enhances safety, reduces healthcare costs, and contributes to data-driven healthcare improvements
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Recently uploaded (20)
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
smart pill dispenser is designed to improve medication adherence and safety f...
smart pill dispenser is designed to improve medication adherence and safety f...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Metal Casting basics
- 1. Metal Casting Prof. Ubaid Shah
- 5. Sand
- 7. Types of Pattern Solid Pattern
- 14. Sand
- 18. Wooden Pattern
- 19. Metal Pattern
- 20. Plastic Patterns
- 22. Pattern Allowances •Shrinkage Allowance • CI, Malleable iron-10mm/m • Brass, Cu, Al-15mm/m • Steel-20mm/m • Zinc, Lead-25mm/m
- 24. •Pattern Draft or Taper Allowance
- 25. • Shake Allowance • Distortion Allowance
- 26. Sand • Silica 75% (approx.) • Clay 10–15% • Bentonite 2–5% (as required) • Coal dust 5–10% • Moisture 1–8%
- 27. Properties of sand (i) Refractoriness i.e., it should be able to withstand high temperatures. (ii) Permeability i.e., ability to allow gases, water vapour and air to pass through it. (iii) Green sand strength i.e., when a mould is made with moist sand, it should have sufficient strength, otherwise mould will break. (iv) Good flowability i.e., when it is packed around a pattern in a moulding box, it should be able to fill all nooks and corners, otherwise the impression of pattern in mould would not be sharp and clear.
- 28. (v) Good collapsibility i.e., it should collapse easily after the casting has cooled down and has been extracted after breaking the mould. It is particularly important in case of core making. (vi) Cohesiveness i.e., ability of sand grains to stick together. Without cohesiveness, the moulds will lack strength. (vii) Adhesiveness i.e., ability of sand to stick to other bodies. If the moulding sand does not stick to the walls of moulding box, the whole mould will slip through the box.
- 29. NATURAL SAND , called Green sand. Only water as binder; can maintain water for long time SYNTHETIC SAND.- (1)GREEN and (2)DRY types (1) Artificial sand by mixing clay free sand, binder(water and bentonite) Contains New silica sand 25%; Old sand 70%; bentonite 1.5%;moisture 3% to 3.5% (2) New 15%; Old 84%; bentonite and moisture 0.5 % each
- 30. DRY SAND- for moulding large castings. Moulds of green sand dried and baked with venting. Add- cow dung, horse manure etc. LOAM SAND- mixture of clay and sand milled with water to thin plastic paste. Mould made on soft bricks. The mould dried very slowly before cast. For large regular shapes- drums, chemical pans etc. FACING SAND- used directly with surface of pattern; comes in contact with molten metal; must have high strength, refractoriness.
- 31. BACKING SAND- old used moulding sand called floor sand black in colour. Used to fill mould at back of facing layer. Weak in bonding strength SYSTEM SAND- used in machine moulding to fill whole of flask. Strength, premealibility and refractoriness high PARTING SAND- used for separating boxes from adhering, free from clay CORE SAND- for making cores. Silica sand with core oil (linseed oil, rosin, light mineral oil, binders etc)
- 32. CORE
- 33. CORE
- 37. Chaplets
- 38. Types of Core • Green Sand Core- these are obtained by the pattern itself during molding. • Dry Sand Core- core sands in a separate corebox, baked and then placed in the mold before pouring.
- 39. Horizontal Core
- 40. Vertical Core
- 42. Balanced Core
- 44. Or Wing Core
- 46. Types of Core Box
- 51. Gating System
- 53. 1 2
- 54. Top Gate Types of Gate
- 55. Bottom Gate Types of Gate
- 56. Parting line Gate Types of Gate
- 57. Pressurised Gating ---- 1 : 0.75 : 0.50 Unpressurised Gating------ 1:2:4 or 1:4:4 Gating Ratio- Sprue base area: Total runner area: Total ingate area
- 60. d/h=2
- 62. Shape and size of Riser • Amount of heat content is directly proportional to volume of the riser • Amount of heat dissipation depends upon the surface area of the riser • Therefore riser is designed with high volume to surface area (V/SA) ratio. • Best shape—Spherical • Worst shape– Rectangular • Best practical shape– Cylindrical The general relationship between the height and diameter of riser is, Height of cylindrical riser=1.5 x Dia. Of riser
- 63. 2 aSurfaceAre volume CtionTimeSolidifica Chvorinov’s rule where C is a constant that reflects mold material, metal properties, and temperature (Solidification Time)Riser >(Solidification Time)Casting 𝒕 = 𝑪 𝑽 𝑺𝑨 𝟐 𝑽 𝑺𝑨 𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒓 > 𝑽 𝑺𝑨 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑽 𝑺𝑨 𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝒕𝒐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝑽 𝑺𝑨 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
- 64. Caine’s Formula X= 𝑺𝑨 𝑽 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝑨 𝑽 𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒓 Y= 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 Freezing Ratio Volume Ratio Then Caine’s Formula is X= 𝒂 𝒀−𝒃 + 𝒄 Where, a= Freezing constant b= Liquid-solid solidification contraction c= Relative freezing rate of riser and casting
- 66. CO2 Casting
- 67. Shell Casting
- 71. Cold Chamber Die Casting
- 76. Casting Defects
- 77. Thank You !!!