This case presentation describes a 3 day old baby boy who presented with jaundice. The baby's mother had borderline gestational diabetes that was controlled with diet. The baby was delivered via normal vaginal delivery at 37 weeks with good APGAR scores. On the third day of life, the baby developed yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes. Initial workup found a serum bilirubin level above the exchange transfusion threshold. The baby was started on triple phototherapy and given IV fluids and FFP. Over the next few days, the bilirubin level decreased with phototherapy and the baby was discharged once the level was well below the phototherapy threshold.
UG CASE PRESENTATION ON INGUINAL HERNIAAyesha Huma
I have added viva notes after this proforma for quick revision of important stuff asked in exam.
LINK FOR EXAMINATION VIDOES :
1. https://youtu.be/uO-w_9w5okI
2. https://youtu.be/Vc_ZH_-Oad4
UG CASE PRESENTATION ON INGUINAL HERNIAAyesha Huma
I have added viva notes after this proforma for quick revision of important stuff asked in exam.
LINK FOR EXAMINATION VIDOES :
1. https://youtu.be/uO-w_9w5okI
2. https://youtu.be/Vc_ZH_-Oad4
Approach to neonatal jaundice - Simplified
references : Cloherty And Stark's Manual Of Neonatal Care
AIIMS Protocol In Neonatology
Care Of The Newborn – Meherban Singh
Similar to case presentation on neonatal jaundice (20)
A brief on Corona Virus, signs and symptoms and its management, virus, incubation period, medicines, treatment, mortality and severity with proper references.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. • 3 days old Baby boy of Mrs.R from Kottawa presented
with yellowish discoloration of the body and eyes for 1
day duration
Antenatal history
• This is mothers second pregnancy with an uneventful
antenatal period upto 34th week where the OGTT test
has showed increased glucose levels but was controlled
on diet.
Birth history
• Baby was delivered via a normal vaginal delivery at 37
weeks.
• Birth weight was 2.7Kg.
• APGAR 1 min- 9 , 5 min- 10
• Blood sugars were monitored 4 hrly for 24 hrs and was
above 46mg.
3. History of presenting complaint
• Patient was last well 1 day ago where the
mother has noticed yellowish discolouration
of the whole body and sclera.
• During the first two days stools were said to
be dark in colour which has turned yellowish
by the 3rd day but it was not pale.
4. • Mother also mentioned of 1 episode of dark coloured
urine on the 3rd day after birth.
• Baby was said to be lethargic where the mother had to
wake him up during the feeds.
• No difficulty in feeding , excessive crying, fever or
discharge from the umbilicus noted.
• Urine output, Bowel output normal.
• In the evening of the 3rd day after birth baby was
brought to the hospital and since the baby was severly
jaundiced, blood was sent for FBC,CRP,SBR,GP,DCT and
started on triple phototherapy. After 1 hr serum
bilirubin level was found out to be 26.46mg/dl which
was above the exchange transfusion level.
5. • Blood group - mother is O +ve
Fathers not known
baby is B +ve
• Not a consangous marriage.
6. • Immunization history
BCG given within 24hrs.
• Family history
No family members with jaundice in the
neonatal period. No history of anemia,
splenectomy or Bile stones in family members or
known heredity for haemolytic disorders.
7. • Social history
Baby is living with his mother, father ,
grandmother and the elder sibling who is 1 ½
years.
Mother is 36 years old and a housewife.
Father is a 36 years old businessman.
She receives a good family support
The family is financially stable.
8. Examination
• Baby was on triple phototherapy in NICU.
• No dysmorphic features ,not dyspnoeic.
• Yellow discolouration of the skin and sclera
was observed.
• Weight on examination 2.61kg (only 4% loss
not significant)
• OFC 32cm.
• Length 46cm
9. • BP-64/29
• HR – 152 BPM
• CRFT - < 2 sec
• RR – 42
• TEMP – 98.4 F
• Other than that Neonatal examination was
unremarkable.
10. • Management
Soon after admission
– Triple phototherapy started
• 10% Dextrose infusion at 6.8CC per hour
• EBM 30CC per 3 hours.
• Investigations done
FBC/CRP/SBR/GP/ DCT/ Blood picture/ Reticulocyte count
11. 22 Aug 2016 ( day 1 of admission)
– FBC - Hb 12.9 g/dl
- RBC 3.34 10^12/L
- HCT 37 %
- WBC 14.53 10^9/L
- N 38.1%
- L 42.8%
- PLT 343 10^9/L
-- CRP -1.4 mg/L
12. --SBR
Total Bil – 26.46mg/dl
Direct Bil – 1.21mg/dl
Indirect Bil – 25.25mg/dl
-DCT – Negative
-Blood group B +ve
13. • Bilirubin level was above the exchange
transfusion level.
• Preparation for an exchange transfusion was
done which is to be carried out after the next
serum bilirubin level in 8 hrs.
• While waiting, two hours after admission
40ml of group B FFP at 13.3CC per hour over 3 hours
IV Furosemide 2.5mg
14. 23 Aug 2016 (2nd day of admission)
• SBR at 5 a.m
Total Bil – 20.06mg/dl
Direct Bil – 1.73mg/dl
Indirect Bil – 18.33mg/dl
15. • Bilirubin level below exchange transfusion
level
No exchange transfusion done
• Triple photo therapy continued
• IV fluids stopped and EBM given.
• Reticulocyte count at 10 a.m - 10%
17. SBR at 6 p.m
Total Bil – 16.55mg/dl
Direct Bil – 1.59mg/dl
Indirect Bil – 14.96mg/dl
Triple phototherapy continued
18. 24 Aug 2016 (3rd day of admission)
• Total Bilirubin at 8 a.m
13.1mg/dl
• Blood picture
RBC – Normochromic Macrocytic red cells
Occational sphyrocytes, tear drops,
contracted cells and basophilic stipling.
Polychromasia
WBC – Neutrophilia. NO abnormal cells
PLT – Plentiful
19. • Transferred to paediatric ward from NICU
• Changed Triple phototherapy to single
phototherapy
20. 25 Aug 2016 (4th day of admission)
• FBC at 7 am
- Hb 11.6 g/dl
- RBC 3.14 10^12/L
- HCT 33.4%
- WBC 14.4 10^9/L
- N 35%
- L 48%
- PLT 382 10^9/L
21. • Total Bilirubin at 9 am – 15.06mg/dl
• Single phototherapy continued
22. 26th Aug 2016 (5th day of admission)
• SBR at 7 a.m
Total Bil – 15.96mg/dl
Direct Bil – 1.07mg/dl
Indirect Bil – 14.89mg/dl
Single phototherapy continued
24. Bilirubin levels and treatment during
the admission
22/08/2016
Day 1
23/08/2016
Day 2
24/08/2016
Day 3
25/08/2016
Day 4
26/08/2016
Day 5
Total
Bilirubin
(mg/dl)
26.46 AM PM 13.10 15.06 15.96
20.06 16.55
Direct
Bilirubin
(mg/dl)
1.21 1.73 1.59 - - 1.07
Indirect
Bilirubin
(mg/dl)
25.25 18.33 14.96 - - 14.89
FFP +
IV Frusemide
(9.30 p.m)
Triple phototherapy Single phototherapy
25. On Discharge
• Serum bilirubin level was several squares
below photo therapy level.
• Very mild jaundice was present.
• Baby was active and feeding well
27. • Usually over 50% of all new born infants become visibly
jaundiced because of,
High [Hb] at birth RBC breakdown
RBC life span of infants are short(70 days)
Less efficient bilirubin metabolism
Early neonatal jaundice is important :
# as it may be a sign of another disorder;
Eg: Haemolytic anaemia
Infection
Metabolic disease
Liver disease
# Unconjugated bilirubin deposition in basal ganglia may
cause Kernicterus
28. In the neonate, defect in any of the above steps can give rise
to problems
Bilirubin
metabolism
29. Types of Jaundice
A. Physiological Jaundice
• Jaundice can be seen in 60% of Term infants & 80% of
Preterm infants.
• It is mostly physiological
Features of physiological jaundice: (ALL of the following)
Jaundice that first appears between 24-72 hours of age
Maximum intensity is seen on 4-5th day in term and 7th day
in preterm neonates
Usually mild and less than 15mg/dl
Clinically undetectable after 14 days
Physiological jaundice is a diagnosis by exclusion.no
treatment is required but baby should be observed closely
for signs of worsening jaundice.
30. B. Pathological Jaundice
Features of pathological jaundice: ( ANY of the
following)
Clinical jaundice within 24 hours of birth
Total serum bilirubin (TSB) increase by >5mg/dl/day
(85µmol/l/day) OR 0.5mg/dl/hour (8.5µmol/l/hour)
Conjugated serum bilirubin >20% of total serum
bilirubin level.
Clinical jaundice persisting for > 2 weeks* in full term
and >3 weeks in preterm neonates (prolong
jaundice). (*NB : except in cases of breast milk
jaundice)
31. Causes of Jaundice
• Hyperbilirubinaemia in the first week of life is usually of the
unconjugated (Indirect) variety.
• Although conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (Direct) occurs less
commonly , it is always pathological.
Appearing within 24 hours of age ;
Haemolytic disease of newborn –
Blood group incompatibility - ABO ,Rh and minor blood
group incompatibility
Hereditary hemolytic anaemias -
Congenital spherocytosis
G6PD deficiency
Infections –perinatal sepsis
32. Appearing after 24 hours after life ;
All of the above
Physiological
Polycythemia
Concealed haemorrhages- Subneurotic
/subarachnoid/intraventricular haemorrhage
33. Prolonged jaundice (In term babies > 2 weeks)
(In pre term babies > 3 weeks)
A.Prolong Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia:
New or persisting sepsis- eg: UTI
Metabolic –Hypothyroidism , Galactosaemia
Persisting haemolysis
Breast milk jaundice
B. Prolonged Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia:
Neonatal hepatitis -
Congenital infections
Intrauterine infections (TORCH)
α1 antitrypsin deficiancy
Extra hepatic biliary atresia
Choledochal cyst
Metabolic disorders-
Eg: Galactocaemia
Crigler Najjar Syndrome
34. Assessment of a jaundiced within the
1st week
• This is directed towards assessing the severity,
complications and determining the aetiology of
jaundice.
Severity of jaundice
• Jaundice in the newborn progresses in the cephalo-
caudal direction and thus the extent of yellowness of
the skin is useful to assess the level of bilirubin.
• When a neonate is clinically jaundiced, the TSB is
usually >5 mg/dl (85 μmol/l).
• Serum bilirubin profiles and transcutaneous methods
• Kramer’s criteria are used to clinically estimate severity
35. Kramer’s Criteria
1 or less - >10mg/dl
2 or less - >15mg/dl
5 – definitely need
interventions
These values are not
absolute
36. Management
• Mx of jaundice is directed towards reducing the level of
bilirubin and preventing CNS toxicity.
1. Reduction of bilirubin is achieved by phototherapy
and / or exchange transfusion.
2. Dilution of bilirubin by giving FFP, fluids.
3. Hyperbilirubinaemia due to dehydration may be
prevented by early and frequent feeding.
The decision to treat depends on the severity and the
cause of jaundice.
37. Phototherapy
Preparation for phototherapy
• This involves exposure of the naked baby to blue-green
spectrum of wave length 450-460nm
• kept about 18 inches away from the light.
• The light waves convert the bilirubin to water soluble
nontoxic forms which are then easily excreted.
• Frequent feeding, every 2-3 hours and change of
posture should be promoted in an infant receiving
phototherapy.
• Eye shades should be fixed.
• External genitalia should be covered
38. Provision of phototherapy
Degree of phototherapy depends on severity of jaundice
Initiate continuous multiple phototherapy if any of the
following apply;
• TSB level is rising> 0.5 mg/dl/hr
• TSB is at a level within 3mg/dl below the level for which
exchange transfusion is indicated
• TSB level fails to respond to single phototherapy
• When bilirubin level falls during continuous multiple
phototherapy to a level > 3mg/dl below the threshold level
for which exchange transfusion is indicated , step down.
Repeat serum bilirubin measurement 4–6 hours after
initiating phototherapy and continue 6hrly if rising or non
responsive or 12hrly if responsive.
39. Side effects of phototherapy
• Increased insensible water loss when providing
phototherapy in cots: breastfeed more frequently / provide
adequate fluids to avoid dehydration
• Loose green stools: weigh often and compensate with
breast milk.
• Skin rashes: harmless, no need to discontinue
phototherapy;
• Bronze baby syndrome: occurs if baby has conjugated
hyperbilirubinaemia. If so, discontinue phototherapy
• Hypo or hyperthermia: monitor temperature frequently.
• Damage to eyes: cover eyes
40. Exchange Transfusion
• should be performed if the TSB remains in
exchange transfusion range as per treatment
threshold graphs, despite effective phototherapy.
• Immediate exchange transfusion is indicated if
features of bilirubin encephalopathy are evident.
• Delay in treatment may result in permanent brain
damage.
• When referring a baby with jaundice, make sure
that either the mother is referred or mother’s
blood sample is sent.
41. Use a double-volume exchange transfusion (2
x 80 ml /kg)
Umbilical vessels are the preferred access
method for performing an exchange
transfusion
Electrolytes, blood gases and vital signs should
be monitored during exchange transfusion
42. Type of blood
• In ‘Rh’ isoimmunisation, the best choice would be O
negative packed cells suspended in AB positive plasma.
O negative whole blood or cross-matched baby’s blood
group (but Rh negative) may also be used.
• For ‘ABO’ isoimmunisation, O group (Rh compatible)
packed cells suspended in AB plasma or O group whole
blood (Rh compatible with baby) should be used.
• In other situations baby’s blood group should be used.
All blood must be cross matched against maternal
plasma.
43. complications of exchange transfusion
anaphylaxis
ABO incompatibility
Electrolyte disturbances
Acid base disturbances
Hypothermia
Infection