Icterus neonatorum presentation for studentsNehaNupur8
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
Icterus neonatorum presentation for studentsNehaNupur8
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
This slide contains neonatal jaundice by including real case senario and nursing management through by passing definition, pathophysiology and diagnosis modality
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
This slide contains neonatal jaundice by including real case senario and nursing management through by passing definition, pathophysiology and diagnosis modality
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Mastering Wealth: A Path to Financial FreedomFatimaMary4
### Understanding Wealth: A Comprehensive Guide
Wealth is a multifaceted concept that extends beyond mere financial assets. It encompasses a range of elements including money, investments, property, and other valuable resources. However, true wealth also includes non-material aspects such as health, relationships, and personal fulfillment. This guide delves into the various dimensions of wealth, exploring how it can be created, sustained, and enjoyed.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Definition
Jaundice = visible manifestation in skin
and sclera of elevated serum bilirubin
Visible in adults at STB > 2mg/dl
In neonates if STB> 5 mg/dl
3. Incidence
Chemical hyperbilirubinemia (> 2mg/dl)
universal in newborns during 1st week.
Some degree of Jaundice > 60-70% of
term newborns and 80% of preterm
newborns.
Ref: NNF teaching aids on newborn care
5. Physiological Mechanisms Of
Neonatal Jaundice
Increased synthesis
Less efficient binding and transport
Less efficient hepatic conjugation and
excretion
Enhanced absorption via enterohepatic
circulation
6. Physiological Jaundice
Appears at 24-72 hrs of life
Peak STB levels at 3rd – 5th days of life in
term and 3rd - 7th day in preterm
Usually not > 15 mg/dl
Usually not > 2 weeks in a full term infant
No Rx usually
Ref: Taeusch & Ballard: Avery’s diseases of the newborn, 8th Edition
7. Pathological Jaundice - Clinical Criteria
Clinical jaundice in 1st 24 hours
STB > 17 mg/dl
Rate of rise > 0.2 mg/dl/h or 5mg/dl/d
Direct serum bilirubin > 2 mg/dl
Clinical jaundice > 2 weeks in a full term
infant
Ref: Taeusch & Ballard, Avery’s disease of the newborn, 8th Edition
9. Clinical Extent Of Jaundice
(Modified from Kramer’s Rule)
Head & Neck : 4-8 mg/dl
Upper trunk : 8-12 mg/dl
Lower trunk and thighs: 12-15 mg/dl
Palms and soles : >15 mg/dl
Ref: Kramer LI: advancement of dermal icterus in the jaundiced newborn. Am J Dis Child
118:454-458, 1969.
10. Important Basic Assessments
Maternal and perinatal history
BW, GA, post-natal age in hours
Clinical condition (well or ill)
Physiological or pathological
If physiological and baby well, observe
If not fitting into physiologic, proceed as
follows
11. Clinical Clues to Causes - 1
Cephalhematoma or subgaleal hematoma
Plethoric look
Evidence of sepsis – purulent skin rash,
infected umbilicus, conjunctivitis,
hypothermia, refusal of feeds, respiratory
distress, seizures, sclerema etc
12. Clinical Clues to Causes - 2
Stigmata of TORCH infections – rashes,
cataracts, hepatosplenomegaly
Hepatomegaly with palpable enlarged GB
Evidence of ICH – seizures, apnea, refusal
of feeds, impaired consciousness
Evidence of GI abnormalities – abdominal
distension, markedly visible peristalsis etc
13. Clinical Clues to Causes - 3
Evidence of hypothyroidism –
hypothermia, LGA, sluggish at feeds,
umbilical hernia
Evidence of Trisomy 21 – Mongolian slant,
Simian crease, thick protruding tongue,
sluggish feeding, etc
14. Clinical Clues - Breast milk jaundice
Presents as prolonged physiological jaundice
or appears de-novo after 1st week
In exclusively BF babies
Maximum between 10-14 days
STB > 15 mg/dl, BF cessation for 48 hours >
dramatic fall > no rise thereafter
For higher levels > phototherapy
Exact cause not understood
15. Complications of Jaundice - Kernicterus
Acute:
Stage 1(1st few days): lethargy, poor sucking
hypotonia,
Stage 2(Mid-1st week): rigid extension of
extremities, seizures,
high pitched cry
opisthotonus, retrocollis
Stage 3(after 1st week): stupor/coma
marked opisthotonus
Chronic: movement disorders, gaze anomalies
auditory abnormalities
Ref: Taeusch & Ballard, Avery’s diseases of the newborn, 8th edition
16. Lab Work Up
Total,direct and indirect serum bilirubin
Blood grouping and Rh typing
Hematocrit, Reticulocyte count, PBS
Direct Coomb’s test on baby
Sepsis screen
Liver function and Thyroid tests
Torch assay
18. Prevention of hyperbilirubinemia:
1. Early and frequent feeding
2. Adequate hydration
3. Administration of Anti-D injection to Rh
negative mother
19. Reduction of STB levels and
prevention of neurotoxicity
Phototherapy
Exchange transfusion
20. Phototherapy
Phototherapy > unconjugated bilirubin >
conjugated photoproducts > bile > stool, also >
urine
Blue light > 450-460nm wavelength and
irradiance of 6-12µW/cm2/nm .
The maximal surface area of naked baby
exposed
Distance - 45 cm.
The eyes and genitalia covered .
Feeding every 2 hours and frequent change of
posture are necessary.
Ideally double surface
21. Phototherapy Contd.
The baby is turned every 2 hrs or after each
feed
Temp is monitored every 2-4 hrs
Weight is taken daily
More frequent breast feeds or 10-20% extra
IV fluids are provided
STB is measured every 12 hrs
Phototherapy is discontinued if 2 STB values
are < 10 mg/dl
22. Phototherapy: adverse effects
Increased insensible water loss
Loose green stools
Hyperthermia / Hypothermia
Rashes (erythema)
Oxidative injury
UV light irradiation
Bronze baby syndrome
23. Exchange transfusion
The most effective and reliable method to reduce
STB
It decreases the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy by:
1. Reducing total bilirubin load
2. Increasing the binding sites of plasma
albumin
3. Shifting bilirubin out of plasma
4. Providing erythrocytes less apt to hemolyze
5. Removes sensitized RBC
Ref: Taeusch & Ballard, Avery’s diseases of the newborn
24. Exchange transfusion Contd.
Umbilical venous catheterization is done
5-10 ml aliquots exchanged
Blood Volume (80 mL/kg) X 2 = Volume of ET
Choice of blood:
a. ABO Incompatibility: use O+ve blood. Ideal
is O+ve cells suspended in AB plasma
b. Rh Isoimmunization: in emergency use
O-ve blood. Ideal is O-ve blood suspended
in AB plasma
Ref: NNF teaching aids on newborn care
25. Maisel’s Chart
STB
(mg/dl)
Birth Wt <24 hrs 24-48 hrs 49-72 hrs >72 hrs
<5` All
5-9 All Photothera
py if
hemolysis
10-14 <2500G
--------------
>2500 G
Exchange
if
hemolysis
Phototherapy
--------------------------------------------------
Investigate if STB > 12 mg/dl
15-19 <2500 g
--------------
>2500 g
Exchange Transfusion
Consider exchange
--------------------------------
Phototherapy
20 and
More
All Exchange Transfusion
26. Maisel’s Chart
For decision making based on Maisel’s
chart, in the presence of following, treat as
in next higher bilirubin category:
a. Perinatal asphyxia
b. Respiratory distress
c. Metabolic acidosis
d. Hypothermia
e. Low serum protein
f. Birth weight < 1500 g
g. Signs of clinical or CNS deterioration
Ref: NNF Teaching aids on newborn care
27. Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Defined as direct serum bilirubin > 2mg/dl
Clues to suspect conjugated
hyperbilirubinemia:
a. High colored urine
b. White / Clay colored stool
c. Persistence of jaundice beyond 2 weeks
d. Hepato-splenomegaly
28. Causes Of Unconjugated
Hyperbilirubinemia
Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis
Inspissated bile syndrome
Infections: Hepatitis B, TORCH, Sepsis
Biliary tract malformations : EHBA, annular pancreas,
choledochal cyst, bile duct stenosis
Metabolic disorders: Galactosemia, hereditary fructose
intolerance, alpha-1AT deficiency, tyrosinemia, glycogen
storage disease IV, hypothyroidism
TPN
Down’s syndrome
Ref: NNF teaching aids on newborn care