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Respiration part 1
- 4. Conducting & Respiratory Zones
- 6. Visceral & parietal pleura
- 7. Boyle’s Law
- 12. Pneumothorax
- 15. Mechanism of Respiration Pause Recoil Distention Lungs +++ _ _ _ IAP Rushes out Rushes in Air Less - ve More - ve IPP _ _ _ +++ Thorax Passive Active Process Expiration Inspiration
- 22. Lung Compliance obesity Poliomyelitis RDS Edema Emphysema Congestion Atheletes Lung fibrosis Aging - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ++++++++
- 24. Factors affecting bronchi diameters Histamine,adenosine VIP Chemicals Cold Warm Temp. Max. at 6 AM Max. at 6 PM Circadian rhythm Expiration Inspiration (Lung expansion) Respiration - - - - - - - - - - - - - ++++++++++ PCO2 Parasymp. (Muscarinic R) Symp. (B2 receptors). ANS Bronchoconstriction Bronchodilation Factors
- 31. Factors Affecting VC Chest/ lung diseases ______ Pathological Recumbency Standing Pregnancy Athelets Females Males Physiological - - - - - - - - - - +++++++++
- 36. Pulmonary Function Tests Pulmonary function tests Static lung volumes Dynamic lung volumes
- 37. Dynamic lung volumes Volume/unite time Maximum breathing capacity Breathing reserve Timed vital capacity Maximum flow rate
- 41. FVC > 80 % Normal < 80 % FEV1/FVC ratio > 80 % Restrictive < 80 % Obstructive
- 42. Spirometer Tests Normal:70 % Small air ways obstruction <70 % FVC > 80 % Normal < 80 % FEV1/FVC ratio > 80 % Restrictive < 80 % Obstructive Forced expiratory flow FEF 25% FEF 50% FEF 75%
Editor's Notes
- Cartilage & smooth muscle . Graps like clusters
- O2 utilization = cellular ventilation : ins & expiration
- Gas exchange
- Flat cells + capillary = resp. mem 0.2 u, 100m2
- Dec volume ………………..> inc pressure
- 760, 759, 761
- Recoil due tosurface tension & elasticity : the attractive force Bn molecules
- Normal lt lung : capillaries
- Diaphragm 75 % of resp. drive
- Reduces attractive forces of hydrogen bonding by becoming interspersed between H 2 0 molecules
- L / S ratio from amniotic fluid: licithin/ shyngomyeline :2-2.5
- 100 x more distensible than a balloon.
- Recoil by elasticity 1/3 & ST 2/3
- No ST so recoil by elsticity only
- ++++ C : difficult expiration
- No work in normal exp. Due to elstic recoil of lungs. Forced expiration in exercise or asthma
- High altitude has less Po2 i.e less diffusion, so large lungs means large area 4 diffusion. 10 % less in females.
- Best of 3 trials RV = 20 % TLC.
- More with age: closure of smalll airways.
- When he is born and takes a deep breath, his Eustachian tubes open and air enters through them to the middle ear . So if you find a small bubble in the middle ear, you can be quite sure, the baby was born alive . On the contrary if you find just jelly like material in the middle ear, the baby was most probably born dead .
- To detect physical fitness . Static : RV- ERV- VC-TLC –VP RATIO- COMPLIANCE- DS
- Obstructive lung disease : asthma & COPD ( reduced diameter + damage of tissues like emphysema) Prediction FEV1 : FEV1 OF PATIENT DIVIDED BY that of normal population of same character (age ,sex …etc..) In obstructive: FEV1 much reduced than FVC ( DIFFICULT expiration > inspiration). But in restrictive, both FVC & FEV1 are reduced in equal proportionate.
- FEF - Forced Expiratory Flow - Forced expiratory Flow is a measure of how much air can be expired from the lungs . It is a flow rate measurement . It is measured as liters / second or liters / minute . The FVC expiratory curve is divided into quartiles and therefore there is a FEF that exists for each quartile . The quartiles are expressed as FEF25%, FEF50%, and FEF75% of FVC . FEF25% - This measurement describes the amount of air that was forcibly expelled in the first 25% of the total forced vital capacity test. FEV 1 < 65-80 % mild obstruction FEV 1 < 50-65% moderate obstruction FEV 1 < 50% severe obstruction .