The document provides information about the cardio-vascular or circulatory system. It describes that the system includes the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through the vessels, carrying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing carbon dioxide and waste. Key components discussed include the chambers and vessels of the heart, blood cells like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, and how blood clotting works. The document also covers some common blood-borne diseases like HIV/AIDS and types of hepatitis.

1. CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
BY – NIHARIKA VERMA

2. CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
 It is also known as CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
 Cardio- Heart
 System- Where all organs works together.
 Heart – pump
 Circulatory – circulation of blood, heart, arteries, veins, blood.
 Blood- water, nutrients, oxygen (works as transport)
 Arteries- carry blood away from the heart.
 Veins- carry blood back to the heart.
 Largest artery- Aorta
 Lungs- Pulmonary Artery
 Kidney- Renal Artery
 Vessels- Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.
 Bilirubin- break down of RBC (100-120 days) Yellow Color
 Strongest chamber- left ventricle

3. CARDIO- VASCULAR SYSTEM
 Circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that
carry blood away from and towards the heart.
 The circulatory system carries, O2, nutrients, hormones
to cells, and removes waste products like carbon dioxide.
 As the heart beats it pumps, blood through a system of
blood vessels, called the circulatory system.
 The vessels are elastic tubes that carry blood to every
part of the body.
 Heart is an amazing organ. It continuously pumps oxygen
and nutrient rich blood throughout the body to sustain life.
 Blood is essential in addition to carrying fresh oxygen
from the lungs and nutrients to the body’s tissues, it also
takes the body’s waste product including CO2 away from
the tissues.
 This is necessary to sustain life and promote the health
of all the body tissue.

4.  The heart and circulatory system (blood vessels,
including arteries, veins, and capillaries) make up
the cardio vascular system.
 It delivers blood to all the body’s tissue, carrying
nutrients and oxygen to every cell within the body
and removing waste products (such as Carbon
Dioxide).
 Oxygen rich blood is carried to the parts of the body
through the arteries.
 The veins carry blood back to the heart.
 Deliver needed materials, such as oxygen and
glucose, to the cells of the body.
 Remove waste products, such as carbon dioxide,
from the cells.
 Fighting diseases by transporting WBC throughout
the body.

5. GREATEST VESSELS OF THE HEART – The great
vessels of the heart function to carry blood to and from
the heart as it pumps.
Aorta, Pulmonary Arteries, Pulmonary Veins, Superior Vena
Cava, Inferior Vena Cava
 AORTA- It is the largest artery in the body. It carries
oxygenated blood (pumped by the left side of the heart)
to the rest of the body.
 PULMONARY ARTERIES- It receives de oxygenated
blood from the right ventricles and deliver it to the lungs
for exchange (gas) to take place.
 PULMONARY VEINS- It receive oxygenated blood from
the lungs, delivering it to the left side of the heart to be
pumped back around the body.
 SUPERIOR VENA CAVA- It receive de oxygenated blood
from the upper body (superior to the diaphragm,
excluding the lungs and heart) delivering it to the right
atrium.
 INFERIOR VENA CAVA- It receives de oxygenates blood
from the lower body (all structures inferior to the

6. CHAMBERS OF THE HEART- The heart pumps blood through
the network of Arteries and Veins called the Cardio Vascular
System.
It has four chambers-
1. The Right Atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps
it to the right ventricle.
2. Right Ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and
pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen.
3. The Left Atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
and pumps it to the left ventricle.
4. The Left Ventricle (strongest chambers) pumps oxygen- rich
blood to the rest of the body. The left Ventricle vigorous
contraction creates blood pressure.
5. The Coronary Arteries run along the surface of the heart and
provide oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle. A web of
nerve tissue also runs through the heart conducting the
complex signals that govern contraction and relaxation
surrounding the heart is a sac called the Pericardium.

8. BLOOD VESSELS- (In which blood circulates). The
vessels that carry blood away from the heart are
called arteries, and their very small branches are
called Arterioles.
VESSELS- 1. Arteries, 2. Veins, 3. Capillaries.
1. RBC, 2. WBC, 3. Platelets
BLOOD CELLS- These are the cells which are
produced during hematopoietic and found mainly in
the blood.
Blood is composed of the Blood Cells.

10. RED BLOOD CELLS
 RBC, also called erythrocyte, cellular component of
blood, millions of which in the circulation of vertebrates
give the blood its characteristic color and carry oxygen
from the lungs to the tissue.
 It is covered- with a membrane composed of lipids and
proteins, lack a nucleus, and contains hemoglobin- a red
iron- rich protein that binds oxygen.
FUNCTION
• The function of Red Cells and hemoglobin is to carry
oxygen and from the lungs or gills to all the body tissues
and to carry carbon dioxide, a waste product of
metabolism, to the lungs, where it is excreted.
• The average Red Cells in human beings 100-120 days;
there are some 5.2 million red cells per cubic millimeter
of blood in the adult human.

11. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 WBC, also called Leukocytes. These are made in the bone
marrow. They are stored in your blood and lymph tissues.
Because some WBC called neutrophills have a short life less
than a day, your bone marrow is always making them.
 WBC begin in the bone marrow in a process called
Hematopoiesis. All blood cells, including WBC, RBC, and
Platelets.
 WBC are one of the three types of cells present in blood.
There main function in the body is to protect body from
pathogens and other disease causing agent.
 A blood vessel will send out a signal when it becomes
damaged. When platelets receive that signal, they will respond
by travelling to the area and transforming into their ‘active’
formation.
 As normal platelets count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000
platelets per micro liter of blood. Having more than 450,000
platelets is a condition called Thrombocytopenia. You get your
platelet number from a routine blood test called a complete
blood count (CBC).

12.  Types of WBC- Among your WBC are:
• Monocytes- They have a longer lifespan than many WBC
and help to break down bacteria.
• Lymphocyte- They create anti bodies to fight against
bacteria, viruses, and help to break down bacteria.
• Neutrophills- They kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They
are the most numerous type of white blood cells and your
first line of defense when infection strikes.
• Basophiles- These small cells seem to sound an alarm
when infections agents invade your blood. They secrete
chemicals such as histamine, a marker of allergic
disease, that help control the body immune response.
• Eosinophils- They attack and kill parasites and cancer
cells, and help with allergic responses.

14. PLATELETS
 Platelets present in the blood that help control bleeding
and bruising.
 They activate a substance in plasma, which helps to clot
and allow the wound to heal easily.
 Platelets help in the control of bleeding and are important
for patients, bone marrow transplant patients, accident
victims, premature babies, and in cancer patients.
 Cancer patients need platelet transfusions some
treatment in cancer can result in anemia, and a loss of
platelets so require daily platelet levels too fall too low,
they are transfused into patients to replenish their supply
and prevent life threatening illness.
 Shortest shelf life of all blood components is platelets,
lasting only five days.

15. PLASMA
 Plasma is the clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood
that remains after RBC, WBC, Platelets and other cellular
components are removed.
 It is the single largest component of human blood,
compressing about, 55 percent, and contains water,
salts, enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins.
BLOOD CLOTTING
Dissolve blood clot’s when they are no longer needed.
Process of Blood Clotting/ Coagulation
Platelets release a chemical compound called
Thromboplastin Prothrombin (present in plasma)
Thrombin Soluble Fibrin Blood Clot is formed.
Injury of Blood from Vessels Preliminary steps in
clotting Prothrombinase Prothrombin (Ca++)
Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Threads+ blood cells
Clot.

16.  Vitamin K and Ca is required for the blood clotting
mechanism. Calcium works as a catalyst.
 After blood clotting serum is formed which is straw
colored fluid.
# Anti- Coagutants-
• Heparin (blood thinner) which prevents the formation of
prothrombin.
• Clotting is activated only when an endothelium is
damaged.
• Heparin dosage is used to treat and prevent blood clots
in the veins and arteries or lungs.
• Heparin is also used before surgery to reduce the risk of
blood clots.
• It is naturally produced by basophils.
• In blood banks chemicals are added to lock the Ca ions
and prevents stored blood from clotting.
• Sodium citrate and sodium oscillate.

17. # Antigen- They are chemical substances/ foreign
particles that stimulate the production of antibodies
in the blood.
# Anti- Bodies- They are special proteins that in
activate the antigens.

18. BLOOD PLASMA
DEFINITION Blood is the main body fluid
that is responsible for
transporting materials.
Plasma is the yellow liquid
component of blood and
constitutes 55% of the total
blood volume
COMPOSITION It has liquid portion called
Plasma and solid
substances called Blood
Cells.
It contains water 90%,
proteins, nutrients, waste
products, clotting factors,
minerals, and hormones.
CELLS It has RBC, WBC and
Thrombocytes.
It does not have any cells.
COLOR Red in color. It has straw yellow color.
CLOTTING FACTORS It has clotting factors known
as fibrinogen, prathrombin.
After the clotting plasma
turns into serum.

19. BLOOD BORN DISEASES
VIRUSES
 A micro organism that is smaller than a bacterium that cannot grow or
reproduce apart from a living cell. It may reproduce with fidelity or with errors
(mutations), this ability to mutate is responsible for the ability of some
viruses to change slightly in each infected person, making treatment difficult.
 Viruses cause many common human infections and are also responsible for
a number of rare diseases. Example of viral illness range from the common
cold, which can be caused by one of the rhinoviruses, to AIDS, which is
caused by HIV.
 Viruses may contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.
 Herpes simplex viruses and hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses.
 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life
threatening condition caused by the human immune deficiency virus (HIV),
by damaging with your body ability to fight infection and diseases.
# DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
# RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
# AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
# HIV- Human Immune Deficiency viruses

20.  HIIV TRANSMIT VIA:
• Blood
• Semen
• Pre seminal fluid
• Vaginal fluid
• Rectal fluid
• Breast milk
 SIGN OF AIDS :
• Lymph- nodes enlargement
• Skin disease
• Pneumonia- meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Generalized atrophy of muscles
• Psychiatric illness
• Weight loss without any reason

21.  HEPATITIS B
Hepatitis A - Accurate
Hepatitis B - Chronic
Hepatitis C - Accurate
Hepatitis D - Accurate
Hepatitis E - Accurate
# Accurate can be curable.
• This is a viral disease result in inflammation of liver.
• Inflammation is swelling that happens when tissue of the body are injured or
injected.
• It can damage your liver. This swelling and damage can affect how well your
liver functions.
• Hepatitis can be acute (short- term) infections or a chronic (long-term)
infection. Some types of hepatitis cause only acute infections.
 HEPATITIS TRANSMITS VIA:
• Saliva
• Milk
• Semen
 SIGNS OF HEPATITIS B
• Group of viruses
• Inflammation of liver
• Tits inflammation