• The compounds possessing identical
molecular formula but different structures are
called isomers.
Various types of isomerism
1. Structural isomerism
2. Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism
• Same molecular formula and same structure
but they differ in configuration.
• That is arrangement of their atoms in space.
• Presence of asymmetric carbon atoms allow
the formation of stereoisomerism
Introduction and defination
Classification
Reducing sugars
Non-reducing sugars
General properties
Common disaccharides
1) sucrose
Origin
Structure
Properties
Function
GlycosaminoGlycans are unbranched heteropolysaccharide chains composed of disaccharide repeat units.
Each disaccharide repeat unit is composed of amino sugar and uronic acid.
They were first isolated from mucin hence called mucopolysaccharide
They are a major component of the extracellular matrix.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
includes- Definition, classification, examples, enantiomers, epimers, anomers, D and L isomers, ozasone testing, reducing and non reducing sugars, chemical tests and disease.
Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules. These molecules have different configurations due to which various isomeric forms are formed. The structure of monosaccharides help to understand the positions of H and OH in the structure and the aldehyde and keto groups.
• The compounds possessing identical
molecular formula but different structures are
called isomers.
Various types of isomerism
1. Structural isomerism
2. Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism
• Same molecular formula and same structure
but they differ in configuration.
• That is arrangement of their atoms in space.
• Presence of asymmetric carbon atoms allow
the formation of stereoisomerism
Introduction and defination
Classification
Reducing sugars
Non-reducing sugars
General properties
Common disaccharides
1) sucrose
Origin
Structure
Properties
Function
GlycosaminoGlycans are unbranched heteropolysaccharide chains composed of disaccharide repeat units.
Each disaccharide repeat unit is composed of amino sugar and uronic acid.
They were first isolated from mucin hence called mucopolysaccharide
They are a major component of the extracellular matrix.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
includes- Definition, classification, examples, enantiomers, epimers, anomers, D and L isomers, ozasone testing, reducing and non reducing sugars, chemical tests and disease.
Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules. These molecules have different configurations due to which various isomeric forms are formed. The structure of monosaccharides help to understand the positions of H and OH in the structure and the aldehyde and keto groups.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. CARBOHYDRATES
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE ALDEHYDE OR KETONE DERIVATIVES OF
POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS
• Classification
• Monosaccharide
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
1. homopolysaccharides
2. heteropolysaccharides
3. Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides are those sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into
simpler carbohydrates
• aldoses or ketoses, depending upon whether they have an aldehyde
or ketone functional group.
• Aldehyde and ketone groups are called carbonyl groups
• Aldehyde group present at the end
• Ketone group is not present at the end but at some where else
5. Disaccharides
• Disaccharides are condensation products of two monosaccharide
units; examples are maltose and sucrose.
• Glucose + glucose_________maltose
• Glucose + galactose________lactose
• Glucose + fructose_________sucrose
• Joined through o-glucosidic linkage
6.
7. Oligosaccharides
• Oligosaccharides are condensation products of three to ten
monosaccharides. Most are not digested by human enzymes.
• On hydrolysis yield 2-10 monosaccharides
• Α dextrin 8 glucose units
• Maltotriose 3 glucose units
8. Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are condensation products of more than ten
monosaccharide units
• 100-1000 units of monosaccharides
• Stores of fuels e.g glycogen, starch
• Structural element of cell
10. Heteropolysaccharides
• This is very large group containing 2 or more type of monosaccharides
derivatives along with other molecules
1. Glycos-amino-glycans or mucopolysaccharides
• hyaluronic acid
• chondroitin sulfate
• heparin
2. Glycoconjugates
Proteoglycan
Glycoprotein
3. Mucilages agar, vegetable gum and pectin
12. Isomerism in monosaccharides
• The compounds that possess same chemical formula but differ in
physical (M.p, B.p and density and viscosity)and chemical properties
(flammability, corrosive, chemical Rx) called isomers.
with four asymmetric carbon atoms, can form 16 isomers.
• C6H12O6
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose
• mannose
13. Stereoisomerism
• Two or more monosaccharides having same structural
formula but differ from each other in configuration
In other words differ from each other in arrangement
of atom in space
• Geometrical or cis and trans
• Optical isomers
14. Sugars Exhibit Various Forms of Isomerism
The more important types of isomerism found with glucose are as follows:
1. Enantiomers
d and l isomerism: The designation of a sugar isomer
as the d form or of its mirror image as the l form is determined by its spatial
relationship to the parent compound of the carbohydrates,
• The orientation of the —H and —OH groups around the carbon atom
adjacent to the terminal primary alcohol carbon (carbon 5 in glucose)
determines whether the sugar belongs to the d or l series.
• When the —OH group on this carbon is on the right the sugar is the d
isomer; when it is on the left, it is the l isomer.
• Most of the monosaccharides occurring in mammals are d sugars, and the
enzymes responsible for their metabolism are specific for this
configuration.
15.
16. optical isomer
• The presence of asymmetric carbon atoms also confers
optical activity on the compound. When a beam of plane
polarized light is passed through a solution of an optical
isomer, it rotates either to the right, dextrorotatory (+), or to
the left, levorotatory (–). The direction of rotation of
polarized light is independent of the stereochemistry of the
sugar, so it may be designated d(–), d(+), l(–), or l(+).
• For example,
• the naturally occurring form of fructose is the d(–) isomer. In
solution, glucose is dextrorotatory, and glucose solutions are
sometimes known as dextrose.
