INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE
TYPES OF BONDS
N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
O-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
AMOUNT OF CARBOHYDRATES PRESENT IN GLYCOPROTEIN
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION
I CELL DISEASE
BIOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE OF ADDING OLIGOSACCHARIDES TO PROTEIN
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE
TYPES OF BONDS
N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
O-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
AMOUNT OF CARBOHYDRATES PRESENT IN GLYCOPROTEIN
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION
I CELL DISEASE
BIOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE OF ADDING OLIGOSACCHARIDES TO PROTEIN
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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Sugar derivatives and reactions of monosaccharidesNamrata Chhabra
Reactions of monosaccharides, osazone formation, reduction, oxidation, reaction with acids and alkalies, ester formation and formation of amino sugars, amino sugar acids and deoxy sugars.
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Sugar derivatives and reactions of monosaccharidesNamrata Chhabra
Reactions of monosaccharides, osazone formation, reduction, oxidation, reaction with acids and alkalies, ester formation and formation of amino sugars, amino sugar acids and deoxy sugars.
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Polysaccharides - Biochemistry for Msc StudentsKEVENLIAM
This note is based on polysaccharides and glycoprotein which is useful for MSc zoology students. All the points including the structure is being added.
This explains the complex carbohydrates and chemistry of heterpolysaccharides. composition, distribution and its function is explained for each GAGs. brief notes on blood group ag is available. difference between proteoglycan and glycoprotein is explained in a essay way to understand. clinical importance is also added.
What is Glycoprotein ?:
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains.
This process is known as glycosylation.
The carbohydrate is attached to the protein during the following modifications: Co-translational modification & Post-translational modification.
In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated.
Fate of Absorbed Amino Acids
Absorbed amino acids from diet are mixed with the amino acids produced from
hydrolysis of body protein and those synthesized in the body to form a common
amino acid pool (about 100g). This pool is drawn upon for anabolism and for
catabolism of amino acids.
Anabolic Fate
-These include the synthesis of proteins e.g. tissue, milk, and plasma proteins,
enzymes, and some hormones.
-They also include the synthesis of other nitrogenous substances e.g. glutathione,
adrenaline, thyroxine, melanin, niacin, purines, pyrimidines, aminosugars, and the
nitrogenous bases of phospholipids.
Catabolic Fate
-Most catabolic reactions are preceded by cleavage of the amino acids into ammonia
and the carbon skeleton (usually in the form of an -keto acid).
-The ammonia is mostly converted to urea, which is excreted in urine.
-Little ammonia is also excreted in urine. The carbon skeleton m
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. Glycosaminoglycan's
•Jeanloz has suggested the name Glycosaminoglycan's
(GAG) to describe this group of substances. They are
usually composed of amino sugar and uronic acid
units as the principal components, though some are
chiefly made up of amino sugar and monosaccharide
units without the presence of uronic acid. The
hexosamine present is generally acetylated. They are
essential components of tissues, where they are
generally present either in free form or in combination
with proteins. Carbohydrate content varies.
4. GAGS
• Glycosaminoglycan's (GAGs) are long, unbranched, hetero poly-
saccharide chains generally composed of a repeating disaccharide
unit
• [acidic sugar–amino sugar]n
• The amino sugar is either D-glucosamine or D-galactosamine, in
which the amino group is usually acetylated, thus eliminating its
positive charge
• The acidic sugar is either D-glucuronic acid or its C-5 epimer, L-
iduronic acid
5. Relationship between glycosaminoglycan structure
and function
•Because of their large number of negative charges,
these hetero-polysaccharide chains tend to be
extended in solution.
•They repel each other, and are surrounded by a shell of
water molecules. When brought together, they “slip”
past each other, much as two magnets with the same
polarity seem to slip past each other. This produces the
“slippery” consistency of mucous secretions and
synovial fluid.
6. • When a solution of glycosaminoglycan's is
compressed, the water is “squeezed out” and the
glycosaminoglycan's are forced to occupy a smaller
volume. When the compression is released, the
glycosaminoglycan's spring back to their original,
hydrated volume because of the repulsion of their
negative charges. This property contributes to the
resilience of synovial fluid and the vitreous humor of
the eye
7.
8. classification of GAGS
• Acidic MPS
A. Sulfate free
1. Hyaluranic acid
2. Chondriotin
B. Sulfate containing
1. Keratan Sulphate
2. Chondroitin Sulphates
3. Heparin
Neutral MPS
10. Hyaluronidase:,
• An enzyme present in certain tissues, notably
testicular tissue and spleen.
• The enzyme catalyses the depolymerisation of
hyaluronic acid and by reducing its viscosity facilitates
diffusion of materials into tissue spaces.
11.
12. Chondroitin
• Another sulphate free acid mucopolysaccharide.
• Found in cornea and has been isolated from cranial cartilages.
• It contains N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid.
13. Sulphate Containing Acid MPS
• 1. Keratan Sulphate (Kerato Sulphate)
• A sulphate containing acid MPS.
• Found in cornea has been isolated from bovine cornea.
• Composition: It is composed of repeating disaccharide
• unit consisting of N-acetyl glucosamine and galactose
• N-acetyl glucosamine→ Galactose → N-Acetyl glucosamine
• * fucose hexose deoxy sugar ( C6H12O5)
14. *N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac or NANA)
• 9 carbon amino sugar
• N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac or NANA) is the predominant sialic
acid found in human cells, and many mammalian cells. Other forms,
such as N-Glycolylneuraminic acid, may also occur in cells. This
residue is negatively charged at physiological pH and is found in
complex glycans on mucins and glycoproteins found at the cell
membrane. Neu5Ac residues are also found in glycolipids, known
as gangliosides, a crucial component of neuronal membranes found in
the brain. Along with involvement in preventing infections
(mucus associated with mucous membranes—mouth, nose, GI,
respiratory tract),
15.
16. functions
• Role in corneal transparency:
• Keratan sulphate I is present in cornea of the eye
17.
18. • Role in compressibility of cartilages: Chondroitin sulphates and
hyaluronic acid are present in high concentration in cartilages and
have a role in compressibility of cartilage in weight bearing.
19. • * a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which
connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
• a membranous fold that supports an organ and keeps it in position.
• * Tendons are similar to ligaments; both are made of collagen.
Ligaments join one bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to
bone for a proper functioning of the body.
•
22. functions
• Role in sclera of eye: Dermatan sulphate is present in sclera of the
eye where it has an important function in maintaining overall shape
of the eye.
26. Neutral MPS
• Many of the neutral nitrogenous polysaccharides of various types are
found in pneumococci capsule. Type specificity of pneumococci
resides on specific polysaccharides present on capsule (“hapten”).
• Compostion: glucosamine and Glucuronic acids.
• Blood group substances
28. Structure of proteoglycans
• All of the glycosaminoglycan's, except hyaluronic acid, are found
covalently attached to protein, forming proteoglycan monomers.
• Structure of proteoglycan monomers: A proteoglycan monomer
found in cartilage consists of a core protein to which the linear
glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently attached. These chains,
which may each be composed of more than 100 monosaccharides,
extend out from the core protein, and remain separated from each
other because of charge repulsion.
• The resulting structure resembles a “bottle brush” (Figure 14.5). In
cartilage proteo -glycan, the species of glycosaminoglycan's include
chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate.
29.
30. Linkage between the carbohydrate chain and the
protein
• This linkage is most commonly through a trihexoside
(galactose-galactose-xylose) and a serine residue,
respectively. An O-glycosidic bond is formed between
the xylose and the hydroxyl group of the Serine.
31. Proteoglycan aggregates:
• The proteoglycan monomers associate with a molecule of hyaluronic
acid to form proteoglycan aggregates. The association is not covalent,
but occurs primarily through ionic interactions between the core
protein and the hyaluronic acid. The association is stabilized by
additional small proteins called link proteins.
• Main component of cartilage Provide strength and resilience
• 30 proteoglycans present on cell surface by transmembrane proteins
or attach lipid fraction of lipids.
32.
33. • Fibronectin
• A protein in extracellular meshwork can bind fibrin,
collagen, and heparin sulphate called integrin have
too much binding sites for macromolecules.
• Proteoglycan can form aggregates of enormous size
that can bind to hyaluronic acid. Protein core namely
aggrecan present in these aggregates interact
strongly with collagen in extra cellular matrix of
cartilage and contribute in tensile strength of
cartilage.
34. functions
• As a constituent of extracellular matrix or ground substance: Interacts
with collagen and elastin
• Acts as polyanions: GAGS present in proteoglycans are polyanions and
hence bind to polycations and cations such as Na and K. Thus attracts
water by osmotic pressure into extracellular matrix contributing to its
turgor
• Acts as a barrier in tissue: Hyaluronic acid in tissues acts as a cementing
substance and contributes to tissue barrier which permit metabolites to
pass through but resist penetration by bacteria and other infective
agents.
• Acts as lubricant in joints: Hyaluronic acid in joints acts as a lubricant and
shock absorbant. Intra articular injection of hyaluronic acid in knee joints is
used to alleviate pain in chronic osteoarthritis of knee joints
35. Glycoproteins
• Oligosaccharides
• 1-70 % varies carbohydrates
• Complex, information rich material
• Most of secreted proteins include blood proteins
• Immunoglobulins, hormones ( FSH, LH, TSH)
• Lactalbumin, egg white, bone and cartilage
• Ceruloplasmin (iron and copper containing protein)
• Cell surface recognition (with other cells, virus and bacteria)
• Cell surface antigenicity (ABO)
• Extra cellular matrix (support and structure)
• Mucin (protective lubricant)
36. Glycolipids
• Mucilage
• Resemble glue and adhesive proprty like protein, starch, gum
• Which do not diffuse through most of membranes
• Agar (H2so4 with galactose)
• Agar form solution in hot water which set on cooling
• Non digestible used as laxative
• Medium for bacterial growth
• Vegetable gum (pentose or hexose or both )
• Gum Arabic on hydrolysis yield galactose, arabinose, Glucuronic acid
• Used in preparation of pharmaceutical adhesive.