This document discusses synthetic analogs of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and nucleotides and their uses. Some key synthetic analogs discussed are 5-fluoro- or 5-iodouracil, 3-deoxyuridine, 6-thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine, 5- or 6-azauridine, 5- or 6-azacytidine, and 8-azaguanine. These analogs are used in cancer chemotherapy as they can be incorporated into DNA and disrupt nucleic acid synthesis or base pairing. Other analogs like allopurinol and azathioprine are used to treat conditions like hyperuricemia, gout, and suppress

1. Nucleic acid
Maria Gul
Lecturer
Johar institute of institute of professional studies

4. Purine Bases, Ribonucleosides, and Ribonucleotides

5. synthetic pyrimidine and purine analogs.

6. Uses
• Synthetic analogs of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and
nucleotides modified in the heterocyclic ring or in the sugar moiety
have numerous applications in clinical medicine. Their toxic effects
reflect either inhibition of enzymes essential for nucleic acid synthesis
or their incorporation into nucleic acids with resulting disruption of
base-pairing. Oncologists employ 5-fluoro- or 5-iodouracil, 3-
deoxyuridine, 6-thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine, 5- or 6-
azauridine, 5- or 6-azacytidine, and 8-azaguanine

7. • which are incorporated into DNA prior to cell division. The purine
analog allopurinol, used in treatment of hyperuricemia and gout,
inhibits purine biosynthesis and xanthine oxidase activity. Cytarabine
is used in chemotherapy of cancer, and azathioprine, which is
catabolized to 6-mercaptopurine, is employed during organ
transplantation to suppress immunologic rejection.

8. DNA structure

9. RNA mRNA, tRNA, rRNA