The document outlines the metabolic processes involved in the conversion of food into energy through glycolysis, the first step of carbohydrate metabolism. It describes the various steps and enzymes involved in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP in an anaerobic process. Key stages include phosphorylation, isomerization, and substrate-level phosphorylation, culminating in the production of energy-rich molecules.

1. Mr. S. P. Shinde
Assistant Professor
Pune- Maharashtra

2. The chemical processes in plants or animals that change food into energy and
help them grow.
The chemical (metabolic) processes that take place as your body converts
foods and drinks into energy.
Catabolism: The degradative processes concerned with the breakdown of
complex molecules to simpler ones, with a concomitant release of energy.
Anabolism: The biosynthesis reactions involving the formation of complex
molecules from simple precursors.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Metabolism

3. Glycolysis
➢ Glycolysis is first metabolic step of carbohydrates in which one
molecule as glucose is breakdown into pyruvate, lactic acid and produce
ATP.
➢ It is a Universal Pathway given by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas;
thus often known as EMP Pathway.
➢ Glycolysis is an anerobic process.
➢ Site of glycolysis - Cytosol
Mr. S. P. Shinde

5. Glucose reacts with hexokinase by using ATP and convert into Glucose 6-
Phosphate
Kinase: It is an enzymes which act phosphorylation.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 1 Phosphorylation

6. Glucose 6- Phosphate again reacts with Phosphohexos isomerase to
convert it into Fructose 6 Phosphate.
Isomerase: This is a general class of enzymes which convert a molecule from one isomer
to another.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 2 Isomerisation

7. Fructose 6 Phosphate react with Phosphofructokinase and convert it into
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 3 Phosphorylation

8. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate reacts with aldolase and breaks down into two
parts Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and Dihydroxy acetone
phosphate (DHAP).
Aldolase: is an enzyme that helps to
break down to sugar to produce energy.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 4 Breakdown

9. Isomerisation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) into glyceraldehyde
3 phosphate (G3P).
Because only G3P can be used further in glycolysis.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 5 Isomerisation

10. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate converts into 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate by the
help of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 6 Phosphorylation

11. The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase acts on 1, 3-bisphosphogycerate
coverts into 3-phosphoglycerate.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 7 Substrate Level

12. 3-Phosphoglycerate is converted into 2-phosphoglycerate by
phosphoglycerate mutase.
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Step 8 Mutation/ Isomerisation

13. 2-Phosphoglycerate reacts with Enolase and it converts into Phosphoenol
pyruvate.
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Step 9 Dehydration

14. Phosphoenol pyruvate react with Pyruvate kinase and it convert Pyruvate
and also produce ATP.
Mr. S. P. Shinde
Step 10 Substrate Level

15. Mr. S. P. Shinde

16. Mr. S. P. Shinde