Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are hydrophobic and include fatty acid derivatives, fats, steroids, and phospholipids. Steroids such as cholesterol are important for many hormones but excess can cause heart problems. Fats can be saturated or unsaturated depending on whether they contain single or double bonds between carbons. Unsaturated plant fats are usually liquid while saturated animal fats are solid. Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails that allow them to form lipid bilayers, playing structural roles in cell membranes.
General understanding of biochemistry with respect to the advanced analysis of carbohydrates and lipid classification. This also overviews the clinical aspect of CAD, CHD.
General understanding of biochemistry with respect to the advanced analysis of carbohydrates and lipid classification. This also overviews the clinical aspect of CAD, CHD.
THIS SLIDESHARE CONTAINS THE DESCRIPTION RELATED TO TOPIC LIPIDS FROM PHARMACOGNOSY OF CLASS B.PHARM 4TH SEM. IT IS PREPARED BY SAGAR DHANDAY STUDENT OF B.PHARM. 2ND YEAR (2019 BATCH) IPS, KUK FOR THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
4. Lipids:
• Fatty acid derivatives
• Hydrophobic, Not simple
• Fats- Heterogeneous group of compounds not polymers
• Soluble in organic solvents like ethanol, chloroform, benzene
• A group (Since only have hydrophobic character in common) of
organic, heterogeneous, small sized molecules that are hydrophobic
and are formed by carbonation of phosphate esters and glycerol by
condensation process
• Protection, insulation, source of food and energy,
5.
6.
7.
8. Steroids:
• Specialized lipids- Imp. For function of many hormones
• Consist of backbone of 4 fused C rings with variable R groups that are
responsible for its variety
• Specific amount of these is necessary for blood vessels- Yet more
amount can cause blockage of blood vessels
• Cholesterol- for smoothening of arteries but excess can cause clotting
and heart problems
• Fungi and yeast- Ergosterols
• Most abundant steroids- Sterols
9.
10.
11.
12. Fats- Triacylglycerols
• Single bond- Saturated- Mostly Animal fats are saturated like blood fats and butter
• Double Bond- Unsaturated- Bending in structure
• Naturally mostly Cis forms
• Plant fats are liquid in nature like sun flower oil, soybean oil- Since double bonds
• Hydrogenated oils in local industries usually have unremoved Ni which is
carcinogenic
• Artificially (Hydrogenation)- Trans Fats formed- AFFECTS CONCENTRATION
OF CHOLESTROL AND INCREASES IT TO HARMFUL LEVEL
• Naturally (In plants)- Cis Fats are present
• Olive- not used for cooking/ only specially prepare olive oil can be used for
cooking
• Adipose cell, healthy diet, Insulation layers (in whales and penguins),
Cushion all organs except brain, Plasma membrane formation
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Phospholipids:
• Diff. from fats
Different fatty acid chains with one having phosphate group
Head is hydrophilic (polar) –outside-while tail (non polar)-inside- is
hydrophobic
Structural roles in plasma membrane, lipid bilayer matrix
