Lipids Chemistry Structure & Function (More Detailed)hafizayyub
This presentation is for Medical students. It is more detailed explanation of Lipids including types and medical importance. It is made by Drs Charles Stephen and Dr Ayyub Patel
bio chemistry
كيمياء حيوية جامعة الملك سعود
chemistry
كيمياء جامعية
0503964728
محمد منير كيمياء
ابو يوسف
all branched of chemistry bio chemistry - organic chemistry - inorganic chemistry - analytically - spectra - d-block
Lipids Chemistry Structure & Function (More Detailed)hafizayyub
This presentation is for Medical students. It is more detailed explanation of Lipids including types and medical importance. It is made by Drs Charles Stephen and Dr Ayyub Patel
bio chemistry
كيمياء حيوية جامعة الملك سعود
chemistry
كيمياء جامعية
0503964728
محمد منير كيمياء
ابو يوسف
all branched of chemistry bio chemistry - organic chemistry - inorganic chemistry - analytically - spectra - d-block
Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
1. LIPIDS.
2. PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS.
3. FATTY ACIDS.
4. USES AND CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS.
5. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: A class of lipid that is a key component of all cell membranes, as they can form lipid biomarkers. Composition: It is composed of phospholipids. i. Glycerol: one molecule ii. Fatty acids: Two molecules. iii. Phosphoric acid: one molecule. When a nitrogen-containing phospholipid group is attached to the end of the phospholipid, it is called phosphatidylcholine. Phospholipids consist of two parts i) Chapter: The head is polar in nature, soluble in water (hydrophilic). n) Tails: Nature has a non-polar tail, insoluble in water (hydrophobic).
Washes: Wax lipids are derived. Wax is a fatty acid ester and chronic alcohol: The wax is composed of i) a long-chain fatty acid ... one molecules ii) long-chain alcohol with one hydroxyl group (-OH), i.e. Cylinder wax is hydrophobic in nature. They have a high melting point, solid at room temperature. it gives stability and declines. On the surfaces of parts of plants, e.g. The leaves and fruits produce a waterproof layer, reducing the rate of perspiration. Wax is also a layer of wax that covers the bodies of animals, e.g., slime, insects, etc.
STEROIDS: Steroids fall under the lipid categories: Steroids are derived from lipid composition: proper arrangement of 3 cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentane ring, a total of 17 carbon atoms in four carbon rings. Steroids do not contain alcohol and fatty acids.
Steroids Examples of steroids: i) Cholesterol: an important factor in animal cells. The precursor of all hormonal molecules such as aldosterone, sex hormone, and vitamin D ii) Aldosterone helps regulate Na+ions in the blood iii) Sex hormones e.g. testosterone, progesterone, and estrogens help to preserve the characteristics of males and females.
TERPENOIDES: It contains a very different class of organic compounds. Terpenoids are lipid derivatives, soluble in fat and soluble in water. Don't use molecule acids like fats. Composite units which they call isoprenoid or isoprenes. Isoprene unit: Hydrocarbon containing five carbon atoms with a branched-chain structure. Isoprene units bind to each other through the condensation process resulting in different types of compounds, e.g. Carotenoids, terpenes, and rubbers, etc.
CAROTENOIDS: Carotenoids are yellow, orange, red, or brown in plants. There are two kinds: i) Carotene: ii) Xanthophylla, i) Carotene: Orange is the genus of carotene, with red color, beta carotene. carrot & rice. Breakdown of beta-carotene leaves two molecules of vitamin A in the human body. n) Xanthophyllus: the auxiliary yellow color found in plants.
6 STORAGE LIPIDS.
7. USES OF LIPIDS.
# ALL ABOUT LIPIDS BY AUTHENTIC BOOKS.
Disorders of lipid metabolism | Hypercholesterolemia | Atherosclerosis | Fatt...kiransharma204
This ppt contains details on Disorders of lipid metabolism, Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, Fatty liver & Obesity.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591592368&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
Detailed chapter on Medical Lipid chemistry under different heading. The content is designed keeping the course in the view - MBBS, BDS, BPT, Nursing, BSc, MSc etc
Basic biochemistry of Carbohydrates suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding.
Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
1. LIPIDS.
2. PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS.
3. FATTY ACIDS.
4. USES AND CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS.
5. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: A class of lipid that is a key component of all cell membranes, as they can form lipid biomarkers. Composition: It is composed of phospholipids. i. Glycerol: one molecule ii. Fatty acids: Two molecules. iii. Phosphoric acid: one molecule. When a nitrogen-containing phospholipid group is attached to the end of the phospholipid, it is called phosphatidylcholine. Phospholipids consist of two parts i) Chapter: The head is polar in nature, soluble in water (hydrophilic). n) Tails: Nature has a non-polar tail, insoluble in water (hydrophobic).
Washes: Wax lipids are derived. Wax is a fatty acid ester and chronic alcohol: The wax is composed of i) a long-chain fatty acid ... one molecules ii) long-chain alcohol with one hydroxyl group (-OH), i.e. Cylinder wax is hydrophobic in nature. They have a high melting point, solid at room temperature. it gives stability and declines. On the surfaces of parts of plants, e.g. The leaves and fruits produce a waterproof layer, reducing the rate of perspiration. Wax is also a layer of wax that covers the bodies of animals, e.g., slime, insects, etc.
STEROIDS: Steroids fall under the lipid categories: Steroids are derived from lipid composition: proper arrangement of 3 cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentane ring, a total of 17 carbon atoms in four carbon rings. Steroids do not contain alcohol and fatty acids.
Steroids Examples of steroids: i) Cholesterol: an important factor in animal cells. The precursor of all hormonal molecules such as aldosterone, sex hormone, and vitamin D ii) Aldosterone helps regulate Na+ions in the blood iii) Sex hormones e.g. testosterone, progesterone, and estrogens help to preserve the characteristics of males and females.
TERPENOIDES: It contains a very different class of organic compounds. Terpenoids are lipid derivatives, soluble in fat and soluble in water. Don't use molecule acids like fats. Composite units which they call isoprenoid or isoprenes. Isoprene unit: Hydrocarbon containing five carbon atoms with a branched-chain structure. Isoprene units bind to each other through the condensation process resulting in different types of compounds, e.g. Carotenoids, terpenes, and rubbers, etc.
CAROTENOIDS: Carotenoids are yellow, orange, red, or brown in plants. There are two kinds: i) Carotene: ii) Xanthophylla, i) Carotene: Orange is the genus of carotene, with red color, beta carotene. carrot & rice. Breakdown of beta-carotene leaves two molecules of vitamin A in the human body. n) Xanthophyllus: the auxiliary yellow color found in plants.
6 STORAGE LIPIDS.
7. USES OF LIPIDS.
# ALL ABOUT LIPIDS BY AUTHENTIC BOOKS.
Disorders of lipid metabolism | Hypercholesterolemia | Atherosclerosis | Fatt...kiransharma204
This ppt contains details on Disorders of lipid metabolism, Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, Fatty liver & Obesity.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591592368&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Lipids (Greek: lipos, means fat or lard)
- are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic substances
- have a distinguished functional group or structural features
- are insoluble in water and highly soluble in one or more of the solvents: ether, chloroform, benzene and acetone.This property sets them apart from proteins, carbohydrates,, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
- are widely distributed in the biological world
- play a wide variety of roles in plant and animal tissues
Detailed chapter on Medical Lipid chemistry under different heading. The content is designed keeping the course in the view - MBBS, BDS, BPT, Nursing, BSc, MSc etc
Basic biochemistry of Carbohydrates suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding.
Fat usually means any ester of fatty acids or mixture of such compounds most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. Fat is used as the fatty components of foods and diet. Fats are best known members of a chemical group called the lipids.
Content
Classification
Functions
Sources
Digestion
Absorption
Deficiency and disorders of lipids
Essential fatty acid
Role of omega-3 & omega 6 fatty acids in physiological disorders
References
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
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imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
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z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Overview of Lipids
Dr. Anil V Dusane
Sir Parashurambhau College
Pune
anildusane@gmail.com
1
2. Introduction
• Lipids are very diverse in both their respective structures and
functions.
• Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds related to the fatty
acids and insoluble in water but soluble in solvents such as ether,
chloroform and benzene.
• Lipids comprise a large group of structurally distinct organic
compounds including fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, etc.
• Definition: Lipids are the esters of fatty acids and alcohols.
• Lipids serve a variety of important functions in living organisms. They
act as chemical messengers, serve as valuable energy sources, provide
insulation, and are the main components of membranes. 2
3. Chemical nature of lipids
• Lipids are the complex compounds.
• These are made up of C, H, and O2 but poor in O2
contents.
• Lipids are fatty esters of glycerols.
• Lipids= fatty acids + glycerols
• Although the term "lipid" is sometimes used as a synonym
for fats, the fats are a subgroup of lipids called
triglycerides.
3
4. Physical properties
1. Solubility: Lipids are insoluble in water. Fats and fatty acids are soluble
in organic solvents such as petroleum ether, benzene and chloroform
2. Saturation: Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature while
unsaturated fatty acids are liquid. Unsaturated fatty acids show cis-
trans isomerism due to presence of double bonds.
3. Heat conductivity: Lipids are the bad conductors of heat.
4. Melting point: Saturated glycerides containing fats require high
temperature for melting while unsaturated glycerides containing fats
require relatively lower temperature for its melting.
5. Specific gravity: Solid fat has specific gravity 0.86.
6. Tasteless, odorless and colourless: The lipids are generally tasteless,
colourless and odourless.
4
5. Chemical properties
1. Hydrolysis: Fats undergoes hydrolysis when they are treated with mineral
acids, alkalis or enzymes (lipase) or hydrolases to yield glycerol and the
constituent fatty acids.
2. Hydrogenation: Oils containing unsaturated fatty acids can be
hydrogenated in presence of high temperature, pressure and nickel
(catalyst). By this process the oils are converted into solid fats (glycerides
of saturated fatty acids).
3. Emulsification: Process of breaking of large sized fat molecules into
smaller ones is known as emulsification.
4. Saponification value: It is defined as the number of milligrams of KOH
required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete
hydrolysis of 1 g oil or fat.This value gives idea about its molecular weight.5
6. Chemical properties
5. Iodine number: This is the amount ( in grams) of iodine absorbed by
100 g of fat. This value gives an idea about the degree of unsaturation of
fat or oil.
6. Rancidity: All-natural fats are oxidized when exposed to air, light,
moisture, particularly if warm developing unpleasant odour and taste.
7. Acid number: Number of milligrams of KOH required neutralizing the
free acids of 1 g pf fat. This value gives an idea of the amount of free
acids present in given oil or fat.
8. Reichert-Meissl value: It is defined as the number of milliliters of
0.1N KOH solution required to neutralize the volatile water-soluble acids
obtained by the hydrolysis of 5 g of fat. This value is usually lower for
adulterated ghee than for pure ghee.
8. Classification of lipids
1. Fatty acids: Esters of fatty acids with glycerols.
2. Saturated fatty acids: solid at room temp and having
fewer double bonds e.g. Palmatic acid and stearic
acid.
3. Unsaturated fatty acids: Liquid at room temp and
having more double bonds e.g. Oleic acid and linoleic
acids.
8
9. Classification of lipids
Glycerol lipids:
• These are esters of fatty acids with glycerol but more complexes.
Neutral lipids (triglycerols)
• 3 group of glycerols are attached to fatty acids. Function - energy
stored in body in this form
Phospholipids
• Phosphate group is attached to glycerols
• E.g. Lecithins (present in Plasma membrane).
Plasmogens
• These are phospholipids but with enol-ether linkages Mostly occurs
in animals.
9
10. Classification of lipids
Lipids devoid (lacking) of glycerols: Esters of fatty acids with out
glycerol
Shignolipids: Complex in nature and contains sphinogocine i.e. 18
carbon hydrocarbon chain with N2 bases e.g. Ceratamides.
Glycolipids: Contain a variety of sugars but devoid phosphate
Waxes: Esters of high molecular weight fatty acids with alcohol
(other than glycerols) e.g. Bee’s wax
10
11. Classification of lipids
Steroids
• Group of compounds which is structurally and functionally unrelated to lipids but
included in lipids because of similar physical properties.
• These contain alcohol group at C-3 position and have a side chain of 8-10 carbons at
C-17
• Steroids are manufactured from lipid precursors in the cells.
• Each steroid molecule possesses a fused four ring (A,B,C and D) skeleton known as
cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene
• Steroids are the members of the group triterpenoids
• Cholesterol is the most important and common sterol found in mammals.
• It has also been isolated from red algae.
Terpenes
• It contains 10 carbon.
• It has a characteristic odour.
• e.g. Menthol, camphor, essential oils, etc.
11
12. Classification of lipids
Complex lipids: Consists of other compounds such as proteins, peptides
and polysaccharides in addition to lipids.
Lipoproteins: It contains protein along with lipids. These are most
complex because in the living systems they are found in the form of
soluble liquid drops and build the plasmamembrane and membranes cell
organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, goligicomplex, etc.
Lipoproteins of membranes may be water soluble or fat-soluble
Ergosterol: It occurs in ergot and yeast, it is the precursor of vit D, and it
acquires antirachitic properties with the opening of ring B when irradiated
with ultraviolet light.
Glycogen (animal starch): It is a reserve food material fund in liver and
muscles of animals and human beings. It also found in the plants which
have no chlorophyll (fungi and yeasts) but not in green plants.
12
13. Biological functions of fat
• Source of energy: In the body fat serves as an efficient source of energy
when stored in adipose tissue. Oxidation of fats results in the release of
a lot of energy 1 g of fat when oxidized releases 9 Kcal energy. It is
almost double of carbohydrates and proteins.
• Seeds contain 30-50% of fat: In a small space large amount of the
energy is stored.
• Components of biomembranes: Phospholipids are the most important
components of biomembranes.
• Plant protective coat: Lipid acts as a plant protective coat e.g. wax,
cutin, and suberin.
• Excellent insulator: Fat is a bad conductor of heat. It provides excellent
insulation.
13
14. • Protect internal organs: Fats serves as padding for the internal organs.
• Formation brain and nervous system: Lipids has significant role in
development of brain and nervous system.
• Ion exchange, intercellular transport and cellular excretion:
Phospholipids has vital role in these activities.
• Hormones: Male and female hormones like androgens, ergosterols,
progesterons, etc. are chemically steroids (fats).
• Constituents of essential oils: Terpenes are the constituents of essential
oils.
• Role in digestion: Dietary fat is necessary for sufficient absorption of the
essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K from the
gastrointestinal tract.
14
15. Questions
Q1. What are fatty acids? Write about its physical and chemical
properties.
Q.2 Write about classification of fats. Add a note on biological
functions of fats.
Q3. Short notes
i) Physical properties of fats
ii) Chemical properties of fats
iii) Steroids
iv) Lipoproteins
15