The document discusses capacity planning for products and services. It explains key concepts like capacity, effective capacity, and utilization. It also outlines factors to consider when developing capacity alternatives and approaches for evaluating alternatives, including cost-volume analysis, break-even analysis, financial analysis, and waiting-line analysis. The goal of capacity planning is to determine the appropriate level and timing of capacity to meet future demand in a cost-effective manner.

1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Capacity Planning
For Products and
Services

2. 5-2
Learning Objectives
 Explain the importance of capacity
planning.
 Discuss ways of defining and measuring
capacity.
 Describe the determinants of effective
capacity.
 Discuss the major considerations related to
developing capacity alternatives.
 Briefly describe approaches that are useful
for evaluating capacity alternatives

3. 5-3
Capacity Planning
 Capacity is the upper limit or ceiling on
the load that an operating unit can
handle.
 Capacity also includes
 Equipment
 Space
 Employee skills
 The basic questions in capacity handling
are:
 What kind of capacity is needed?
 How much is needed?
 When is it needed?

4. 5-4
1. Impacts ability to meet future demands
2. Affects operating costs
3. Major determinant of initial costs
4. Involves long-term commitment
5. Affects competitiveness
6. Affects ease of management
7. Globalization adds complexity
8. Impacts long range planning
Importance of Capacity Decisions

5. 5-5
Capacity
 Design capacity
 …
 Effective capacity
 …
 Actual output
 …

6. 5-6
Efficiency and Utilization
Actual output
Efficiency =
Effective capacity
Actual output
Utilization =
Design capacity
Both measures expressed as percentages

7. 5-7
Actual output = units/day
Efficiency = =
Effective capacity units/ day
Utilization = Actual output = units/day
=
Design capacity units/day
Efficiency/Utilization Example
Design capacity = 50 trucks/day
Effective capacity = 40 trucks/day
Actual output = 36 trucks/day

8. 5-8
Determinants of Effective
Capacity
 Facilities
 Product and service factors
 Process factors
 Human factors
 Policy factors
 Operational factors
 Supply chain factors
 External factors

9. 5-9
Strategy Formulation
 Capacity strategy for long-term demand
 Demand patterns
 Growth rate and variability
 Facilities
 Cost of building and operating
 Technological changes
 Rate and direction of technology changes
 Behavior of competitors
 Availability of capital and other inputs

10. 5-10
Key Decisions of Capacity
Planning
1. Amount of capacity needed
• Capacity cushion (100% - Utilization)
2. Timing of changes
3. Need to maintain balance
4. Extent of flexibility of facilities
Capacity cushion – extra demand intended to offset uncertainty

11. 5-11
Forecasting Capacity
Requirements
 Long-term vs. short-term capacity needs
 Long-term relates to overall level of capacity
such as facility size, trends, and cycles
 Short-term relates to variations from
seasonal, random, and irregular fluctuations
in demand

12. 5-12
Calculating Processing
Requirements
Product
Annual
Demand
Standard
processing time
per unit (hr.)
Processing time
needed (hr.)
#1
#2
#3
Total
400
300
700
5.0
8.0
2.0
Tot
If annual capacity is 2000 hours, then how many machines do we need to
handle the required volume of …. ?

13. 5-13
 Need to be near customers
 Capacity and location are closely tied
 Inability to store services
 Capacity must be matched with timing of
demand
 Degree of volatility of demand
 Peak demand periods
Planning Service Capacity

14. 5-14
In-House or Outsourcing
1. Available capacity
2. Expertise
3. Quality considerations
4. Nature of demand
5. Cost
6. Risk
Outsource: obtain a good or service
from an external provider

15. 5-15
Developing Capacity Alternatives
1.Design flexibility into systems
2.Take stage of life cycle into account
3.Take a “big picture” approach to capacity
changes
4.Prepare to deal with capacity “chunks”
5.Attempt to smooth out capacity
requirements
6.Identify the optimal operating level

16. 5-16
Bottleneck Operation
Figure 5.2
Machine #2
Bottleneck
Operation
Machine #1
Machine #3
Machine #4
10/hr
10/hr
10/hr
10/hr
30/hr
Bottleneck operation: An operation
in a sequence of operations whose
capacity is lower than that of the
other operations

17. 5-17
Bottleneck Operation
Operation 1
20/hr.
Operation 2
10/hr.
Operation 3
15/hr.
?
Which operation is the Bottleneck operation?
Maximum output rate
limited by bottleneck

18. 5-18
Economies of Scale
 Economies of scale
 If the output rate is less than the optimal level,
increasing output rate results in decreasing
average unit costs
 Diseconomies of scale
 If the output rate is more than the optimal
level, increasing the output rate results in
increasing average unit costs

19. 5-19
Optimal Rate of Output
Minimum
cost
Averagecostperunit
0 Rate of output
Production units have an optimal rate of output for minimal cost.
Figure 5.4
Minimum average cost per unit

20. 5-20
Economies of Scale
Minimum cost & optimal operating rate are
functions of size of production unit.Averagecostperunit
0
Small
plant Medium
plant Large
plant
Output rate
Figure 5.5

21. 5-21
Evaluating Alternatives
 Cost-volume analysis
 Break-even point
 Financial analysis
 Cash flow
 Present value
 Decision theory
 Waiting-line analysis

22. 5-22
Cost-Volume Relationships
Amount($)
0
Q (volume in units)
Fixed cost (FC)
Figure 5.6a

23. 5-23
Cost-Volume Relationships
Amount($)
Q (volume in units)
0
Figure 5.6b

24. 5-24
Cost-Volume Relationships
Amount($)
Q (volume in units)
0 BEP units
Figure 5.6c

25. 5-25
Break-Even Problem with Step
Fixed Costs
Quantity
Step fixed costs and variable costs.
1 machine
2 machines
3 machines
Figure 5.7a

26. 5-26
Break-Even Problem with Step
Fixed Costs
$
FC1
FC2
FC3
BEP2
BEP
3
Quantity
1
2
3
Multiple break-even points
Figure 5.7b
TP = (P – VC) Q

27. 5-27
1.One product is involved
2.Everything produced can be sold
3.Variable cost per unit is the same
regardless of volume
4.Fixed costs do not change with volume
5.Revenue per unit constant with volume
6.Revenue per unit exceeds variable cost
per unit
Assumptions of Cost-Volume
Analysis

28. 5-28
Financial Analysis
 Cash Flow - the difference between
cash received from sales and other
sources, and cash outflow for labor,
material, overhead, and taxes.
 Present Value - the sum, in current
value, of all future cash flows of an
investment proposal.

29. 5-29
Waiting-Line Analysis
 Useful for designing or modifying service
systems
 Waiting-lines occur across a wide variety of
service systems
 Waiting-lines are caused by bottlenecks in
the process
 Helps managers plan capacity level that will
be cost-effective by balancing the cost of
having customers wait in line with the cost of
additional capacity