This document provides an outline for a presentation on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of candidiasis in diabetic patients. It discusses the introduction to candida species and their role as opportunistic pathogens. It also summarizes literature reviewing the increased risk of candidiasis in diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals, with Candida albicans being the most common species isolated. The presentation will cover the virulence factors of Candida, mechanisms of pathogenesis, methods of diagnosis and treatment, and strategies for prevention of candidiasis in diabetic patients.
A brief overview of Candida albicans by Zehraa Cheaib, Ammara Majeed, Adam Windle, Alex Edmonds, Eve Collinson & Alex Hutton at the University of Manchester School of Pharmacy. Spring of 2017.
Common ubiquitous mold. A species of mold that is found all over the world. More than 185 different types of Aspergillus have been identified and more are continuing to be identified.
A brief overview of Candida albicans by Zehraa Cheaib, Ammara Majeed, Adam Windle, Alex Edmonds, Eve Collinson & Alex Hutton at the University of Manchester School of Pharmacy. Spring of 2017.
Common ubiquitous mold. A species of mold that is found all over the world. More than 185 different types of Aspergillus have been identified and more are continuing to be identified.
Dr. Diwan Mahmood Khan, Assistant Professor of Microbiology,
MCDRC, Durg, Chattisgarh, India.
Topic: Opportunistic Mycoses- Candidiasis or Candidosis
For Medical Student: MBBS and BDS
PSP 3 - Literature review presentation of Acinetobacter baumannii and relevant virulence, symptoms, diagnosis, antibiotic resistance, available and potential future treatments and how this review links to further study and a potential career.
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Basic description of Lyme disease from Microbiological and Clinical point of view with discussion on Pathology, Clinical Features and, Laboratory Diagnosis.
Current Developments in Prevention and Treatment of Candidiasis Prodipta Chakraborty
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for candidiasis in human hosts.
C. albicans grow in several different morphological forms, ranging from unicellular budding yeast to true hyphae with parallel-side wall .
Candida albicans is a unicellular, oval-shaped diploid fungus (a form of yeast ) Typically, C. albicans live as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and are found in over 70% of the population. Overgrowth of these organisms, however, will lead to disease
Also known as Oral thrush
Oral infection caused by fungi
(yeast) of the genus candida
Multiple species of candida
(candida albican most common cause)
Often an opportunistic infection
Can transmit via direct contact
If it is in the mouth or throat, it is called oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal
candidiasis, or Thrush.
If it affects the genital area, it is called a yeast infection. In women, it may be called a
Vulvovaginal yeast infection.
If yeast infects the skin on a baby’s bottom area, it causes a diaper rash.
If the infection enters your bloodstream, it is called invasive candidiasis
or candidemia.
TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH CHILDBIRTH
BY KISSING
THE OVERGROWTH OF C.ALBICANS LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE,
AND IT OCCOURS WHEN THERE ARE IMBALANCES
RARELY SPREAD THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURCE
In general case:- In general, you can prevent most Candida infections
by keeping your skin clean and dry, by using antibiotics only as your
doctor directs, and by following a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition.
Treatments for candidiasis for managing Candida infections are usually based upon the anatomic location of the infection, immune status of the patient, risk factors for patients with infection, species responsible and lastly, upon the susceptibility of the Candida species towards the anti-fungal drug.
Coronaviruses & COVID 19 - Its Morphology, Role, Mechanism of Action, and Tre...Haider Ali Malik
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses transmitting between animals and people that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV).
COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by a newly identified coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2
The current COVID-19 outbreak originated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. World Health Organization (WHO) has been to characterized the outbreak as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. (WHO Bulletin 2020)
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vaginitis and Cervicitis in Clinic...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Dr. Diwan Mahmood Khan, Assistant Professor of Microbiology,
MCDRC, Durg, Chattisgarh, India.
Topic: Opportunistic Mycoses- Candidiasis or Candidosis
For Medical Student: MBBS and BDS
PSP 3 - Literature review presentation of Acinetobacter baumannii and relevant virulence, symptoms, diagnosis, antibiotic resistance, available and potential future treatments and how this review links to further study and a potential career.
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Basic description of Lyme disease from Microbiological and Clinical point of view with discussion on Pathology, Clinical Features and, Laboratory Diagnosis.
Current Developments in Prevention and Treatment of Candidiasis Prodipta Chakraborty
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for candidiasis in human hosts.
C. albicans grow in several different morphological forms, ranging from unicellular budding yeast to true hyphae with parallel-side wall .
Candida albicans is a unicellular, oval-shaped diploid fungus (a form of yeast ) Typically, C. albicans live as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and are found in over 70% of the population. Overgrowth of these organisms, however, will lead to disease
Also known as Oral thrush
Oral infection caused by fungi
(yeast) of the genus candida
Multiple species of candida
(candida albican most common cause)
Often an opportunistic infection
Can transmit via direct contact
If it is in the mouth or throat, it is called oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal
candidiasis, or Thrush.
If it affects the genital area, it is called a yeast infection. In women, it may be called a
Vulvovaginal yeast infection.
If yeast infects the skin on a baby’s bottom area, it causes a diaper rash.
If the infection enters your bloodstream, it is called invasive candidiasis
or candidemia.
TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH CHILDBIRTH
BY KISSING
THE OVERGROWTH OF C.ALBICANS LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE,
AND IT OCCOURS WHEN THERE ARE IMBALANCES
RARELY SPREAD THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURCE
In general case:- In general, you can prevent most Candida infections
by keeping your skin clean and dry, by using antibiotics only as your
doctor directs, and by following a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition.
Treatments for candidiasis for managing Candida infections are usually based upon the anatomic location of the infection, immune status of the patient, risk factors for patients with infection, species responsible and lastly, upon the susceptibility of the Candida species towards the anti-fungal drug.
Coronaviruses & COVID 19 - Its Morphology, Role, Mechanism of Action, and Tre...Haider Ali Malik
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses transmitting between animals and people that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV).
COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by a newly identified coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2
The current COVID-19 outbreak originated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. World Health Organization (WHO) has been to characterized the outbreak as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. (WHO Bulletin 2020)
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vaginitis and Cervicitis in Clinic...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causi...ijtsrd
Candidiasis A disease, which though common yet often neglected, has caused more havoc than reported and with the increase in antimicrobial resistance, antifungal agents that are more effective are to be used. The aim of this work is to identify Candida species causing oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis in Awka, Nigeria and evaluate the effect of Fluconazole and Nystatin in vitro against them. Using standard microbiological tests in identification, 80 samples 43.24 were positive for Candida out of the 185 samples gotten from the study subjects. Candida albicans 55 , C.tropicalis 35 and C.glabrata 10 were isolated from the oral cavity while Candida albicans 35 , C.krusei 31.67 , C.tropicalis 15 , C.dublinensis 8.33 , C.glabrata 5.00 , and C.parapsilosis 5.00 were isolated from the vagina. Fluconazole 50µl and Nystatin 100 Units were employed in the anticandidal sensitivity test using agar well diffusion method. More susceptibility to Nystatin than Fluconazole was recorded. From the oral cavity, C.tropicalis was the most susceptible while C.glabrata and C.parapsilosis were the most susceptible species from the HVS samples. This reveals the increase in isolation of non albicans Candida NAC and their growing resistance to Fluconazole which is commonly used hence the need to employ Nystatin as a first line drug for the treatment of oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis. Adindu J. C. | Anyamene C. | Chukwukaelo D. C. "Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causing Oral Thrush and Vaginal Candidiasis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53899.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/53899/identification-and-antifungal-susceptibility-pattern-of-candida-species-causing-oral-thrush-and-vaginal-candidiasis/adindu-j-c
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
detailed explanation and treatment plans for all types of fungal infections.
precaution and lifestyle modifications are explained.
well-detailed explanation of superficial and invasive types of fungal infections.
superficial infections like vulvovaginal candidiasis, oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis, and mycotic infections of the skin, hair, and nail.
invasive fungal infections like fungal infections in HIV patients, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, candiduria, and aspergillosis.
explained with well-detailed treatment plan with patient counseling points
This covers PID a female infection, typically for nurses, clinical officers and nurse assistants.
It will help prepare nurses in inter grated reproductive health and gynaecology.
research paper title is Contamination of hospital food with Clostridium difficile in Central Italy. the contents include Clostridium difficile, Major cause of hospital infection, Various associated risk factors, Management strategies recommended by regulatory bodies, Critical Control points (CCCPs) and decision tree
Fungal Urinary Tract Infections by YF.pdfYasser Aljtha
This material encompasses the most prominent four fungal microorganisms that invade the urinary tract, with prime focus on the infamous Candida Albicans (the main and most common etiological agent).
Infection in the couple may lead to failure of fertility treatment ,hence proper screening and management of the condition is mandatory before starting fertility treatment.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Advanced Medical Mycology presentation on mini review
8/13/2020 1
epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
cadidiasis in diabetic’s patient.
March, 2020
By Azanaw A.
2. Out line
➢ Introduction
➢ The statement of the problem
➢ Objective
➢ Epidemiology of Candidiasis
➢ virulence factor of Candidiasis
➢ Pathogenesis of Candidiasis
➢ DX, RX and prevention of Candidiasis
➢ Literature review
➢ search strategy
➢ Discussion
➢ Conclusion and Recommendation
➢ References
8/13/2020 2By Azanaw A.
3. Introduction
❖Candida is a fungus consisting of many species, but
only 17 species are reported to infect humans. These
species include
➢ Candida albicans,*
➢ Candida glabrata,
➢ Candida parapsilosis,
➢ Candida tropicalis*, Candida krusei*, Candida kefyr,
Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, Candida
dubliniensis. (Wolff etal, Aliyu etal).
8/13/2020 3By Azanaw A.
4. Introduction …….
❖Candida species are commonly seen fungi that exist as
an element of normal flora in the skin, gastrointestinal
tract and reproductive tract of humans.
❖Fungal infections are generally opportunistic so the
pathogenesis and prognosis of candidial infections are
affected by:
➢ the host immune status and
➢ also differ greatly according to disease presentations.
(McPherson etal).
8/13/2020 4By Azanaw A.
5. Introduction …….
❖candida infection occurs when there are factors that can
facilitate the invasion of the tissues due to the weak
resistance of the host.
❖The factors that cause candidiasis are divided into two
➢ Endogenous ( pregnancy ,obesity, chronic disease like
DM).
➢ Exogenous ( climate, skin hygiene and contact with
patient) (Djuanda etal, Hammad MMtal).
❖ Candida species are a major cause of health care
associated BSI world wide(Guinea etal) .8/13/2020 5By Azanaw A.
6. Introduction …….
❖Systemic infections are commonly referred to as
candidemia and are one of the prominent co-infections in
immunocompromised patients such as those suffering
from DM (Chakravarthi S, etal.Ilkit M etal).
❖The presence of Candida yeasts in urine, known as
candiduria, is an indicator of infection or colonization of
the urinary tract by Candida species. This condition in
diabetic patients can be hazardous due to diminished
immune system response (Falahati M etal).
8/13/2020 6By Azanaw A.
7. Introduction …….
❖ Vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC) is the most common
manifestation of genital candidiasis. VVC is diagnosed in
upto 40% of females with vaginal complaints (Deorukhkar
SC, etal).
❖ DM is a hyperglycemia disease characterized by absolute
absence of insulin or a relative decrease in cell insensitivity to
insulin (Wani MA etal).
❖ The metabolic status of DM patients provides the advantage
by fulfilling specific nutritional requirements and facilitating
the growth of fungi, especially Candida species (Nasreen S,
etal).
8/13/2020 7By Azanaw A.
8. Introduction………….
❖ Diabetic patients not only had a higher candidal carriage rate, but
also a variety of candidal species that were resistant to azole
antifungals.
❖ Oral candidal colonization is significantly associated with glycemic
control, type of diabetes, and salivary pH (AlAttas SA etal).
❖ The frequency of C. albicans is higher than non candida spp. in
diabetic patients with periodontitis and Candida infections are
observed at increased frequencies among subjects with high blood
sugar level (Al Mubarak S, etal).
8/13/2020 8By Azanaw A.
9. Statement of the problem
❖ Yeast naturally lives in the human body. Problems arise
when the yeast overgrows, causing a fungal infection.
❖ As a 2018 study which included data from over 300,000
people showed, person with type 1 or type 2 diabetes has a
higher risk of infection, including yeast infection, than a
person without the condition.
❖ In people with diabetes, symptoms can grow worse more
quickly than in other people. Also, infections can be harder
to treat (www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles).
8/13/2020 9By Azanaw A.
10. statement of the problem………..
❖ In the present study, there was also a significant statistical
difference between positive vaginal Candida culture and
type of diabetes mellitus (Faraji R etal).
❖ Candida pneumonia is a rare infection, and the majority of
cases are secondary to hematogenous dissemination
(Hakamifard A, etal).
❖ Candidiasis has emerged as an alarming opportunistic
infection with an increase in a number of patients among the
diabetics. It is estimated that as many as 75% of women
experience at least one episode of VVC during their lifetime
(Paul LG, etal ).8/13/2020 10By Azanaw A.
11. Statement of the problem ……
❖ So purpose of the mini review to show the burden of candidiasis in
DM patients and the correlation between glucose level with candidia
infection.
❖Objectives
➢ to practice how to search published data on candidasis infection in DM
patients using different searching tools like Google scholar, and Pub
med.
➢ To assess Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of candiaiasis.
➢ To assess the virulence factor of candidaisis in DM patient
8/13/2020 11By Azanaw A.
12. Epidemiology, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, treatment and prevention of candiaiasis
❖Epidemiology
➢ world wide
❖Superficial Candida rates ranged from 0%to 85 % while
invasive rates ranged from 0 % to 33% in Africa
(Omrani LP etal.).
❖Rates for candidiasis and candidemia are similar
throughout the world (Hidalgo JA etal).
8/13/2020 12By Azanaw A.
13. Virulence factor and Pathogenesis
❖Virulence factor
❖ Polymorphim
➢ Candida albicans is a polymorphic fungus that can grow
in several different forms, primarily yeast,
pseudohyphae, and hyphae.
➢ Several factors can cause a change in morphology, such
as pH differences, temperature changes, carbon dioxide
levels, starvation, and quorum sensing molecules (Mayer
FL, etal).
8/13/2020 13By Azanaw A.
14. Virulence factor and Pathogenesis
❖ Adhesins
➢ adhesion, the Als3 gene appears to the most important as it is
upregulated during an infection of oral and vaginal epithelial
cells. Also, it helps with biofilm formation by helping with
adhesion to each other (Roudbarmohammadi S, etal.)
❖ Invasins
➢ method of invasion is the active penetration of C. albicans into
host cells by an unknown mechanism involving hyphae
(Wächtler B, etal).
8/13/2020 14By Azanaw A.
15. Virulence factor and Pathogenesis
❖ Other virulence factors includes;
➢ Biofilm formation
➢ Secreted hydrolases
➢ Metabolic adaption (Xie Z, etal, Wächtler B, etal)
❖ Transmission
➢ Candida albicans is usually transmitted from mother to infant
through childbirth,
➢ Person to person acquired infections mostly happen in
hospital setting (Fanello S,).
8/13/2020 15By Azanaw A.
16. Virulence factor and Pathogenesis
❖ Candidiasis is caused by the abnormal growth in C. albicans,
which is usually due to an imbalance in the environment
❖ Several events can spark an imbalance. For example,
➢ Antibiotic use
➢ pregnancy
➢ uncontrolled diabetes and
➢ impaired immune system
❖ C. albicans are able to take advantage of the conditions then
colonization will occurred (emedicine.medscape.com/articl).
8/13/2020 16By Azanaw A.
17. Virulence factor and Pathogenesis
➢ Superficial infection
➢ Deep seated infection
➢ Disseminated infection
❖ Clinical features
➢ There are 3 major type of infections caused by Candida
albicans:
➢ oropharyngeal candidiasis
➢ vulvovaginal (genital) candidiasis
➢ and invasive candidiasis (candidemia)
8/13/2020 17By Azanaw A.
18. Diagnosis
❖ Oral and genital candidiasis is diagnosed in similar manners
by microscopy , culture and PCR (Blot SI etal).
➢ chlamydospore production on cornmeal Tween 80 agar
➢ Germ tube test
❖ Candidemia is primarily diagnosed by
➢ blood cultures
➢ Serologic marker (Roudbarmohammadi S etal).
8/13/2020 18By Azanaw A.
19. Treatment
❖candidiasis, the primary treatment for is fluconazole (a
triazole) daily.
❖For neutropenic patients, echinocandin or amphotericin B
is preferred (Pappas P, Kauffman C, etal.)
❖Candidemia patients are usually administered
fluconazole through IV but for critically ill patients,
echinocandin and lipid formulation amphotericin B are
again preferred(Nguyen MH etal.).
8/13/2020 19By Azanaw A.
20. Prevention
➢Keeping a healthy lifestyle
➢Good hygiene,
➢ proper nutrition,
➢ and careful antibiotic use
➢recurrent infections clotrimazole can be used
(http://www.prevention.com/health
conditions/candidiasis#Prevention)
8/13/2020 20By Azanaw A.
21. ❖ Particular Features of Candida sp. That Increase the
Incidence of Candidiasis in Diabetic Patients.
➢ Enzymatic Activity
❖ Several studies have established an association between
hydrolytic enzymes activity and an increase in the
pathogenic ability of Candida sp. (Bramono K etal ).
➢ Biofilm Formation
❖ Biofilms are communities of microorganisms embedded in
an extracellular matrix (Costerton JW, etal.).
8/13/2020 21By Azanaw A.
23. Hydrophobicity
❖In Candida spp., the adhesion phenomenon is mediated
by agglutinin like (Als) sequence proteins (Hoyer
LL,etal).
❖Als dependent cellular adhesion is connected with
increases in cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) (Rauceo
JM etal.).
❖ The CSH of Candida sp. enhances virulence by
promoting adhesion to host tissues (Zakikhany K etal).
8/13/2020 23By Azanaw A.
24. Literature review
❖ DM is metabolic disorder that predisposes individuals to
fungal infections, including those related to Candida ssp.
due to an immunosuppressive effect on the patient.
❖ For instance the prevalence of cadidiasis from American
studies, USA (52%) from a total of 42 gingival samples in
diabetic patients with periodontitis. the most common spp.
Of Candida were C. albicans (38%), followed by C.
dubliniensis(9.5%), C. tropicalis (4.7%) and C.
glabrata(4.7%) (Al Mubarak S etal.).
8/13/2020 24By Azanaw A.
25. Literature review……………………..
❖ Another Study was conducted in Greek from total of 128 oral swabs
sample Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species in
DM patients.
❖ The oral carriage of Candida spp. was significantly higher in diabetic
patients (Belazi M etal).
❖ A case control study conducted in Saudi Arabia that compared 150
diabetics (49 type 1, 101 type 2) with 50 healthy controls.
❖ Diabetics had a higher candidal carriage rate compared to controls.
❖ Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species, but diabetics
had a variety of other candidal species present (Safia A etal…..)
8/13/2020 25By Azanaw A.
26. Literature review………………..
❖A Cross sectional study was conducted in Brazil among
717 with type 2 DM women.
❖ The diabetic group showed more symptomatic VVC and
RVVC = 66.66% than colonized 33.33% women, and
showed significantly more colonization, VVC and RVVC
than seen among the control (Gunther HPRM etal).
❖A study conducted in Malaysia among 30 DM patients.
60% of Candida species was found with overall species
were Candida albicans (Al Hafiz OM etal).
8/13/2020 26By Azanaw A.
27. Literature review………………..
❖ A study conducted in Iran among 100 diabetic women. The
frequencies of Candida species include Candida albicans 5%,
Candida glabrata 7%, Candidat ropicalis 4% and Candida
parapsilosis 4%. VVC was more prevalent in women without blood
glucose level control than ones with blood glucose level control
(Faraji R etal).
❖ Another study was conducted in Iran on 305 DM patients.
candiduria were 12.5% and the isolated species was Candida
glabrnta , 50%, C.albicans 31.6%, C. krusei 10.5%,C. tropicalis
5.3%, and C. kefyr, 2.6%(Falahati M etal).
8/13/2020 27By Azanaw A.
28. Literature review………………..
❖Studies conducted in Iran. A total of 113 swab sample
from patients with type 2 diabetes, 24 patients with type
1diabetes, and 105 healthy.
❖ The most commonly isolated species in both diabetics and
controls was Candida albicans.
❖ Of the tested antifungal drugs, the highest rate of
resistance was found against itraconazole, followed in
frequency by ketoconazole and fluconazole (Zomorodian K
etal).
8/13/2020 28By Azanaw A.
29. Literature review………………..
❖ A study conducted in Indian From total of 90 saliva sample , 30
with controlled type 2 diabetes, 30 with uncontrolled type 2
diabetes and 30 without diabetes.
❖ Candida CFUs were significantly higher in diabetic subjects, with
a significant and positive correlation with salivary glucose levels
(Balan P, etal).
❖ Another study was carried out in India. 30 cases of diabetic
patients and 30 cases of normal healthy individuals.
❖ significant increase in the candidal colonization was observed in
diabetic patients (Pallavan B,).8/13/2020 29By Azanaw A.
30. Literature review………………..
❖ A study conducted in Poland from total of 44 diabetic patients (27
patients with Type 1 DM and 17 with Type 2 DM) as well as 17
healthy. Candida spp. Populations in T1DM and T2DM subjects
were larger as compared to controls. However, no difference was
found between T1DM and T2DM (Gosiewski T, etal).
❖ A study was conducted in Ethiopia. A total of 422 diabetic
patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic UTI were
investigated for UTI. The overall prevalence of significant
candiduria in both groups was 8.3%. The most common species
were C albicans (42.0%), C glabrata (34.2%), and C
tropicalis(15.8%) (Yismaw G,) .8/13/2020 30By Azanaw A.
31. Search strategy/ method
❖A comprehensive literature search was done in PubMed,
Google Scholar, Science Direct, Databases using
keywords and Boolean operators (AND and OR)
combination.
❖The keywords used to search the mentioned databases
were “candidasias’’, “Diabetics mellitus’’, “oral
candidiasis’’, Candida Species “prevalence’’, “
Epidemiology’’, “year’’.
8/13/2020 31By Azanaw A.
32. Discussion
❖ The risk factors for oral candidal infection are complex, but
it is known that tongue lesions and immunosuppression
(e.g., diabetes mellitus) clearly influence oral Candida sp.
carriage and the upsurge of oral candidiasis.
❖ The causes influencing the higher incidence of oral
candidiasis in diabetic patients are presented in Table.docx
❖ Diabetes is a stated risk factor for periodontitis, which is the
sixth-leading complication of diabetes (Olczak Kowalczyk
D etal).
8/13/2020 32By Azanaw A.
33. Discussion
❖ C. albicans is the most common species isolated, followed by
C. glabrata in patients both with and without diabetes (Mnif
MF etal, Atabek ME etal)
❖ Around 10% to 15% of in-hospital urinary tract infections
(UTIs) are related to Candida sp. And the prevalence is still
increasing (Yismaw G etal)
❖ Catheter-associated candiduria is a common clinical finding
in hospitalized patients, especially in intensive care units
(Pfaller M etal)
8/13/2020 33By Azanaw A.
34. Conclusion and recommendations
❖ Diabetes mellitus is a severe metabolic chronic disease that is
most prevalent in developed and developing countries.
❖ The general immune compromised state with an often poor
glucose control often leads to secondary diseases in DM
individuals.
❖ Among the candidiasis, oral diseases are the most frequent
infections that occur in DM patients, as well as VVC and, more
seriously, systemic candidiasis.
❖ Final research should be conduct in Ethiopia on candidia in
infection in diabetic’s patient from different clinical specimen8/13/2020 34By Azanaw A.
35. Summary
❖Candida species are a major cause of health care
associated bloodstream infection (BSI) worldwide.
❖As a 2018 study which included data from over 300,000
people showed, a person with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
has a higher risk of infection.
❖This mini review showed that DM patients have an
increased susceptibility to Candida sp. infections which
aggravates in the cases of uncontrolled hyperglycemia.
8/13/2020 35By Azanaw A.
36. References
1. Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ. Fitzpatrick’s
dermatology in general medicine, 2 volumes. Transplantation. 2008;85(654).
2. Aliyu S, Enoch D, Abubakar I, Ali R, Carmichael A, Farrington M, et al.
Candidaemia in a large teaching hospital: a clinical audit. Journal of the
Association of Physicians. 2006;99(10):655-63.
3. Wahyuningsih R, Freisleben H-J, Sonntag H-G, Schnitzler P. Simple and rapid
detection of Candida albicans DNA in serum by PCR for diagnosis of invasive
candidiasis. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2000;38(8):3016-21.
4. McPherson R, Pincus M. Herry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by
Laboratory Methods, twenty-second. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2011.
5. Guinea J. Global trends in the distribution of C andida species causing candidemia.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014;20:5-10. .
8/13/2020 36By Azanaw A.
37. • Thank you for your attention !!!
8/13/2020 37By Azanaw A.