Common ubiquitous mold. A species of mold that is found all over the world. More than 185 different types of Aspergillus have been identified and more are continuing to be identified.
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. An infection of lung that involves the small air alveoli and the tissue around is called pneumonia.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Medically Important Aspergillus species.pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Aspergillus species. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. An infection of lung that involves the small air alveoli and the tissue around is called pneumonia.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Medically Important Aspergillus species.pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Aspergillus species. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
ASPERGILLOSIS, MUCORMYCOSIS AND HISTOPLASMOSIS.pptxMkindi Mkindi
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
Aspergillosis
1. ASPERGILLOSIS
VARSHINI, S.
III B.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY
PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY,
NATIONAL COLLEGE [AUTONOMOUS]
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI - 620001
TAMIL NADU , INDIA.
2. ASPERGILLUS
● Common ubiquitous mold
● A species of mold that is found all over the world
● More than 185 different types of Aspergillushave been identified
andmore arecontinuingtobeidentified.
● For people with healthy immune systems, breathing in
Aspergillus isn't harmful but for the people with suppressed
immunity or hypersensitivity it causes disease called
aspergillosis.
3. ASPERGILLOSIS
● Transmission of this disease occurs by inhalation of the spores
● Out of 185 species only 20 species cause disease
● Only 3 out of 20 are constantly cause disease regularly in almost
all cases
A.flavus,A.niger ,A.fumigatus
● It affects the people with lung disorders,tuberculosis or when
they undergone any organ transplantation where the cannot
fight this disease due to immunosuppression.
● Some types of aspergillus.sp can cause variety of disease that
ranges from simple allergic disease to life threatening invasive
disease.
4. HISTORY
● Aspergillus was named by Pier Antonio Micheli, an Italian priest and biologist
in 1729 when cataloging molds , the molds resemble an aspergillum (a holy
water sprinkler )
● 1863 A. fumigatus was first described by physician Georg W Fresenius
● In 1842 John Higes Bennett described aspergillosis in lungs
● The first reports of fungal or Aspergillus sinusitis were made in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries, and descriptions of fungal sinus disease began to
proliferate in the nineteenth century.
Georg W Fresenius John Higes Bennett
5. MORPHOLOGY
● Produces conidial spore which is chain like in
structure
● Septate hyphae (2.5-8.0μm)
● Sterigmata-small supporting structure that
Commonly refers to basidium (spore bearing cells )
● Conidiospore -spore producing structure
● Foot cell -basal cell of conidiospore
6.
7. INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS
● themostsevereformofaspergillosis
● affects individuals with weakened immune systems or those who have received
bonemarroworsolidorgantransplant
● It is characterized by infection that starts in the lungs and then rapidly travels
throughthebloodstreamtoaffectvariousorgansofthebody
● Symptoms - Affected individuals often develop fever, chills, headaches, a cough
that brings up blood (mild hemoptysis) or sputum, shortness of breath
(dyspnea),andchestpainandaspertheregionofinvasion.
8. PNEUMOMYCOSIS
● PNEUMOMYCOSIS (BROODER PNEUMONIA) - pneumonial
infection caused by fungi
● Symptoms -coughing, wastage of muscles , lethargy, anorexia
(loss of appetite),lymph node enlargement and oculonasal
discharge H&E stain showing a fungal pneumonia (pulmonary
aspergillosis)
9. SYSTEMIC ASPERGILLOSIS
● The most serious form of invasive aspergillosis is systemic aspergillosis
● Spread of infection to other parts of the body like brain, heart ,kidney
● Symptoms -fever, chest pain,cough , dyspnea , other symptoms can also occur
according to the infected part of the body
Diffuse invasive aspergillosis observed in
autopsy lung tissue
11. ALLERGIC PULMONARY SYNDROME ASSOCIATED
WITH ASPERGILLOSIS
● This type of aspergillosis occur only to the individual with long
term asthma or cystic fibrosis
● Symptoms -Initial response with allergy and also include chronic
wheezing , shortness in breath ( dyspnea) and a feeling of poor
health also causes chest pain and cough that brings up blood
● Can also end up in bronchiectasis and loss of lung function if
untreated
12.
13. DIAGNOSIS
● Examining lung tissue by taking biopsy
● Orbital and ophthalmology examination
● Blood sample determine the immune system and body’s reaction to fungus
● Isolation of sputum sample is highly risk due to the immune suppression of the
patients
● HRCT scan is also used for diagnosis
● Observation of granulomas in respiratory tissue
NORMAL CT CT with IPA
14. TREATMENT
● Voriconazole for primary treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis
● For high risk patient combination of voriconazole and echinocandin
drugs are used as antifungal therapy
● This antifungal drugs are taken for 6-12 weeks
![ASPERGILLOSIS
VARSHINI, S.
III B.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY
PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY,
NATIONAL COLLEGE [AUTONOMOUS]
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI - 620001
TAMIL NADU , INDIA.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/varshinisaspergillosis-210918115757/85/Aspergillosis-1-320.jpg)
