The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
—Fungal organisms are ubiquitous. A common location for these organisms to enter the human body is through the external acoustic canal, oral cavity, and pharynx and sino-nasal cavity. A study was conducted with clinical and mycological analysis of various fungal infections in ENT. Patients suspected for having fungal infections attending at Department of ENT were interrogated and analysed. Swabs collected from these cases were sent for direct microscopy by KOH mounts for fungal examination and fungal culture. Microbiological confirmed 100 cases were finally included in the study Histopathological examination of nasal mass and polyposis was also done. It was observed in this present study otomycosis was most common and accounted for 84% of the total cases followed by candidiasis in oral cavity and pharynx in 9%, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in 4% and rhinosporidiosis in 3%. Aspergillus niger was that most common fungus isolated in 61% cases, followed by Candida albicans in 24% cases, Aspergillus flavus in 9% cases, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhinosporodium seeberi in 3% cases each. All the cases of fungal infection of oral cavity and oropharynx were due to Candida albicans.
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...Premier Publishers
A total of 24 throat samples were collected from Patients in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, to evaluate the prevalence of S. pyogenes and its antibiotic sensitivity. 17(70.8%) samples yielded Streptococcus pyogenes which was identified following some identification test. The incident rate was higher among those within the age of 5-25 years (53%). 58% of the isolate were from females. S. pyogenens showed 100% sensitivity to levofloxacin, vancomycin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and was resistant to tetracycline (58.8%). Penicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and vancomycin could serve at first line drug of choice for the treatment of S. pyogenes infection.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
—Fungal organisms are ubiquitous. A common location for these organisms to enter the human body is through the external acoustic canal, oral cavity, and pharynx and sino-nasal cavity. A study was conducted with clinical and mycological analysis of various fungal infections in ENT. Patients suspected for having fungal infections attending at Department of ENT were interrogated and analysed. Swabs collected from these cases were sent for direct microscopy by KOH mounts for fungal examination and fungal culture. Microbiological confirmed 100 cases were finally included in the study Histopathological examination of nasal mass and polyposis was also done. It was observed in this present study otomycosis was most common and accounted for 84% of the total cases followed by candidiasis in oral cavity and pharynx in 9%, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in 4% and rhinosporidiosis in 3%. Aspergillus niger was that most common fungus isolated in 61% cases, followed by Candida albicans in 24% cases, Aspergillus flavus in 9% cases, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhinosporodium seeberi in 3% cases each. All the cases of fungal infection of oral cavity and oropharynx were due to Candida albicans.
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...Premier Publishers
A total of 24 throat samples were collected from Patients in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, to evaluate the prevalence of S. pyogenes and its antibiotic sensitivity. 17(70.8%) samples yielded Streptococcus pyogenes which was identified following some identification test. The incident rate was higher among those within the age of 5-25 years (53%). 58% of the isolate were from females. S. pyogenens showed 100% sensitivity to levofloxacin, vancomycin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and was resistant to tetracycline (58.8%). Penicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and vancomycin could serve at first line drug of choice for the treatment of S. pyogenes infection.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vaginitis and Cervicitis in Clinic...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Zyvac TCV - The Indian Typhoid Conjugate VaccineGaurav Gupta
Presented at Ambala in Jan 2020. Is TCV needed, and is it better than Polysaccharide vaccine. Indian data and studies by Dr. Gaurav Gupta, Pediatrician from Charak Clinics, Mohali
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
Characterization and Determination of Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Ba...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Infection due to the wound has been a major health concern worldwide. Objectives: The study was aimed to characterize and determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns of some bacteria associated with untreated wound infection among secondary school student at Kura Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 24 samples were collected from the subjects with untreated infected wound from July 2018 to December 2018. The wound swab samples were inoculated onto Nutrient agar, Blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. Each colony was re-inoculated into freshly prepared agar plates until a pure colony was obtained. Isolates were identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using agar disk diffusion method.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt and the impact of MenAfriVac: an overview of the MenAfriCar project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
Role of Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Responsible for Respiratory Tract...Premier Publishers
The majority of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for respiratory tract infections. The aims of this study are to identify the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli species in respiratory tract infections, to describe their antibiotic resistance and to describe the factors associated with these bacteria. It is a prospective study of 54 respiratory samples for a period of six months from October 2019 to March 2020 in the laboratory of the University Hospital of Befelatanana Antananarivo. Among the 54 respiratory samples, the microbiological results showed 12 (22.2%) cases of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. These bacilli were represented by 7 (58.3%) cases of Acinetobacter baumannii, 4 (33.3%) cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 (8.3%) case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Concerning the associated factors, subjects under 40 years (24%) (p=0.77; NS), men (30.8%) (p=0.03) and subjects hospitalized in intensive care units (40.7%) (p=0.003) were the most affected by the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Regarding antibiotic resistance, it varies from 71.4% to 100% for Acinetobacter baumannii and 0% to 100% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate had a broad spectrum ß-lactamase but was sensitive to the other antibiotics. Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for severe nosocomial pneumonia and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Public Health Concerns About Resistant Foodborne InfectionsJohn Blue
Public Health Concerns About Resistant Foodborne Infections - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2013 NIAA Symposium Bridging the Gap Between Animal Health and Human Health, November 12-14, 2013, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-antibiotics-bridging-the-gap-animal-health-human-health
Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causi...ijtsrd
Candidiasis A disease, which though common yet often neglected, has caused more havoc than reported and with the increase in antimicrobial resistance, antifungal agents that are more effective are to be used. The aim of this work is to identify Candida species causing oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis in Awka, Nigeria and evaluate the effect of Fluconazole and Nystatin in vitro against them. Using standard microbiological tests in identification, 80 samples 43.24 were positive for Candida out of the 185 samples gotten from the study subjects. Candida albicans 55 , C.tropicalis 35 and C.glabrata 10 were isolated from the oral cavity while Candida albicans 35 , C.krusei 31.67 , C.tropicalis 15 , C.dublinensis 8.33 , C.glabrata 5.00 , and C.parapsilosis 5.00 were isolated from the vagina. Fluconazole 50µl and Nystatin 100 Units were employed in the anticandidal sensitivity test using agar well diffusion method. More susceptibility to Nystatin than Fluconazole was recorded. From the oral cavity, C.tropicalis was the most susceptible while C.glabrata and C.parapsilosis were the most susceptible species from the HVS samples. This reveals the increase in isolation of non albicans Candida NAC and their growing resistance to Fluconazole which is commonly used hence the need to employ Nystatin as a first line drug for the treatment of oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis. Adindu J. C. | Anyamene C. | Chukwukaelo D. C. "Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causing Oral Thrush and Vaginal Candidiasis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53899.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/53899/identification-and-antifungal-susceptibility-pattern-of-candida-species-causing-oral-thrush-and-vaginal-candidiasis/adindu-j-c
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Vaginitis and Cervicitis in Clinic...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Zyvac TCV - The Indian Typhoid Conjugate VaccineGaurav Gupta
Presented at Ambala in Jan 2020. Is TCV needed, and is it better than Polysaccharide vaccine. Indian data and studies by Dr. Gaurav Gupta, Pediatrician from Charak Clinics, Mohali
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
Characterization and Determination of Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Ba...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Infection due to the wound has been a major health concern worldwide. Objectives: The study was aimed to characterize and determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns of some bacteria associated with untreated wound infection among secondary school student at Kura Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 24 samples were collected from the subjects with untreated infected wound from July 2018 to December 2018. The wound swab samples were inoculated onto Nutrient agar, Blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. Each colony was re-inoculated into freshly prepared agar plates until a pure colony was obtained. Isolates were identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using agar disk diffusion method.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt and the impact of MenAfriVac: an overview of the MenAfriCar project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
Role of Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Responsible for Respiratory Tract...Premier Publishers
The majority of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for respiratory tract infections. The aims of this study are to identify the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli species in respiratory tract infections, to describe their antibiotic resistance and to describe the factors associated with these bacteria. It is a prospective study of 54 respiratory samples for a period of six months from October 2019 to March 2020 in the laboratory of the University Hospital of Befelatanana Antananarivo. Among the 54 respiratory samples, the microbiological results showed 12 (22.2%) cases of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. These bacilli were represented by 7 (58.3%) cases of Acinetobacter baumannii, 4 (33.3%) cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 (8.3%) case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Concerning the associated factors, subjects under 40 years (24%) (p=0.77; NS), men (30.8%) (p=0.03) and subjects hospitalized in intensive care units (40.7%) (p=0.003) were the most affected by the nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Regarding antibiotic resistance, it varies from 71.4% to 100% for Acinetobacter baumannii and 0% to 100% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate had a broad spectrum ß-lactamase but was sensitive to the other antibiotics. Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli are responsible for severe nosocomial pneumonia and the majorities are multi-resistant bacteria.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Public Health Concerns About Resistant Foodborne InfectionsJohn Blue
Public Health Concerns About Resistant Foodborne Infections - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2013 NIAA Symposium Bridging the Gap Between Animal Health and Human Health, November 12-14, 2013, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-antibiotics-bridging-the-gap-animal-health-human-health
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Public Health Concerns About Resistant Foodborne Infections
Similar to Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)
Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causi...ijtsrd
Candidiasis A disease, which though common yet often neglected, has caused more havoc than reported and with the increase in antimicrobial resistance, antifungal agents that are more effective are to be used. The aim of this work is to identify Candida species causing oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis in Awka, Nigeria and evaluate the effect of Fluconazole and Nystatin in vitro against them. Using standard microbiological tests in identification, 80 samples 43.24 were positive for Candida out of the 185 samples gotten from the study subjects. Candida albicans 55 , C.tropicalis 35 and C.glabrata 10 were isolated from the oral cavity while Candida albicans 35 , C.krusei 31.67 , C.tropicalis 15 , C.dublinensis 8.33 , C.glabrata 5.00 , and C.parapsilosis 5.00 were isolated from the vagina. Fluconazole 50µl and Nystatin 100 Units were employed in the anticandidal sensitivity test using agar well diffusion method. More susceptibility to Nystatin than Fluconazole was recorded. From the oral cavity, C.tropicalis was the most susceptible while C.glabrata and C.parapsilosis were the most susceptible species from the HVS samples. This reveals the increase in isolation of non albicans Candida NAC and their growing resistance to Fluconazole which is commonly used hence the need to employ Nystatin as a first line drug for the treatment of oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis. Adindu J. C. | Anyamene C. | Chukwukaelo D. C. "Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causing Oral Thrush and Vaginal Candidiasis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53899.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/53899/identification-and-antifungal-susceptibility-pattern-of-candida-species-causing-oral-thrush-and-vaginal-candidiasis/adindu-j-c
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Abstract—The aim of the study was to observe the prevalence of various microorganisms from throat swab specimens in patients attending a tertiary care hospital at Chinakakani, Guntur. Throat swab specimens were collected aseptically from 100 patients and cultured on appropriate bacteriological media. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests & antimicrobial susceptibility performed by standard methods. Out of 100 Samples, culture was positive in 25 samples. So Bacterial infection was found in 25% of Pharyngitis. Streptococcus pyogenes was the commonest isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Majority of bacteria were Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. In 60% it was mixed infection. The susceptibility patterns varied depending on the drugs, but most of the organisms were susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and vancomycin. Improved personal hygiene and health education of the masses on how to care for ear, nose and throat will greatly reduce these microbial infections. This study will be useful for control strategies and for predicting pathogen prevalence in throat swabs.
Synergism Between Calcineurin Inhibitor (FK506) & Azole Antifungals – an appr...Tanya Hasija
Synergism Between Calcineurin Inhibitor (FK506) & Azole Antifungals – an approach to Combination Therapy to overcome Azole Resistance in C. albicans, C. krusei, & C. glabrata – Emerging Nosocomial Threats to the Immunocompromised.
A Case of Giardia Spp Infection in a 3weeks Old White Fulani Calfijtsrd
Giardiasis is an intestinal protozoal infection that affects wild and domestic animals. It can also be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals Dixon, 2021 . Transmission is mainly through the feco oral route, with the occurrence of diarrhea been the most common symptom. The presence of watery pasty mucoidalfaeces in young animals is highly suggestive of the infection Patton, 2013 . Giardia spp is among the key intestinal parasite of ruminants leading to a significant rate of deaths in calves Hailuet al, 2020 . Otolorin, Gbeminiyi Richard | Adanu, Williams Adanu | Omoniwa David Oludare "A Case of Giardia Spp Infection in a 3weeks-Old White Fulani Calf" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43692.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43692/a-case-of-giardia-spp-infection-in-a-3weeksold-white-fulani-calf/otolorin-gbeminiyi-richard
Marios Stylianou_Paper II_ Novel High-Throughput Screening Method for Identif...Marios Stylianou
Similar to Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
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Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species
Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano
Teaching Hospital (AKTH)
*1
Taura, D. W.
1
Department of Microbiology, Bayero
2
Department of Medical Microbiology, Aminu
3
Department of Biological Sciences,
ABSTRACT
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis
genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new
antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for
performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was
aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility
profile of Candida species isolated from female
patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
(AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections
August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and
one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and
179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud
dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were
identified to species level using Chromogenic agar
and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptib
tests were performed using commercially prepared
single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of
these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded
species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with
Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common speci
isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%),
tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae
(5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis
(3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii
(1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows
81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole
and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were
susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and
52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were
susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and
resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were
susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 1 | Issue – 5 | July-Aug 2017
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species
Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano
Teaching Hospital (AKTH)
1
Yakubu, G. 2
Panda, T. W. 3
Dagona, A.G
Department of Microbiology, Bayero University, P.M.B.3011, Kano-
of Medical Microbiology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Gashua
Candidiasis affecting the
genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new
antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for
The study was
aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility
isolated from female
patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
(AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between
. Five hundred and twenty
one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and
179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud
dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were
identified to species level using Chromogenic agar
and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility
tests were performed using commercially prepared
single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of
these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida
giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with
22 (37.3%) as the common species
19 (32.2%), C.
C. magnoliae 3
C. parapsilosis 2
C. guilliermondii 1
(1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that
81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole
and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were
susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and
52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were
susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1%
resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were
susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and
62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the
isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while
C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tes
quality control strains of Candida namely:
tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans
90028 were used.
Keywords: Evaluation, Antifungal susceptibility
Profile, Candida species
INTRODUCTION
Candida species are opportunistic yeast affecting the
genitourinary tracts. Candida
for disease control (CDC) as a cause of sexually
transmitted disease (Prescott
mycotic pathogen produces as diverse a spectrum of
opportunistic disease in humans as does
Candida species are important nosocomial pathogens
and can be transmitted sexually (Tatfeng
Candida species are the normal micro biota within the
gastrointestinal tracts, respiratory tracts, vag
and the mouth (Prescott et al.,
refers to a range of infection caused by species of
fungal genus Candida. The infections can be acute or
chronic, localized or systemic. Disseminated
Candidiasis is frequently life threatening. T
majority of these infections are caused by
albicans (Greenwood et al., 1992). The incidence of
genitourinary tract infection is much higher in females
during adolescence and childbearing years (Sobel,
2004). Candida is found in the vagina
Aug 2017 Page: 976
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 1 | Issue – 5
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species
Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano
agona, A.G.
Nigeria.
Hospital, Kano- Nigeria.
Faculty of Science, Federal University, Gashua- Yobe State
62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei
isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while
were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two
quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida
Candida albicans ATCC
Evaluation, Antifungal susceptibility
species are opportunistic yeast affecting the
Candida is listed by the centre
for disease control (CDC) as a cause of sexually
transmitted disease (Prescott et al., 2008). No other
mycotic pathogen produces as diverse a spectrum of
portunistic disease in humans as does Candida.
species are important nosocomial pathogens
and can be transmitted sexually (Tatfeng et al., 2004).
species are the normal micro biota within the
gastrointestinal tracts, respiratory tracts, vaginal area
et al., 2008). Candidiasis
refers to a range of infection caused by species of
. The infections can be acute or
chronic, localized or systemic. Disseminated
Candidiasis is frequently life threatening. The great
majority of these infections are caused by Candida
., 1992). The incidence of
genitourinary tract infection is much higher in females
during adolescence and childbearing years (Sobel,
is found in the vagina of 35 - 50% of
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 1 | Issue – 5 | July-Aug 2017 Page: 977
healthy women. Under some conditions, such as
reduced immunity, prolonged antibiotics therapy, use
of contraceptives, malnutrition, pregnancy, diabetes,
obesity, tissue transplant, use of immunosuppression
drugs (Corticosteroids), neutropenia, Candida may
become pathogenic and cause Candidiasis
(Okungbowa et al., 2003). Candida species are the
second most frequent isolates from blood cultures in
hospitals with large populations of
immunocompromised patients (Beck Sague et al.,
1993 Tatfeng et al., 2004). In broader sense fungal
diseases became recognized as being of clinical
importance in the second half of the last century. This
is mainly due to advancement in medical technologies
(Rizvi et al., 2011). With the remarkable modern
advances in medicine, there has been an increase in
the number of immuno compromised individuals who
need extensive care in the hospitals (Rizvi et al.,
2011). This has resulted in a rise in the incidence of
fungal infections, especially those due to Candida
species (Rizvi et al., 2011). Among the species only
nine are frequent pathogens for human (Andy et al.,
2004). Candida albicans is the most common fungal
causative agent in superficial and deep seated
Candidiasis. However, non- albicans are also being
implicated in recent years (Gullo, 2009). However,
infection of the vulva and vagina with Candida
albicans is termed vulvovaginal Candidiasis. This is
characterized by intense vulval and vaginal irritation
(itching) which often gives rise to inflammation,
soreness, redness and white spots in and around the
genital tract. Also, painful urination and intercourse
are associated with the infection. In about 5% cases of
Candidal vulvovaginitis, the disease has a chronic
course showing frequent and refractory episodes
(Ferrer, 2000). Additionally, various studies have
shown that nearly 75% of all women will experience
at least one attack of Candidal vulvovaginitis during
their life time and suffer multiple episodes (Ferrer,
2000; Saporiti et al., 2001).The presence of Candida
in urine is called candiduria. This is rarely
encountered in otherwise healthy people with
structurally normal urinary tract (Schonebeck and
Ansehn, 1972; Kauffman, 2005 and Bukhary, 2008).
It is however of common occurrence in hospitalized
patients. Candida species account for almost 10-15%
of nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs)
(Kauffman et al., 2000; Lundstrom and Sobel, 2001
and Kauffman, 2005).In the United States it is
estimated that the incidence of candiduria was 25,000
cases per year. And approximately one third of
hospitalized patients with urine cultures yielding
Candida were in the Intensive care unit (ICU) where
bladder catheter use was high (Shay and Miller,
2004). The aim of the present research was to carry
out antifungal potency evaluation test against Candida
species isolated from female patients attending Aminu
Kano Teaching Hospital. These antifungal agents
inhibit macromolecule synthesis (Flucytosine), impair
membrane barrier function (polyenes), inhibit
ergosterol synthesis (allylamines, thiocarbamates,
azole derivatives, and morpholines) or interact with
microtubules (Vanden et al., 1997).. Emergence of
drug resistance among yeast isolates and consequent
increase in serious fungal infections have been
reported (DeMuri et al., 1995). The mechanism of
resistance to these antifungal agents by yeast isolates
are purely chromosomal as Candida species lack
plasmid or other natural mechanism capable of
transferring genetic materials between strains (Odds et
al., 2003). Knowledge of mechanisms of antifungal
resistance has been valuable in identifying resistant
isolates and using them to validate in vitro
measurement systems (Ghannoum, et al, 1999,
Moore et al, 2000, Vanden Bossche, et al 1998 and
White et al, 1998).
Study Area
The study was conducted in the microbiology
laboratory of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
(AKTH) Kano. The hospital is located in the
metropolitan city of Kano in Tarauni LGA. It serves
as a referral centre for diseases that could not be
manage by other hospitals within the Kano environs
and some neighbouring states.
Study Population
The study targeted only female patients that were sent
to microbiology laboratory by clinicians with a
request form and are suspected having Candidiasis.
Those that did not meet the above criteria were not
included in this study.
Sample Size
A total of 521 clinical samples including 342 urine
and 179 high vaginal swabs were collected and
analyzed from female patients attending Aminu Kano
Teaching Hospital with suspected cases of
Candidiasis between august, 2013 to June, 2014.
Ethical Clearance
This was obtained from the hospital ethical committee
prior to the commencement of the study. In addition,
an informed consent was sought from patients before
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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their enrolment. Those that refused to be recruited
after much explanation were not considered in the
research.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Urine Collection and Processing Fresh morning mid-
stream urine samples were aseptically collected in
clean, dry culture bottles. Patients have been told to
first allow urine to flow out and collect the mid-
stream in a sterile screw cap container and then
replace the lid firmly and bring the samples to the
microbiology laboratory. For each specimen
collected, Age, Sex, Laboratory number, and Name of
patients were clearly labelled. At laboratory, the urine
was first transferred into a sterile test tube and
centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. After
centrifugation, the supernatant was decanted and the
sediment was streaked on to SDA (Himedia) with the
aid of a standard wire loop calibrated to hold (0.01)
ml urine. Specimens were incubated at 370C
for 24- 48
hrs. Wet film was then prepared and the remaining
portion of the sediment was placed on a dried grease
free slide and stained using Gram`s method.
Microscopy was followed to observe the presence of
yeast cells. High Vaginal Swab Collection and
Processing .High vaginal swab samples were
collected aseptically in sterile cotton tipped swab stick
by a trained female nurse officer. The specimens
were properly labelled and then transported to the
laboratory for analysis. Upon receipt at the laboratory
samples were inoculated on SDA (Himedia) directly
using the cotton tipped swab stick and then spread by
streaking with standard sterile wire loop. Specimens
were incubated at 37OC
for 24 - 48 hrs. The swab was
then replaced back to its container and 2-3 drops of
normal saline were added. This was shaken
vigorously and dispensed in to a sterile test tube. The
specimen was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes,
supernatant was decanted and a wet film prepared to
observe the presence of yeast cells. Part of the
sediment was used for Gram staining. The stained
slides were examined under microscope for budding
yeast cells. Identification and Characterization Yeast
isolates were identified to specie level using
Chromogenic Agar and API 20C Aux kit Biomeriuxµ
company of France. Inoculation on Chromogenic
Agar Yeast isolates were first sub cultured on SDA
(Himedia) to obtained pure/ fresh colonies of the
organism to be tested. Chromogenic agar was then
prepared according to manufacturer guidelines. The
yeast isolates were sub culture on to the media and
incubated for 24 - 48 hrs. API 20 AUX C Kit, Yeast
isolates were first sub culture on SDA in order to
obtain fresh colonies of the organism. Colonies were
picked by successive touches and introduced in to a
sterile test tube containing 2ml (0.85%) normal saline.
The turbidity was measured visually to match with 2
Mc Farland standard as directed by the manufacturer.
And then 100 µl of the suspension was pipetted with
micro titre pipette and dispensed into API media.
Further transfer of suspension was done from API
media to API strip that is made up of 20 cupules. The
cupules were filled with the API media already
containing the test organism and then incubated at
290C
for 48 – 72 hrs as directed by the manufacturer.
The cupules are already pre-coated with sugars except
the first cupule that serve as control. After incubation,
growth in each cupule was compared with the control.
A cupule that is more turbid than the control was
recorded in the result sheet as positive. On the result
sheet the tests are separated into seven groups with
each group bearing three digits numbers of 1, 2 and 4.
Therefore, by adding the numbers corresponding to
positive reactions within each, a 7 digits number is
obtained which constitute the numerical profile. The
final identification was done by checking the seven
digits number in the API booklet, where yeast species
are provided with codes that correspond to Excellent,
Very Good, Good and Acceptable Identifications.
Antifungal Susceptibility Test Disk diffusion method
using commercially prepared antifungal single disk
(Bioanalyse) Turkey was employed as recommended
by (National committee for clinical laboratory
standards (NCCLS-M44A, 2004).
Procedure: Fresh culture of each isolate of not more
than 18- 24 hrs old as recommended by the company
were suspended in a sterile test tube containing 5ml
(0.85%) normal saline. The turbidity was measured
visually to match with 0.5 Mc Farland standard.
Sterile cotton tipped swab stick was then dipped into
the suspension containing the organism to be tested.
The cotton tipped swab stick was then raised above
the suspension and pressed along the inner wall of the
test tube to remove excess moisture. This was
inoculated on dried plate of Muller Hinton agar
supplemented with 2% Glucose and 0.5g Methylene
Blue by swabbing at 600
in three dimensions for
uniformity as recommended by (National committee
on clinical laboratory standards M44A, 2004). The
glucose supports the growth of Candida species while
Methylene Blue enhanced zone and edge clarity.
Sterile single discs were aseptically placed on each
inoculated plate with the aid of sterile forcep and
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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incubated at 37OC
for 18 - 48 hrs. The zone of
inhibition produced by each antifungal disc was
measured with a calibrated ruler, and then interpreted
based on the interpretive break points recommended
by ((CLSI, M44, 2004) M44, 2004). In this case only
fluconazole and voriconazole interpretive break points
were provided. However, the response to other
antifungal agents for which no interpretive break
points provided by CLSI, these were interpreted
according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Table
1). Also, two quality control strains of Candida
namely: C. albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida
tropicalis ATCC 750 were used.
RESULTS
In this research a total of 521 samples including 342
and 179 Urine and High vaginal swabs respectively
were processed and analyzed, out of which only 59
(11.3%) were Candida species (Table 1). However,
the prevalence of Candida species in urine was 8
(2.3%). The species isolated were C. albicans of
about 3 (37.5%), C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. famata,
C. parapsilosis, and C. magnoliae each with 1(12.5%)
respectively. Higher prevalence of 51(28.5%) was
recorded in high vaginal swab samples which includes
C. albicans 19 (37.3%) followed by C. glabrata
18(35.3%), C. tropicalis 4(7.8%), C. krusei 3(5.9%),
C. magnoliae and C. lusitaniae 2(3.9%) each, C.
parapsilosis, C. famata, and C. guilliermondii
1(1.96%) respectively. The predominant specie
isolated in both the clinical samples was C. albicans
(Table 2). With the respect to antifungal susceptibility
profile of urine isolates, the result shows that 75% of
the isolates were susceptible to Ketoconazole. While
62.5% of the isolates were susceptible to Fluconazole,
only 50% were susceptible to Voriconazole and
Flucytosine respectively. Interestingly, C. famata was
resistant to all the agents and in addition none of the
isolates was susceptible to Nystatin. Similarly C.
tropicalis was only susceptible to ketoconazole
while C. albicans was susceptible to all the agents
except Nystatin (Table 3).However, high vaginal
swab (HVS) isolates shows a different susceptibility
pattern on comparison with urine counterpart in which
82.4% of the isolates were susceptible to
Ketoconazole and were 29.4% susceptible, 13.73%
intermediate susceptible and 56.9% resistant to
fluconazole. Similarly 25.5% of the isolates were
susceptible to Voriconazole, 5.9% intermediate and
68.63% resistant. Highest resistance was observed in
nystatin (96.1%). In addition, C. famata and C.
guilliermondii were resistant to all the agents except
that C. famata was susceptible to only Ketoconazole.
Table 5 presents the overall susceptibility profile of
the isolates. The result demonstrated that 81.4% were
susceptible to Ketoconazole. However, 33.9% were
susceptible to Fluconazole, 13.6% intermediate and
52.5% resistance. Similarly, Flucytosine 25.4% were
susceptible, 11.9% intermediate and 62.7% resistance.
Surprisingly, 96.6% of the isolates were completely
resistant to nystatin. While only C. albicans and C.
glabrata were susceptible to Nystatin, C.
guilliermondii C. krusei were completely resistant to
all the agents except that C. krusei was intermediate
susceptible to flucytosine.
Table1. Prevalence of Candida species in the clinical samples
Samples Number
processed
Number positive Prevalence (%)
Urine 342 8 2.3
High vaginal swab 179 51 28.5
Total 521 59 11.3
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Table2. Prevalence and distributions of Candida species in the clinical samples
S/n Isolates High vaginal swab Urine Total
1 C. albicans 19(37.30) 3(37.5) 22(37.3)
2 C. glabrata 18(35.30) 1(12.5) 19(32.2)
3 C. tropicalis 4(7.80) 1(12.5) 5(8.5)
4 C. krusei 3(5.90) 0(0) 3(5.1)
5 C. magnolia 2(3.90) 1(12.5) 3(5.1)
6 C. lusitaniae 2(3.90) 0(0) 2(3.4)
7 C. parapsilosis 1(1.96) 1(12.5) 2(3.4)
8 C. famata 1(1.96) 1(12.5) 2(3.4)
9 C. guilliermondii 1(1.96) 0(0) 1(1.7)
Total 51 8 59(100)
Key = Values in parentheses are percentage, S/n serial number
Table3. Antifungal susceptibility profile of urine Candida isolates
S/n ISOLATES N FLU VOR NYS 5FC KTC
S I R S I R S I R S I R S I R
1 C. albicans 3 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 - 3 2 0 1 2 - 1
2 C. glabrata 1 1 0
0
0 0 1 0 - 1 1 0 1 1 - 0
3 C. tropicalis 1 0 0
1
0 0 1 0 - 1 0 0 1 1 - 0
4 C. parapsilosis 1 1 0
0
1 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 1 1 - 0
5 C. famata 1 0 0
1
0 0 1 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 - 1
6 C. magnolia 1 1 0
0
1 0 0 0 - 1 1 0 0 1 - 0
Total
Percentage %
8 5 0 3
62.5 0
37.5
4 0 4
50 0 50
0 - 8
0 - 100
4 0 4
50 0
50
6 - 2
75 - 25
Keys = N, number, Flu, fluconazole, Vor, voriconazole, Nys, nystatin, 5fc, flucytosine and KTC,
ketoconazole, S sensitive, I intermediate sensitive, R resistant, S/n serial number
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Table 4: Antifungal susceptibility profile of high vaginal swab Candida isolates
S/n ISOLATES N FLU VOR NYS 5FC KTC
S I R S I R S I R S I R S I R
1 C. albicans 19 5 1 13 5 0 14 1 - 18 1 0 18 16 - 3
2 C. glabrata 18 8 4 6 5 3 10 1 - 17 9 5 4 17 - 1
3 C. tropicalis 4 1 0 3 1 0 3 0 - 4 0 1 3 4 - 0
4 C. krusei 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 - 3 0 1 2 0 - 3
5 C. magnolia 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 - 2 0 0 2 2 - 0
6 C. lusitaniae 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 - 2 0 0 2 1 - 1
7 C. parapsilosis 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 1 1 - 0
8 C. famata 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - 1 0 0 1 1 - 0
9 C. guilliermondii 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 - 1
Total
Percentage%
51 15 7 29
29.4 13.3 56.9
13 3 35
25.5 5.9 68.63
2 - 49
3.9 - 96.1
10 7 34
19.61 13.73 66.7
42 - 9
82.4 - 17.6
Keys = N, number, Flu, fluconazole, Vor, voriconazole, Nys, nystatin, 5fc, flucytosine and KTC,
ketoconazole, S sensitive, I intermediate sensitive, R resistant, S/n serial number
Table 5: Overall susceptibility profile of the isolates
S/n ISOLATES N FLU VOR NYS 5FC KTC
S I R S I R S I R S I R S I R
1 C. albicans 22 7 1 14 7 0 15 1 - 21 3 0 19 18 - 4
2 C. glabrata 19 9 4 6 5 3 11 1 - 18 10 5 4 18 - 1
3 C. tropicalis 5 1 0 4 1 0 4 0 - 5 0 1 4 5 - 0
4 C. krusei 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 - 3 0 1 2 0 - 3
5 C. magnoliae 3 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 - 3 1 0 2 3 - 0
6 C. lusitaniae 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 - 2 0 0 2 1 - 1
7 C. parapsilosis 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 2 2 - 1
8 C. famata 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 - 2 1 0 1 1 - 1
9 C. guilliermondii 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 - 1
Total 20 8 31 17 3 39 2 - 57 15 7 37 48 - 11
Percentage % 33.9 13.6 52.5 28.8 5.1 66.1 3.4 - 96.6 25.4 11.9 62.7 81.4 - 18.6
Keys = N, number, Flu, fluconazole, Vor, voriconazole, Nys, nystatin, 5fc, flucytosine and KTC,
ketoconazole, S sensitive, I intermediate sensitive, R resistant, S/n serial number
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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DISCUSSIONS
Vaginal discharge is one of most frequent
gynaecological problems encountered in females,
especially during their reproductive stage (Akingbade
et al., 2013). This study has identified the different
Candida species responsible for various degrees of
infections among female patients attending Aminu
Kano Teaching Hospital. The study also determined
the antifungal susceptibility profile of all the C.
species isolated. The results for the study revealed
that, the overall prevalence of Candida isolates in the
clinical samples was (11.3%) with C. albicans
(37.3%) as the leading specie isolated. This is in line
with (12.7%) detected by (Feglo et al., 2009) and
(Mohanty et al., 2007) who also reported as much as
(18.5%) prevalence in India, among sexually active
married women attending rural primary health care.
And in both the studies C. albicans was the
commonest specie isolated. The prevalence of
candiduria in this study was found to be (2.3%) with
C. albicans (37.5%) as the highest specie isolated.
This is lower than the (5.1%) reported by (Ayeh-
Kumi et al., 2007) and (11%) observed by (Feglo et
al., 2009). However, isolating C. albicans (37.5%) as
the major C. specie in this study has completely
agreed with the findings of (Gizachew et al., 2010)
and (Zarei et al., 2012) who equally reported (42%)
and (53.3%) respectively. But (Lata et al., 2012)
reported that C. glabrata was the highest C. spp
isolated in their studies, this has disagreed with the
earlier observations that C. albicans was the
predominant yeast specie isolated in urine samples.
Although, (Robinson et al., 2009) reported that
candiduria in several occasions may be as result of
contamination of the urine samples, urinary tract
colonization or indicative of invasive urinary tract
infection. Probably for these reasons, physicians have
several responses to the finding of yeast in urine
samples. The prevalence of Candida species in high
vaginal swab was detected as (28.5%) and C. albicans
(37.3%) was the most prevalent specie isolated. This
is in conformity with the (28%) reported by (Garcia et
al., 2004) and elsewhere. Feglo et al.; (2009) reported
(21%) prevalence in which (48.7%) of the entire
isolates were C. albicans. Arul et al., (2012) also
reported (22.4%) prevalence and (64.3%) of the
isolates were found to be C. albicans. This study has
also testified the findings of (Enwaeni et al., 2001;
Asticcioli et al., 2009; Fauzia et al., 2010; Alli et al.,
2011and Akingbade et al., 2013) where both reported
C. albicans as the commonest yeast specie isolated in
their studies. On the other hand, the result of
antifungal susceptibility test carried out showed that
resistance to nystatin was (96.1 to 100) % among the
entire isolates. This is similar to the findings of (Arul
et al., 2012) in which all the non-albicans Candida
spp tested in their study were completely resistant to
nystatin. For ketoconazole (18.6%) of the isolates
were found to be resistant. This relates with (23.6%)
reported by (Fundik and Tuncer, 2002). Nevertheless,
(Akortha et al., 2008) observed as low as (5.8%)
resistance, while (kelan et al., 2011) and (Mohammed
et al., 2013) reported an increased resistances of (34.2
%) and (33- 50) % accordingly. The probable reason
to these variations could be attributable to the
availability of the drugs over the counter which
encourages self – medications, coupled with long term
used of the agents. This is because patients who see
physician usually receive empirical therapy in which
cultures are not routinely obtained and susceptibility
testing is rarely performed. Fluconazole was effective
against only (33.9%) of the isolates in this study. This
has gone a long way with the findings of (Srinivasan
and Kenneth, 2006), (Fauzia et al., 2010) and (Arul et
al., 2012) who both reported (30%), (36.2%) and
(22.2-30) % respectively. On the other hand, these
results are much lower than (71.6 %) observed by
(Feglo et al., 2009) and (100%) by (Mohanty et al.,
2007). Similarly all the C. krusei isolated in this study
were completely resistant to fluconazole, which is in
line with the findings of (Feglo et al., 2009) and
report of (National committee on Clinical laboratory
standard M44 A, 2004) which shows that C. krusei is
inherently resistant to fluconazole. Voriconazole
activity was seen in only (28.8%) of the isolates, this
is slightly higher than the (18.7%) reported by (Arul
et al., 2012), and greatly lower than (94.7%), (97%)
and (94.6%) observed by (Baran et al., 2000), (Feglo
et al., 2009) and (Tulumoglu et al., 2009)
accordingly. In the same vein, susceptibility to
flucytosine was detected as (25.4%). This is
absolutely lower than the (96.6%) documented by
(Fundik and Tuncer 2002) and (83.6%) by (Feglo et
al., 2009). The possible reasons to this could be
suggestive to the fact that, sometimes results of in
vitro antifungal susceptibility test do not always
faithfully reflect events in vivo (Sobel et al., 2003 and
Fan et al., 2007).This is due to variations among
individuals, characteristics of the drugs, and variable
behaviour of the microorganisms in each individual
(Srinivasan and Kenneth, 2006). It is important to
note that the CLSI document (M44-A) refers to disk
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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diffusion testing of standard conditions only for
fluconazole and voriconazole. Other antifungal agents
need further research to ensure the standardization of
this method (Srinivasan and Kenneth, 2006).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, C. albicans has been incriminated as
the leading agent responsible for candidiasis among
female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching
hospital followed by C. glabrata. Also, the various
degree of resistance observed in this research has
clearly signalised the need to closely monitor candidal
infections by ensuring that antifungal susceptibility
test is routinely carried out for better management of
patients’ conditions and avoidance of emergence of
resistance Candida strains.
RECOMMENDATION
The need to introduce antifungal sensitivity test in
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital is of paramount
importance. Development of interpreted break point
for all antifungal agents using Agar diffusion method
should be strongly considered by relevant bodies.
Identification of Candida isolates to species level
should be done routinely to enable brighter
understanding of their distributions. Mobilization,
sensitization as well as health education messages
should be made public on the danger attached to self-
medications and indiscriminate use of drugs. All
relevant agencies such as NAFDAC, Standard
Organization and other regulatory agencies saddled
with the responsibilities of checkmating the quality of
drugs and food should double their effort in fighting
sub- standard and fake drugs. With the present
attention on yeast infections, more resources should
be mobilized in order to strengthen research in the
area.
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