There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that patient receive will depend on the type of cancer, stage of cancer and how advanced it is.
Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
A standout among the best cancer treatment modalities is the gene therapy which is direct in situ insertion of exogenous genes into the tumors which could give a powerful remedial way for the treatment of benign tumors. Similarly, hormonal treatments are also widely used for cancer malignancies and generally considered as cytostatic. Hormonal treatment restricts tumor development by limiting hormonal growth factors. It most likely acts via the down direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, blockage of hormone receptor, and restraint of adrenal steroid synthesis.
There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that patient receive will depend on the type of cancer, stage of cancer and how advanced it is.
Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
A standout among the best cancer treatment modalities is the gene therapy which is direct in situ insertion of exogenous genes into the tumors which could give a powerful remedial way for the treatment of benign tumors. Similarly, hormonal treatments are also widely used for cancer malignancies and generally considered as cytostatic. Hormonal treatment restricts tumor development by limiting hormonal growth factors. It most likely acts via the down direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, blockage of hormone receptor, and restraint of adrenal steroid synthesis.
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body.
Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer. More specifically, this therapy is administered to destruct cancer cells. However, it may also include some antibiotics along with other medications for treating severe infection or illness.
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body.
Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer. More specifically, this therapy is administered to destruct cancer cells. However, it may also include some antibiotics along with other medications for treating severe infection or illness.
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
Fertility, Pregnancy, Contraception, Lactation And Endocrine Therapy In Breas...Mamdouh Sabry
Discussing every detail concerning gynaecologist and obstetrician in breast cancer. As fertility, pregnancy outcome, contraception, lactation, adjuvant hormone therapy and prevention.
These slides contain the information about Estrogen, its basic pharmacology, its synthesis in human body, Functions of estrogen, role in female puberty, Agonists of estrogen and antagonists of estrogen, also contain detail of the receptors associated with the estrogen functioning.
Popularly known as ‘The King of Glands’, the pituitary gland is basically a small circular gland protruding off the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The excellent for Pituitary Tumour Surgery and Treatment in India and it should be preferred for professionalism with a personal touch.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Presented by:
Ms. Elizabeth M.Sc (N)
Asst. Professor,
Dept of MSN
NNC, GNSU.
Presented by:
Ms. Elizabeth M.Sc (N)
Asst. Professor,
Dept of MSN
NNC, GNSU.
2. Hormone Therapy - Outline
1. What is Hormone?
2. What is Hormone therapy?
3. Hormone therapy is used to...??
4. Hormone therapy is used as...??
5. How hormone therapy works?
6. Hormone therapy - Indication
7. Hormone therapy for various cancer
8. Side - effects
9. Monitoring
10. Hormonal immunotherapy
3. Hormones are natural substances made by glands in our
bodies. They are carried around our body in our
bloodstream and act as messengers between one part of
our body and another.
Hormones are responsible for many functions in our body,
including the growth and activity of certain cells and
organs. The endocrine system is the network of glands
that make hormones.
4. Hormones are known as the body’s
chemical messengers and are produced in
the endocrine glands, which include glands
such as the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries in
women and testes in men.
Some hormones encourage the growth of
some cancers, such as breast and prostate.
But, in some cases, they may kill, slow or
stop cancer cells from growing.
5. Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that slows or
stops the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow.
Hormone therapy is also called hormonal therapy,
hormone treatment, or endocrine therapy.
6. Hormone therapy is a form of systemic therapy—a way of administering drugs
so they travel throughout the body, rather than being delivered directly to the
cancer—that works to add, block or remove hormones from the body to slow or
stop the growth of cancer cells.
7. • Treat cancer by stop or slow its growth.
• Ease cancer symptoms - reduce or prevent
symptoms in men with prostate cancer who are not
able to have surgery or radiation therapy.
Hormone therapy is used to......
8. How hormone therapy works....
• Block the hormones from acting
• Prevent hormone production
• Eliminate the hormone receptors on cells or
change their shape
12. Breast Cancer Hormone therapy
Oestrogen and progesterone affect some breast cancers. Breast cancers can be
oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) or progesterone receptor positive (PR+) or both.
Hormone treatment for breast cancer works by stopping these hormones getting to
the breast cancer cells
• Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
• Aromatase inhibitor
• Estrogen receptor antagonists
• Luteinising hormone (LH) blockers
• Oophorectomy
13. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
It acts by blocking the oestrogen receptors. It stops oestrogen from telling the cancer
cells to grow.
Suitable for pre menopausal and post menopausal women
E.g. tamoxifen and raloxifene
14. Aromatase Inhibitors
After menopause, ovaries stop producing oestrogen. But body still makes a small
amount by changing androgens into oestrogen. Aromatase is the enzyme that makes
this change happen. Aromatase inhibitors block aromatase so that it can’t change
androgens into oestrogen.
E.g. anastrozole, exemestane and letrozole
Side - effects: hot flashes, night sweats, headache, nausea, hair thinning, vaginal dryness, muscle
aches, and joint pain.
15. Estrogen receptor antagonists
It works by blocking estrogen receptors in breast tissue. While estrogen may not
actually cause breast cancer, it is necessary for the cancer to grow in some breast
cancers. With estrogen blocked, the cancer cells that feed off estrogen may not be
able to survive.
E.g. fulvestrant and toremifene
Side effect: hot flashes, night sweats, weight gain, vaginal dryness and nausea. Blood clots and
endometrial cancers are rare
16. Luteinising hormone (LH) blockers
Pituitary gland produces luteinising hormone (LH) which controls the amount of
hormones made by the ovaries. LH blockers are drugs that stop the production of
luteinising hormone. This blocks the signal from the pituitary gland to the ovaries.
So, the ovaries stop making oestrogen or progesterone.
Suitable for Pre - menopausal women.
E.g. Goserelin
Side - effects: tiredness, breast tenderness, nausea, loss of sex drive, and impotence.
18. Prostate Cancer Hormone therapy
Prostate cancer depends on testosterone to grow. Hormone therapy blocks or lowers
the amount of testosterone in the body.This can lower the risk of an early prostate
cancer or, it can shrink an advanced prostate cancer or slow its growth.
• Luteinising hormone (LH) blockers
• Anti androgens
• Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) blocker
• Other therapies
• Orchiectomy
19. Luteinising hormone (LH) blockers
Pituitary gland produces luteinising hormone (LH). This controls the amount of
testosterone made by the testicles.LH blockers are drugs that stop the production of
luteinising hormone. They do this by blocking the signal from the pituitary gland to
the testicles. So the testicles stop making testosterone.
20. Anti androgens
Prostate cancer cells have areas called receptors. Testosterone attaches to these
receptors and that can encourage the cells to divide so that the cancer grows. Anti
androgen drugs work by attaching themselves to these receptors. This stops
testosterone from reaching the prostate cancer cells.
E.g. bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate and flutamide
Side - effects: hot flashes, breast tenderness, nausea, loss of libido and impotence.
21. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) blocker
It stop messages from hypothalamus to pituitary gland to stop produce luteinising
hormone. Luteinising hormone signals testicles to produce testosterone. So,
blocking GnRH stops the testicles producing testosterone.
24. Endometial Cancer Hormone therapy
Oestrogen and progesterone affect the growth and activity of the cells that line the
uterus. Progesterone treatment to help shrink larger cancers.
i. Progestins - medroxyprogesterone acetate or megestrol acetate
ii. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) - tamoxifen and raloxifene
iii. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - goserelin, and leuprolide
iv. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) - letrozole, anastrozole, and exemestane
25. Adrenal cancer
• Adrenolytics - mitotane
• Estrogen receptor antagonists - fulvestrant and toremifene
• Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) - tamoxifen and raloxifene
26. Side - effects
Prostate cancer
• Hot flashes
• Weakened bones
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Enlarged and tender breasts
• Fatigue
• Loss of libido
Breast cancer
• Hot flashes
• Vaginal dryness
• Menstrual irregularities
• Loss of libido
• Nausea
• Mood changes
• Fatigue
28. Route
IM - arm, thigh, or hip
SC - Abdomen
• Surgery - to remove organs that produce hormones.
- it doesn’t require long-term treatment with medicines.
- it can’t be reversed.
30. Hormonal immunotherapy
Hormonal stimulation of the immune
system with interferons and
cytokines has been used to treat
specific cancers, including renal cell
carcinoma and melanoma.
