Chemotherapy involves the use of antineoplastic drugs to treat cancer by interfering with cell functions and reproduction. The objectives of chemotherapy are to maximize cancer cell death, cure cancer if possible, control tumor growth when cure is not possible, and extend life and improve quality of life. Chemotherapy drugs work through various mechanisms like limiting DNA synthesis and causing DNA damage. Drugs are classified based on cell cycle phase specificity and chemical groups. Safe handling of chemotherapy requires proper preparation, administration, and waste disposal to minimize exposure. Patients receiving chemotherapy require management of side effects like fatigue, nausea, mucositis, and monitoring for infections or other complications.
There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that patient receive will depend on the type of cancer, stage of cancer and how advanced it is.
Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body.
Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
A standout among the best cancer treatment modalities is the gene therapy which is direct in situ insertion of exogenous genes into the tumors which could give a powerful remedial way for the treatment of benign tumors. Similarly, hormonal treatments are also widely used for cancer malignancies and generally considered as cytostatic. Hormonal treatment restricts tumor development by limiting hormonal growth factors. It most likely acts via the down direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, blockage of hormone receptor, and restraint of adrenal steroid synthesis.
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer. More specifically, this therapy is administered to destruct cancer cells. However, it may also include some antibiotics along with other medications for treating severe infection or illness.
Oncology Nursing:-An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who cares for cancer patients. These nurses require advanced certifications and clinical experiences in oncology further than the typical baccalaureate nursing program provides. Oncology nursing care can be defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventive practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon the end of life.
What is oncology?
Oncology is the branch of medicine that researches, identifies, and treats cancer. A physician who works in the field of oncology is an oncologist.
Oncologists must first diagnose cancer, which is usually carried out via biopsy, endoscopy, X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, PET scanning, ultrasound, or other radiological methods. Nuclear medicine can also be used to diagnose cancer, as can blood tests or tumor markers. Oncology is often linked with hematology, which is the branch of medicine that deals with blood and blood-related disorders.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis is made, the oncologist discusses the disease stage with the patient. Staging will dictate the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy — which is defined as the destruction of cancer cells — may be used, as well as radiation therapy. Surgery is used to remove tumors. Hormone therapy is used to treat certain types of cancers, and monoclonal antibody treatments are gaining popularity. Research into cancer vaccines and immunotherapies is ongoing. Palliative care in oncology treats pain and other symptoms of cancer.
Treatment team
Cancer is often treated in a team effort, with at least two or three types of oncologists, including medical, surgical, or radiation. The oncology treatment team may also include a pathologist, a diagnostic radiologist, or an oncology nurse. In the event of a new or a difficult-to-treat case of cancer, the oncology care team may consult a tumor board, made up of various medical experts from all relevant disciplines. The tumor board reviews the case and recommends the best course of cancer treatment for the patient.
Oncology nurse
The oncology nurse has many roles, from helping with cancer screening, detection, and prevention, to the intensive care focus of bone marrow transplantation. Work settings for oncology nurses also vary and include acute care hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, private offices, radiation therapy facilities, and home care agencies. Oncology nurses work with adult and pediatric patients with cancer.
Pediatric Oncology
Pediatric oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on cancer care for children.
The National Cancer Institute estimates that 10,270 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in children in 2017. Of these, 1,190 children will die from the disease.
Pediatric oncology is an important medical field that treats all pediatric cancer types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia,
Includes exercises that has to be followed by women after post mastectomy. This will make their condition better and increase the body movements easily. Exercise are under in 3 sections based on the duration after surgery.
chemotherapy or cancer chemotherapy is the treatment modality used for the treatment of a tumor or cancerous disease this ppt give a detailed use of drugs used for the cancer and what all the pracuation can be taken while handling it and can be used as study material for bsc and gnm for their examination purpose as well as apply their knowledge in their clinical practice
There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that patient receive will depend on the type of cancer, stage of cancer and how advanced it is.
Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body.
Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
A standout among the best cancer treatment modalities is the gene therapy which is direct in situ insertion of exogenous genes into the tumors which could give a powerful remedial way for the treatment of benign tumors. Similarly, hormonal treatments are also widely used for cancer malignancies and generally considered as cytostatic. Hormonal treatment restricts tumor development by limiting hormonal growth factors. It most likely acts via the down direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, blockage of hormone receptor, and restraint of adrenal steroid synthesis.
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Chemotherapy is a widely used treatment for cancer. More specifically, this therapy is administered to destruct cancer cells. However, it may also include some antibiotics along with other medications for treating severe infection or illness.
Oncology Nursing:-An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who cares for cancer patients. These nurses require advanced certifications and clinical experiences in oncology further than the typical baccalaureate nursing program provides. Oncology nursing care can be defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventive practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon the end of life.
What is oncology?
Oncology is the branch of medicine that researches, identifies, and treats cancer. A physician who works in the field of oncology is an oncologist.
Oncologists must first diagnose cancer, which is usually carried out via biopsy, endoscopy, X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, PET scanning, ultrasound, or other radiological methods. Nuclear medicine can also be used to diagnose cancer, as can blood tests or tumor markers. Oncology is often linked with hematology, which is the branch of medicine that deals with blood and blood-related disorders.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis is made, the oncologist discusses the disease stage with the patient. Staging will dictate the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy — which is defined as the destruction of cancer cells — may be used, as well as radiation therapy. Surgery is used to remove tumors. Hormone therapy is used to treat certain types of cancers, and monoclonal antibody treatments are gaining popularity. Research into cancer vaccines and immunotherapies is ongoing. Palliative care in oncology treats pain and other symptoms of cancer.
Treatment team
Cancer is often treated in a team effort, with at least two or three types of oncologists, including medical, surgical, or radiation. The oncology treatment team may also include a pathologist, a diagnostic radiologist, or an oncology nurse. In the event of a new or a difficult-to-treat case of cancer, the oncology care team may consult a tumor board, made up of various medical experts from all relevant disciplines. The tumor board reviews the case and recommends the best course of cancer treatment for the patient.
Oncology nurse
The oncology nurse has many roles, from helping with cancer screening, detection, and prevention, to the intensive care focus of bone marrow transplantation. Work settings for oncology nurses also vary and include acute care hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, private offices, radiation therapy facilities, and home care agencies. Oncology nurses work with adult and pediatric patients with cancer.
Pediatric Oncology
Pediatric oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on cancer care for children.
The National Cancer Institute estimates that 10,270 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in children in 2017. Of these, 1,190 children will die from the disease.
Pediatric oncology is an important medical field that treats all pediatric cancer types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia,
Includes exercises that has to be followed by women after post mastectomy. This will make their condition better and increase the body movements easily. Exercise are under in 3 sections based on the duration after surgery.
chemotherapy or cancer chemotherapy is the treatment modality used for the treatment of a tumor or cancerous disease this ppt give a detailed use of drugs used for the cancer and what all the pracuation can be taken while handling it and can be used as study material for bsc and gnm for their examination purpose as well as apply their knowledge in their clinical practice
Infection control in critical care unitAlphyThomas9
This ppt gives adequate information regarding infection control in CCU, common infections in CCU, and the role of a critical care nurse in infection control.
Infection control in critical care unitalphyThomas7
This content gives detailed information regarding infection control in CCU, common hospital-acquired infections in CCU role of a critical care nurse in infection control
Pre operative and post-operative surgical care - a brief medical study martinshaji
HAPPY PHARMACIST DAY
Preoperative information required to be provided to the patient includes postoperative activities to be expected (such as deep breathing and coughing and early mobilization); pain management; and any other specific information relevant to the type of surgery they are having and to the individual themselves.
this details all about Pre operative and post-operative surgical care
please comment
thank you ..
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. “It is the use of antineoplastics agents to
attempt to kill tumor cell by interfering with
cellular functions and reproduction”
3. Introduction
• The use of chemicals to treat cancer began in
the early 1940’s
• The era of modern chemotherapy begun in
1948 with the introduction of nitrogen
mustard
• It is only in the last 10 to 15 yrs, however ,
that chemotherapy has become a major
treatment modality.
4. Objectives of chemotherapy…..
To maximize the death of malignant tumor cells
To cure the client with cancer
Control the tumor growth when cure is not possible
To extend the life span and improve the quality of life of
client with cancer
6. Chemotherapeutic drugs
act through variety of mechanism…..
Limiting DNA synthesis and expression
Cross linking polymer DNA
DNA double stand breaks
Preventing formation of mitotic apparatus
7.
8. Classification of chemotherapeutic
drugs …..
According to activity on cell
• Cell cycle phase specific
•G1 phase :Bleomycin, Corticosteroids, Hormones
•G2 phase: Bleomycin, Etoposide, Topotecan, Taxol etc.
•S phase: Cytarabin, 5-fluorocil, Methotrexate
•M phase : Vinblastin, Vincristine, Paclitaxel
• Cell cycle phase non-specific
• Busulfan
• Cisplatin
• Cyclophosphamide
9. Classification……………
According to chemical groups
Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Anti tumor antibiotics
Nitrosureas
Plant alkaloids
Hormonal agents
Miscellaneous agents
12. Concepts in
chemotherap
y
Combination chemotherapy
(use of cytotoxic drugs in
combination
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
( initial use of chemotherapy to reduce the bulk and
lower the stage of tumor , making it amenable to cure
with subsequent local therapy )
Adjuvant chemotherapy
(along with surgery and radiation)
13. Administration of chemotherapy..
• Planning drug doses and schedules
• Doses: drugs are measured in milligrams (mg)
Doses are determined based on
Body weight in kilograms
Body surface area
• Schedule (cycles):
Chemotherapy is generally given at
regular intervals called cycles
One dose followed by several days or weeks
without treatment
15. Safe preparation, handling and
disposal…………
• Aseptic preparation of parenteral products should be followed
• Only properly trained personnel should handle cytotoxic drugs
• Safe preparation has been divided into 3 sections
– Steps A,B,C
– Steps D,E,F,G
– Steps H,I,J,K,L
Step A
All procedures involved in the preparation of cytotoxic
drugs should be performed in a class 2 ,type A or type B
Laminar flow biological safety cabinet
16. Safe preparation, handling and
disposal…………
Step B
The work surface of the cabinet should be covered with plastic-
backed absorbent paper
Step C
Personnel preparing the drugs should wear PPE (Gloves ,gown ,
facial protection respiratory protection apparatus, caps and shoe covers)
• Gloves should be changed regularly and immediately if torn or punctured
• Skin contact : Thoroughly wash the area with soap and water do not
abrade. Flush eye(s),while holding back the eyelid(s) with copious amount
of water for at least 15 minutes. Then seek medical evaluation
17. Safe preparation, handling and
disposal…………
Step D
Reconstitution should be done with a venting device using
a 0.22 micron hydrophobic filter (reduce the probability of
spraying and spillages)
Step E
If a chemotherapy dispensing pin is not used ,a sterile
alcohol pad should be carefully placed around the needle and
vial top during withdrawal from the septum
18. Step F
The external surface contaminated with a drug should be
wiped clean with an alcohol swab prior to transfer or
transport
Step G
for glass ampule, wrap it and then snap it at the break
point using an alcohol pad to reduce the possibility of injury
and to contain aerosol produced
Step H
syringes and I.V bottles containing cytotoxic drug should
be labeled and dated
Safe preparation, handling and
disposal…………
19. Step I
After completing the preparation process, wipe
down the interior of the safety cabinet with water (for
injection or irrigation) followed by 70% alcohol using
disposable towels
Step J
Contaminated syringes ,I.V tubing , butterfly clips
etc. should be disposed of intact to prevent aerosol
generation and injury
• Do not recap
• Labeled “cytotoxic waste only”
Safe preparation, handling and
disposal…………
20. Step K
Hand should be washed between glove changes
and after glove removal
Step L
Cytotoxic drugs are categorized regulated wastes
and therefore, should be disposed of according to
National, state and local requirements
Safe preparation, handling and
disposal…………
23. Safe preparation, handling and
disposal…………
• Exposure can be occur through
– Inhalation of aerosols
– Absorption through the skin
– Ingestion of contaminated material
24. Safe handling of chemotherapy
drugs
Protect patient Protect
environment
Protect your
self
• Care should be taken to
protect skin
• All connection b/w drug
and patient should occur
away from patient skin
•Use Leur lock connection
• use air inlet device for
preparation of drugs
• discard gloves after each
use and wash hand
Minimize exposure
• by inhalation
• by skin contact
• by ingestion
26. Extravasations…
Treatment:-
– Stop administration
– Aspirate any residual drug and blood in IV tubing ,
needle, and infiltration site.
– Instill IV antidote
– Apply cold or warm pack for 24 hrs
Alkylating agent - sodium thiosulfate
Antitumor antibiotics - hydrocortisone
Plant alkaloids - hyalouronidase
27. Hypersensitivity reactions
• HSR are rare ,can be serious and life threatening
• The antineoplastics agents
– L-asperginase
– Carboplatin
– Bleomycin
– Cisplatin and
– Teniposide
• Precutions to ensue client safety..
– Obtain allergy history
– Test dose
– Be with the client
– Emergency equipments and drugs
– Baseline vital signs
29. Stop drug
administration
Maintain iv access
with 0.9% NS
Notify physician
Maintain airway
( supine position
with feet elevated)
Administer Epinephrin,
Aminophylline, Diphenhydramine
30. Side effects of
chemotherapy….
• Myelosuppression
• Fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stomatitis and
mucositis
• Pulmonary toxicity
• Renal toxicity
• Neurotoxicity
• Gonadal suppression
•Cardiotoxicity
•Alopecia
•Taste changes
•Skin changes :
Hyper Pigmentation,
Nail Discoloration,
Dermatitis
Fingertip Ulceration
and Photosensitivity
31. Nursing management of patient
undergoing chemotherapy…
• Patient should be protected from infections
– Wash hands regularly with antibacterial agent
– Avoid crowd with cold, flu or infections
– Avoid raw fruits and vegetables
• Help the patient to identify period of more fatigue and activeness
– Patient should take rest prior to an activity
– Maintain good nutritional status and hydration status by taking
balanced diet
• Antiemetics should be administered one hr prior to chemotherapy
– Patient should take light meal of non irritating food before treatment
– Ensure adequate fluid intake being consumed & retained
32. Nursing management of patient
undergoing chemotherapy…
• Low fiber and residue diet (Eg. fresh fruits, vegetables ,
seeds and nuts) should be recommended to patient as these
food can cause diarrhoea
– Fried food should be avoided as they produce gas
• Patient should be taught to maintain a record of episodes
of diarrhoea &foods that cause diarrhoea
– Rectal area of patient should be kept clean &dry to maintain skin
integrity.
33. Nursing management of patient
undergoing chemotherapy…
• For oral mucositis: patient should be taught to do oral
assessment and characteristics of saliva & ability to
swallow
– Patient should be taught to do tooth brushing & flossing before
and after each meal and bed time
– Patient should feed with soft non irritating high protein and high
calorie foods
– Tobacco and alcohol should be avoided
• Body weight should be measured at least twice a week. If
patient is malnourished, give parenteral nutrition
• For alopecia: patient should be addressed to use turban,
cap or wig as hair loss is very stressful to patient.
– Advice the patient that hair will grow after the chemotherapy
treatment
34. Nursing management of patient
undergoing chemotherapy…
• Patient should be carefully assessed for pulmonary
side effects (pulmonary edema ) & cardiovascular
effects (ventricular dysfunction & heart failure)
• Patient should be taught about management of
adverse effects and interventions are planned so
patient can self manage the illness and facilitate
coping strategies with help with help of support
gumps.ss