This document discusses infection prevention and control. It defines infection, infection prevention, and discusses the incidence of unsafe injections leading to diseases like hepatitis and HIV. It describes the infection prevention and control team and their roles in providing advice, guidelines, education and conducting surveillance to prevent hospital-acquired infections. The document outlines the infection cycle, stages of infection, and importance of good infection prevention practices. It discusses universal precautions, standard safety measures like physical health, standard precautions, and biomedical waste management. The main obstacles to improving infection prevention are also summarized.

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEFINITION
• INFECTION:-
“The entry and development or multiplication
of an infection agent in the body of man or animal, it
implies that the body responds in some way to defined
itself against the invade either in the form of immune
response or disease”
• INFECTION PREVENTION:-
“Prevention and controlling of infection is a
effective strategy, based on knowledge of agent host
and environment interaction, with having goal in
developing and implementing intervention to prevent the
spared of the infection agent from its reservoir or source
to susceptible hosts.”

3. INCIDENCE
• WHO estimates that of the 12 billion injections
administered each year for vaccination and
curative purposes, unsafe injections lead to:
• 8-16 million Hepatitis B cases
• 2-4.5 million Hepatitis C cases
•75,000-150,000 new cases of HIV infection
• Rates of iatrogenic transmission of HIV are not
well studied, though some estimate it to be high

4. UNSAFE INJECTION
Mathematical modeling suggest that in the
year 2000 unsafe injection around the
world accounted for:
• 5% of HIV infections
• 32% of hepatitis B virus infections
• 40% of hepatitis C virus infections
• 28% of liver cancers and 245 of cirrhosis
cases

5. THE INFECTION PREVENTION
AND CONTROL TEAM
INCLUDES
• Director of Infection Prevention and Control
• Infection Control Doctor
• Consultant Microbiologists
• Nurse Consultant Infection Prevention and
Control
• Infection Prevention and Control Nurses
• Team Administrator
• Antibiotic Specialist
• Pharmacist

6. The infection Control Team works
to help prevent nosocomial
infection
• Providing an advice service for staff to help
them prevent and manage infection.
• Advising on the management of individual
patients, or on clusters or suspected
outbreaks of infection.
• We carry out regular ward rounds and are on
hand to advise about decontamination of
equipment and environmental cleaning.
We also advise on best practice in the
prevention of infection associated with any area
of healthcare.
• Conducting a programmed of audit and
surveillance.

7. The infection Control Team works
to help prevent nosocomial
infection
• Producing guidelines for all staff on the
prevention and management of infection.
• providing education and training
programmes for all members of staff.
• Involvement in research to improve clinical
practice.
• Liaising with other departments to provide
infection control advice, e.g. Occupational
Health, Catering and Housekeeping.

9. INFECTION CYCLE OR INFECTION
PROCESS
1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoir or Source of infection
3. Portals of exit
4. Mode of transmission
a. Direct transmission
b. Indirect transmission
5. Portals of entry
6. Susceptible host

10. STAGES OF INFECTION
•Incubation period
•Prodromal stage
•Full stage of illness
•Defervescence period
•Convalescent period

11. IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSE
OF GOOD INFECTION
PREVENTION
• Prevents post procedure infections.
• Results in high-quality, safe services.
• Prevents infections in service
providers and other staff.
• Protects the community from
infections that originate from health
care facilities.

12. IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSE
OF GOOD INFECTION
PREVENTION
• Prevents the spread of antibiotic-resistant
microorganisms.
• Lowers the costs of health care services,
since prevention is cheaper than
treatment.

13. UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
OR ISOLATION SYSTEM
• Strict isolation
• Contact isolation
• Respiratory isolation
• Tuberculosis isolation
• Enteric precaution
• Drainage secretion precautions
• Blood body fluid precautions

14. “STANDARD
SAFETY
MEASURES”

15. STANDARD-
A standard is a predetermined level of
excellence that serves a guide for practice.
SAFETY-
Safety is the state of being safe. The
condition of being protected against
physical,social,spiritual,emotional,
psychological or other harm events
considered non-desirable.

16. SAFETY MEASURES:-
Safety measures are activities &
precaution taken to improve safety, reduces
risk related to human health.
Standard safety measures in
hospital are -
• Physical health
• Standard precautions
• Biomedical waste management

17. (1) PHYSICAL HEALTH
• Gloves should be worn during any
procedure.
• Hand washing should be performed using
appropriate techniques.
• Soiled re-usable articles, linen and trash
should be contained securely to prevent
leaking.
• Needles and sharps instruments should be
placed in puncture resistant, rigid
containers.

18. Cont...
• Private rooms are indicated for those
clients with disease. Transmitted by the
air borne route.
• Wearing a mask and protective eyewear
when there is a risk from irrigation
splashes.
• Taking care to ensure that all soiled
material or waste is disposed off correctly.

19. (2) STANDARD PRECAUTION
(A) MEDICAL ASEPSIS
• Hand washing-

20. • Gloves –
Non sterile gloves
should be worn for all
cleaning procedure.
Gloves are worn while
touching blood, bloody
fluids, secretion,
& non intact skin.

21. • Mask, protective eyewear -
Worn for all cleaning
procedures involving
the management of
large amount of blood
or bloody substance.

22. • Gowns – Gown are
put over the care
gives clothing when
spoilage of clothing is
likely after a single
use they are
discarded if
disposable or sent to
the laundry.

23. • Linen and laundry services –
Soiled linen can be a source of
microbial contamination, which may
frequently cause infection in hospital
patients and personnel.
• Client placement –
Client who are risk for contaminating
the environment or who are unable to
maintain appropriate hygiene or
environment control should be placed in a
private room.

24. • Isolation carts –
Hospital use
isolation carts to
store gowns,
masks, linen etc
• Laboratory
specimens –

25. • Post mortem handling of bodies –
Handling a body after death, use the
same precautions to protect your self that
you would if the person were still alive

26. (B) SURGICAL ASEPSIS
• Scrubbing
• Putting and removing a sterile gown
gloves
• Putting a surgical cap and mask
• Handling sterile objects
• Opening a sterile package
• Using sterile forceps
• Pouring a sterile solution
• Preparing a sterile field

27. STERILIZATION
Sterilization is a technique for
destroying microorganisms or
inanimate objects using heat,
water, chemicals, or gases.
• Three types:
- Steam under pressure
(Autoclaving or moist heat)
- Dry heat
- Soaking in chemicals

28. (3) BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• TYPES OF WASTE -
General waste – nonhazardous, poses no risk of
injury or infection
Medical waste – material generated in a
diagnosis, treatment, or immunization.
Hazardous chemical waste – chemicals that are
potentially toxic or poisonous

29. WASTE MANAGEMENT-

30. 3 MAIN OBSTACLES TO
IMPROVING INFECTION
PREVENTION PRACTICES –
 Lack of knowledge
 Resistances to changing old habits
 Inadequate supplies, equipment, and
space.