This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and outlines its various sources like hospitals, clinics, and research centers. It describes the hazards posed by infectious, injurious, cytotoxic, and chemical waste. The document also discusses the safe disposal methods like collection, transportation, and final disposal techniques like incineration, inertization, and landfilling. It provides details on waste categories, color coding, and safety measures for biomedical waste handling.
How to manage wound and do dressing. the aim of a dressing is to promote healing of the wound by providing a sterile, breathable and moist environment that facilitates granulation and epithelialization. This will then reduce the risk of infection, help the wound heal more quickly, and reduce scarring.
The basic principles for the management of a wound or laceration are:
Haemostasis.
Cleaning the wound.
Analgesia.
Skin closure.
Dressing and follow-up advice.
Wound Assessment -
Identify the location of the wound.
Determine the cause of the wound.
Determine the stage of the wound.
Evaluate and measure the depth, length, and width of the wound.
Measure the amount of undermining and tunneling.
Evaluate the wound bed.
Dr. Ummay Sumaiya
ICU DOCTOR
| IQARUS | Medical Treatment Facility / IQARUS - Cox’s Bazar - Bangladesh | Mail: Ummay.Sumaiya@iqarus.com
Gowning and gloving technique Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid At Florence...Haroon Rashid
This Topic presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid From Basic B.Sc Nursing Final Year students in Florence College of nursing Limtara dhamtari. This topic presented on workshop on the date 13 sep 2019.
Cleaning: It’s everyone’s responsibility. Review environmental cleaning procedures for all perioperative patient care areas (preoperative, OR, postoperative, and sterile processing). This information was originally shared in an AORN webinar, which is also available for free on demand at http://bit.ly/IHTNnp. One contact hour is available for the webinar through November 13, 2014. Learn more about AORN educational events at www.aorn.org/Events.
How to manage wound and do dressing. the aim of a dressing is to promote healing of the wound by providing a sterile, breathable and moist environment that facilitates granulation and epithelialization. This will then reduce the risk of infection, help the wound heal more quickly, and reduce scarring.
The basic principles for the management of a wound or laceration are:
Haemostasis.
Cleaning the wound.
Analgesia.
Skin closure.
Dressing and follow-up advice.
Wound Assessment -
Identify the location of the wound.
Determine the cause of the wound.
Determine the stage of the wound.
Evaluate and measure the depth, length, and width of the wound.
Measure the amount of undermining and tunneling.
Evaluate the wound bed.
Dr. Ummay Sumaiya
ICU DOCTOR
| IQARUS | Medical Treatment Facility / IQARUS - Cox’s Bazar - Bangladesh | Mail: Ummay.Sumaiya@iqarus.com
Gowning and gloving technique Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid At Florence...Haroon Rashid
This Topic presented by Mohammed Haroon Rashid From Basic B.Sc Nursing Final Year students in Florence College of nursing Limtara dhamtari. This topic presented on workshop on the date 13 sep 2019.
Cleaning: It’s everyone’s responsibility. Review environmental cleaning procedures for all perioperative patient care areas (preoperative, OR, postoperative, and sterile processing). This information was originally shared in an AORN webinar, which is also available for free on demand at http://bit.ly/IHTNnp. One contact hour is available for the webinar through November 13, 2014. Learn more about AORN educational events at www.aorn.org/Events.
Biohazardous wastes are the most promising sections to manage in the present condition.There are many rules to be folowed in disposal,transportation and treatment of biohazardous waste.
This PowerPoint slides are about hospital waste management in Nepal and updated according to recently updated guidelines for hospital waste management 2071.
Effective hospital waste management is paramount for both environmental sustainability and public health.
Waste Categorization: Hospital waste spans infectious, hazardous, and general waste. Proper categorization ensures safe disposal and minimizes risks.
Biohazard Containment: Safeguarding healthcare workers and the community, proper handling and disposal of biohazardous waste is crucial to prevent disease transmission.
sustainable Practices: Adopting eco-friendly methods, recycling, and reducing waste generation contribute to minimizing the environmental impact of medical facilities.
Community Well-being: Responsible hospital waste management safeguards the local environment, prevents pollution, and nurtures a healthier community.
Embracing advanced waste management strategies is a shared responsibility. It upholds ethical healthcare practices while fostering a cleaner, safer, and healthier future.
#HospitalWasteManagement #SustainableHealthcare #PublicHealth #EnvironmentalHealth #HealthcareResponsibility #WasteReduction #BiohazardDisposal #HealthcareSustainability
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
4. INTRODUCTION
• Hospital waste or health care waste is
generally named as BIO MEDICAL
WASTE.
• Waste generated during
diagnosis,treatnebt,bio- medical research
and testing of biochemical's.
5. • According to bio-medical waste management
and handling rules 1998 of India-
BMW means any waste which is
generated during the diagnosis ,treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals or
in research activities maintaining or in
production of biological.
6. SOURCES OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE
1.HOSPITAL AND HEALTH CARE CENTERS;
• Government hospitals
• Private hospitals and nursing homes.
• Vaccinating centres.
2.CLINICS;
• Private nursing clinics.
• Physician clinic
• Dental clinics
• Special clinics[ANC,PNC,STD,RCH CLINIC]
7. 3.MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTERS AND
LABORATIERS;
• Medical research and training establishments.
• Research organizations.
• Diagnostic laboratiers [pathology/microbiology].
4.ANIMAL INSITUTIONS;
• Animal houses.
• Veterinary institutes.
• Slaughter houses.
5.BLOOD BANKS AND COLECTION
CENTERS.
9. • According to research nearly 66%of rag pickers
in India suffer from an injury or wound because
of BMW.
• 700 injuries per 1000 nursing staff per week out
of which 60% were due to needles during
recapping or handling.
13. DISPOSAL OF HOSPITAL WASTE
AND LAW
• In 1986 government of India first enacted
environment protection act.
• In 1998 then structured biomedical
waste[management and handling] rule.
according to this schedule -1 categories of BMW
Schedule -2 colour coding and type of container
for disposal of BMW.
14. SAFE DISPOSAL METHODS
OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• 3 STAGES.
1.COLLECTION AND SEGREGATION;
• Should be collected at the site of
generation.
• Segregation aims to keep the harmful and
infected material separate from harmless
and non-contagious waste.
15. 2.TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
• Before transportation ensure that bag is
properly tied and labelled and no possibility of
spillage.
• Persons handling waste bags should not touch
the items of public use.
• Bio hazard symbolized hand card may be used
to transport the waste to central storage.
• Unauthorized person should not enter in
storage area.
• Should not be stored for more than 24-48
hours.
17. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
• Waste such as iv sets, blood
bags,catheters,urosac bags
syringes,needles must be disinfected
before they are sent for final disposal.
• The liquid waste such as
blood,urine,stools also is most appropriate
to treat with chemical disinfection.
18.
19. THERMAL MEASURES[WET
AND DRY]
• WET ; effective method of sterilization for
microbiology and biotechnology waste.
• DRY ; infectious waste is exposed to high
temperature and pressure steam like
autoclaving.
20.
21.
22. MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
• Is effective in sterilizing the infected
disposable waste.
• Most organisms are destroyed by the action of
microwaves
23. INCINERATION
• Is a high temperature dry oxidation process that
reduces organic ,incombustible matter. It also reduces
the volume and weight of the waste.
• It is usually related to waste that cannot be reused,
recycled or disposed off by a landfill treatment.
• Human materials, dressing materials can be
incinerated.
• Plastics, high mercury waste like thermometers, used
batteries,ampoloues,reactive chemicals not to be
incinerated.
24.
25.
26. INERTIZATION
• In this process cement are mixed with waste
before disposal because it reduces the risk of
migrating toxic substances into surface water or
ground water.
• After making homogeneous mixture ,cubes are
prepared at site and than transported to final
disposal site.
27. LANDFILL
• Quite effective.
• A specific designated place with authoritative
permission.
• Site away from residential areas/water
sources.
• Daily coverage of waste.
• Constant supervision.
31. Waste
category no.
Waste category disposal Treatment and disposal
1 Human anatomical waste Incineration and deep burial
2 Animal waste Incineration and deep burial
3 Microbiology and
biotechnology wastes
Autoclaving/microwaving/incinear
tion.
4 Waste sharps Disinfection [chemical
treatment/autoclaving/microwavi
ng and shredding]
5 Discarded medicines and
cytotoxic drugs
Incineration/destruction and
drugs disposal in secured
landfills.
6 Soiled waste contaminated
with blood and body fluids
Incineartion,autoclaving
7 Soiled waste generated from
disposable items
Chemical
treatment,autoclaving,microwavi
ng
8 Liquid waste Chemical treatment and
33. COLOUR CODING TYPE OF
CONTAINER
WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT
OPTIONS AS PER
SCHEDULE 1
YELLOW PLASTIC BAG CAT 1,CAT 2,CAT 3
AND CAT 6
INCINERATION/DE
EP BURIAL
RED PLASTIC BAG CAT 3,CAT 6,CAT 7 AUTOCLAVING,MI
CROWAVING,CHE
MICAL
TREATMNET
BLUE/WHITE
TRANSLUCENT
PUNCTURE
PROFF
CONTAINER
CAT 4,CAT 7 AUTOCLAVING/MI
CROWAVING/CHE
MICAL
TREATMENT/SHRE
DDING
BLACK PLASTIC BAG CAT 5,CAT 9 AND
CAT 10
DISPOSAL IN
SECURED
LANDFILL
34.
35. PROCEDURES KEPT IN MIND DURING
COLLECTION AND SEGGREGATION OF
BMW
• Bins and bags should bear the symbol of
biomedical hazards.
• Never mix infectious waste with non infectious
waste.
• Needles should be destroyed with needle cutter.
• Sharps should be kept in puncture proff box and
properly labelled.
• Disposable items should be mutilated and
chemically disinfected dipping in 1% hypochlorite
solution for 30 min
38. • All nurses including other hospital employees
must be vaccinated against hepatitis-B.
• Extreme care while handling needles and other
sharps.
• Clipping bending or breaking the glass and
needles with hands must be avoided.
• All disposable items should be dipped in 1%
hypochlorite solution for half an hour.
• Personal exposure to radiation should be
avoided.
• Care during dealing with HIV patients.
39. 2.CASE OF INJURY CAUSED BY INFECTED
SHARPS
• Special precautions are needed if sharps are
infected with the HIV or hepatitis B cases.
• In case of infectious solution spilled on body
remove the soiled clothes and wash the part
thoroughly with water. In case of eyes wash
with water and consult physician.
• Post exposure prophylaxis with ART drugs
advisable to nurses or care workers within 2
hours of exposure.
40. 3.OTHER MEASURES OF SAFETY
• Nurses need to be well equipped with latest
information skills and practise in managing and
handling biomedical waste.
• There should be a course on biomedical waste
management in nursing curriculums.
• There should be continuous system of
evaluation about the hospital waste
management by the nursing supervisor for the
nurse.
41. CONCLUSION
• Biomedical wastes are one of the major
causes of infection in the hospital settings.
so its the responsibility of the hospital
authority along with the health team to
collect ,segregate, transport and store and
dispose it off to safeguard the people from
hospital acquired infections.
