The document discusses the nursing management of patients with immunologic disorders. It provides an overview of immunity and the anatomy and physiology of the immune system, describing its basic function to remove foreign antigens. It outlines the mechanisms of the natural and acquired immune system, including white blood cells, inflammation, barriers, and immune responses like phagocytosis, humoral responses, cellular responses, and the complement system. It also discusses assessing a patient's immune status through history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests of humoral and cellular immunity. Disorders of the immune system can stem from issues with immunocompetent cells, their function, autoimmune attacks, or inappropriate responses to antigens.

1. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF
PATIENTS WITH
IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
UNIT IX

2. IMMUNITY
• Immunity refers to the body’s specific
protective response to a foreign agent
or organism.
• The immune system functions as the
body’s defense mechanism against
invasion and allows a rapid response
to foreign substances in a specific
manner.

3. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
IMMUNE SYSTEM
The basic function of the immune
system is to remove foreign antigens
such as viruses and bacteria to
maintain homeostasis.

4. TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

5. Mechanisms of natural immune
system
• White blood cells action
• Inflammatory response
• Physical and chemical barriers
• Immune regulation

6. Mechanisms of aquired immune
system
• The phagocytic immune response –WBC and
Macrophages
• The humoral or antibody immune response – B
lymphocytes
• The cellular immune response- T cells
• Complement System- Circulating plasma protein
• Immunomodulators-Interferons and colony-stimulating
factors
•

7. Stages of immune response
1. Recognition
2. Proliferation
3. Response and
4. Effector

8. Humoral immune response
• Antigen recognition
• Antigen antibody Binding

9. ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE
SYSTEM

10. History
• Gender
• Past and present conditions
• Events provides clues to patients
immune status
• Gerontologic condition
• Nutrition
• Infection and immunization
• Allergy

11. History
• Disorders and diseases
• Auto immune disorders :SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis
• Neoplastic diseases
• Chronic illness and surgery
• Special problems : burns
• Medications and blood transfusion
• Lifestyle factors
• Psychoneuroimmunologic factors

12. Physical examination
• Skin and mucous membrane
• Lesions
• Dermatitis
• Purpura
• Urticaria
• Inflammation
• Discharges
• Signs of infection
• Lymph node enlargement

13. Blood tests Skin tests Bone marrow
biopsy
Diagnostic evaluation

14. Humoral (Antibody-mediated)
Immunity Tests
• B-cell quantification with monoclonal antibody
• In vivo immunoglobulin synthesis with T-cell subsets
• Specific antibody response
• Total serum globulins and individual immunoglobulins
(electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, single radial
immunodiffusion, nephelometry, and isohemagglutinin
techniques)

15. Cellular (Cell-mediated) Immunity
Tests
• Total lymphocyte count
• T-cell and T-cell-subset quantification with monoclonal
antibody
• Delayed hypersensitivity skin test
• Cytokine production
• Lymphocyte response to mitogens, antigens, and
allogenic cells
• Helper and suppressor T-cell functions

16. Disorders of immune system
• Disorders of the immune system
may stem from,
• Excesses or deficiencies of
immunocompetent cells
• Alterations in the function of
these cells
• Immunologic attack on self-
antigens or
• Inappropriate or exaggerated
responses to specific antigens

17. CONCLUSION