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Earth's interior is divided into four layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core - based on seismic data. The crust and mantle make up the lithosphere and are solid rock, while the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid iron. Convection currents in the mantle and outer core drive plate tectonics and generate the Earth's magnetic field.
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COSMIC RAYS
Cosmic rays are high-speed protons and electrons that originate in outer space and travel near the speed of light. Victor Hess discovered in 1911-1913 that radiation levels increased with altitude, showing the radiation originated above the atmosphere and was called cosmic radiation. Cosmic rays are classified as primary cosmic rays that originate outside Earth's atmosphere or secondary cosmic rays produced when primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays can damage electronics and pose health risks for space travel and high-altitude areas due to their high energy levels.
Cosmic Ray Presentation
Cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from outer space that bombard Earth's atmosphere. They are composed of protons, electrons, neutrinos, and atomic nuclei. Primary cosmic rays come from astrophysical sources like supernovae, neutron stars, and black holes. Secondary cosmic rays are produced when primary cosmic rays interact with the Earth's atmosphere. The history of cosmic rays includes their discovery in the late 19th century by Henri Becquerel and Victor Hess, and later work in the early 20th century that established they originate outside the Earth's atmosphere and consist of charged particles. Modern research on cosmic rays includes using extensive air shower arrays and tracking detectors to study their origins and composition.
COSMIC RAYS
Cosmic rays are high-speed protons and electrons that originate in outer space and travel near the speed of light. Victor Hess discovered in 1911-1913 that radiation levels increased with altitude, showing the radiation originated above the atmosphere and was called cosmic radiation. Cosmic rays are classified as primary cosmic rays that originate outside Earth's atmosphere or secondary cosmic rays produced when primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays can damage electronics and pose health risks for space travel and high-altitude regions due to their high energy levels.
Sun
The sun produces energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms in its core. It takes millions of years for the energy produced in the core to reach the sun's surface. Once at the surface, it only takes 8 minutes for the energy to reach Earth. Sunspots are cooler areas on the sun caused by strong magnetic fields. Patterns in sunspot activity have been linked to cooler temperatures on Earth. Solar flares can interfere with radio communications by emitting powerful bursts of radiation and charged particles.
The Geosphere
The document summarizes key aspects of the geosphere:
1) The Earth consists of layers with different compositions - a crust, mantle, and core made of increasingly dense materials;
2) The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes at boundaries and building mountains when they collide;
3) Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and erupt, posing local risks but also affecting global climate through ash and gases released.
Earth layers
The document outlines the 4 step process of planetary formation:
1) Collision and accretion of cm-sized particles into km-sized objects
2) Physical collisions of km-sized objects forming 10-100 km objects
3) Gravitational accretion sweeping up smaller bodies to form protoplanets
4) Heating and impacts forming molten protoplanets that differentiate into layers.
The Changing Earth - 01 The Structure of the Earth.
A closer look at the structure of the earth for Year 8 Science students at Saint Ignatius College Geelong.
Stratosphere
The document summarizes the key layers and characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It focuses on the stratosphere, describing it as the layer between 10-50km above Earth where temperatures rise with altitude due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The stratosphere contains ozone, nitrogen oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons which can deplete the protective ozone layer, known as the ozone hole, and increase surface UV levels.
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COSMIC RAYS
Cosmic rays are high-speed protons and electrons that originate in outer space and travel near the speed of light. Victor Hess discovered in 1911-1913 that radiation levels increased with altitude, showing the radiation originated above the atmosphere and was called cosmic radiation. Cosmic rays are classified as primary cosmic rays that originate outside Earth's atmosphere or secondary cosmic rays produced when primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays can damage electronics and pose health risks for space travel and high-altitude areas due to their high energy levels.
Cosmic Ray Presentation
Cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from outer space that bombard Earth's atmosphere. They are composed of protons, electrons, neutrinos, and atomic nuclei. Primary cosmic rays come from astrophysical sources like supernovae, neutron stars, and black holes. Secondary cosmic rays are produced when primary cosmic rays interact with the Earth's atmosphere. The history of cosmic rays includes their discovery in the late 19th century by Henri Becquerel and Victor Hess, and later work in the early 20th century that established they originate outside the Earth's atmosphere and consist of charged particles. Modern research on cosmic rays includes using extensive air shower arrays and tracking detectors to study their origins and composition.
COSMIC RAYS
Cosmic rays are high-speed protons and electrons that originate in outer space and travel near the speed of light. Victor Hess discovered in 1911-1913 that radiation levels increased with altitude, showing the radiation originated above the atmosphere and was called cosmic radiation. Cosmic rays are classified as primary cosmic rays that originate outside Earth's atmosphere or secondary cosmic rays produced when primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays can damage electronics and pose health risks for space travel and high-altitude regions due to their high energy levels.
Sun
The sun produces energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms in its core. It takes millions of years for the energy produced in the core to reach the sun's surface. Once at the surface, it only takes 8 minutes for the energy to reach Earth. Sunspots are cooler areas on the sun caused by strong magnetic fields. Patterns in sunspot activity have been linked to cooler temperatures on Earth. Solar flares can interfere with radio communications by emitting powerful bursts of radiation and charged particles.
The Geosphere
The document summarizes key aspects of the geosphere:
1) The Earth consists of layers with different compositions - a crust, mantle, and core made of increasingly dense materials;
2) The lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move and interact, causing earthquakes at boundaries and building mountains when they collide;
3) Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and erupt, posing local risks but also affecting global climate through ash and gases released.
Earth layers
The document outlines the 4 step process of planetary formation:
1) Collision and accretion of cm-sized particles into km-sized objects
2) Physical collisions of km-sized objects forming 10-100 km objects
3) Gravitational accretion sweeping up smaller bodies to form protoplanets
4) Heating and impacts forming molten protoplanets that differentiate into layers.
The Changing Earth - 01 The Structure of the Earth.
A closer look at the structure of the earth for Year 8 Science students at Saint Ignatius College Geelong.
Stratosphere
The document summarizes the key layers and characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It focuses on the stratosphere, describing it as the layer between 10-50km above Earth where temperatures rise with altitude due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The stratosphere contains ozone, nitrogen oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons which can deplete the protective ozone layer, known as the ozone hole, and increase surface UV levels.
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
The document provides information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It details that the Earth has three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the solid outer layer, ranging from 5-70km thick and composed of continental and oceanic crust. Below is the mantle that extends from 25-2900km deep and is composed of silicate rocks. The innermost layer is the core which is made of nickel and iron, with the outer core being semi-molten and the inner core solid.
Earth´s inner and outer core (Presentation #1 Biology L2 project)
The document discusses Earth's inner and outer core. The inner core is a solid ball of iron, nickel, and other elements with a radius of 1,220 km located at the center of Earth. It was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann using seismic waves. The temperature of the inner core is around 5,700 K and pressure is between 330 to 360 gigapascals. The outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel around 2,266 km thick located above the inner core and below the mantle. Convection in the outer core generates Earth's magnetic field, which protects the planet from solar winds.
K6thgradeweatherchapter1notes6thgrade ch-1sec-3layersoftheatmosphere-10032615...
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1) The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs and where humans live.
2) The stratosphere absorbs UV radiation and contains the ozone layer.
3) The mesosphere is the coldest part where most meteoroids burn up.
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Earth crust and its composition
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's crust and lithosphere. It is divided into four main layers: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The crust is divided into the lighter continental crust and denser oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is divided into the low-viscosity upper mantle and higher-viscosity lower mantle. The Earth's iron-nickel core lies at the center.
Earth (What is Earth???)
Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only known place where life exists. It formed over 4 billion years ago and has three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is composed of dense rocks. The mantle extends over 2,800 km deep and is made of silicate rocks. The core is divided into a liquid outer core and solid inner core made mostly of iron and nickel.
Structure of the Earth
The Earth is composed of several concentric layers. The inner core is solid and suspended in the molten outer core, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through convection. Below this is the lower mantle, composed primarily of silicon, magnesium and oxygen. The upper mantle extends from 10-400km deep and includes olivine and pyroxene minerals, and may partially be molten. Above this is the transition region that includes basaltic magmas and minerals like garnet. The outermost layers are the oceanic and continental crusts, the former made of basalt from sea floor spreading and the latter composed mainly of low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar.
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Shaky ground
Here are the responses to complete the sentences:
4. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate WORD LIST
the oceanic plate goes under the continental plate. rocks
This happens because the oceanic is heavier. extinct
5. As it goes under, the higher temperature of the mantle melts it volcano
and the magma rises up through cracks as dikes. This is lava
how a subduction zone is formed. oceanic
steam
6. Five things that pour out of a volcano during an eruption are active
lava, ash, steam, dust dust
and magma. continental
dormant
7. An active volcano is
Layers of the Earth
The document describes the four main layers that make up the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer, upon which we live, and is broken into tectonic plates. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is very thick and contains molten rock that moves in convection currents. Deepest inside the Earth is the core, with a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field and a solid inner core under intense heat and pressure.
Differentiation of earth
This document summarizes the differentiation of the Earth. It discusses how the Earth initially formed as a molten mass and over time separated into layers with the heavier materials sinking to the center to form the core. The two main theories for this differentiation are homogeneous and heterogeneous accretion. Evidence from the Moon supports the Earth differentiating into layers early in its formation history around 4.5 billion years ago. The Earth is now composed of concentric layers that decrease in density from the iron-nickel core, to the silicate mantle, and finally the crust at the surface.
Earth 22.1
The document summarizes Earth's internal structure. It describes that Earth is composed of layers, including a crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of silicate rocks. Below is the mantle, which is hot and solid but grows denser with depth. At the center is the core, composed of iron and nickel with a liquid outer core responsible for Earth's magnetic field.
Earth's Interior
The document summarizes the layers that make up Earth's interior. It describes Earth's spheres as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It then details Earth's layers, including the crust (with oceanic and continental types), mantle, outer core, and inner core. The inner core is solid and made of iron and nickel, while the upper mantle is called the asthenosphere, where convection currents occur in the plastic-like rock.
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF EARTH
The document summarizes the three main layers that make up the structure of the Earth:
1. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The continental crust is thicker while the oceanic crust is thinner.
2. The mantle is the largest layer and is divided into upper and lower mantle. It is composed mainly of iron and magnesium and contains most of the Earth's internal heat.
3. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The outer core is responsible for the Earth's magnetic field and rotation, while the inner core is made mostly of solid iron.
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1. The document describes the structure of the Earth, which is divided into four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
2. The crust and upper mantle make up tectonic plates that slowly move and interact with each other, influencing volcanic and earthquake activity.
3. Tectonic plates are driven by convection currents in the hot, liquid mantle and influence volcanoes and earthquakes through processes like plate collisions and divergent boundaries.
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The document discusses the structure of the Earth. It is made up of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1. Crust - The solid outermost layer, thicker under continents and thinner under oceans, made of granite, basalt, or sedimentary rock.
2. Mantle - Below the crust, made of hot solid rock up to 2,900km thick.
3. Outer core - Below the mantle, very dense but liquid due to extreme heat, made of nickel and iron, 2,250km thick.
4. Inner core - Innermost layer, extremely hot but solid due to extreme pressure, made of nickel and iron, 1,200km thick.
3. Structure of Earth Notes
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It is made up of layers from the crust on the outside to the core at the center. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which rests on the asthenosphere. Below the mantle is the core, with an outer liquid layer and inner solid center. Seismic waves provide evidence about the interior layers since humans have only been able to drill down 12 km.
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The opening sequence of The Hobbit uses various cinematography techniques such as close-ups, mid-shots, panning shots, and establishing shots to set the scene and introduce characters. It also uses high key and low key lighting to contrast the happiness outside the mountain with the darkness growing inside. Both diegetic and non-diegetic sounds are used to advance the narrative. However, there are no title credits in this particular opening sequence.
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STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
The document provides information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It details that the Earth has three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the solid outer layer, ranging from 5-70km thick and composed of continental and oceanic crust. Below is the mantle that extends from 25-2900km deep and is composed of silicate rocks. The innermost layer is the core which is made of nickel and iron, with the outer core being semi-molten and the inner core solid.
Earth´s inner and outer core (Presentation #1 Biology L2 project)
The document discusses Earth's inner and outer core. The inner core is a solid ball of iron, nickel, and other elements with a radius of 1,220 km located at the center of Earth. It was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann using seismic waves. The temperature of the inner core is around 5,700 K and pressure is between 330 to 360 gigapascals. The outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel around 2,266 km thick located above the inner core and below the mantle. Convection in the outer core generates Earth's magnetic field, which protects the planet from solar winds.
K6thgradeweatherchapter1notes6thgrade ch-1sec-3layersoftheatmosphere-10032615...
The atmosphere is divided into layers based on temperature changes:
1) The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs and where humans live.
2) The stratosphere absorbs UV radiation and contains the ozone layer.
3) The mesosphere is the coldest part where most meteoroids burn up.
4) The thermosphere is the outermost layer and contains the ionosphere and exosphere, where communication satellites orbit Earth.
Atmospheres 112
The document discusses the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere from space-based observations. It notes that early astronauts were struck by the atmosphere's thin, fragile appearance from orbit and how it forms a habitable barrier around the planet. The document also outlines the evolution of the atmosphere over geological time and factors like oxygen levels, and examines current issues like air pollution and the greenhouse effect.
Earth crust and its composition
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's crust and lithosphere. It is divided into four main layers: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The crust is divided into the lighter continental crust and denser oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is divided into the low-viscosity upper mantle and higher-viscosity lower mantle. The Earth's iron-nickel core lies at the center.
Earth (What is Earth???)
Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only known place where life exists. It formed over 4 billion years ago and has three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is composed of dense rocks. The mantle extends over 2,800 km deep and is made of silicate rocks. The core is divided into a liquid outer core and solid inner core made mostly of iron and nickel.
Structure of the Earth
The Earth is composed of several concentric layers. The inner core is solid and suspended in the molten outer core, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through convection. Below this is the lower mantle, composed primarily of silicon, magnesium and oxygen. The upper mantle extends from 10-400km deep and includes olivine and pyroxene minerals, and may partially be molten. Above this is the transition region that includes basaltic magmas and minerals like garnet. The outermost layers are the oceanic and continental crusts, the former made of basalt from sea floor spreading and the latter composed mainly of low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar.
Effects of space environment over spacecrafts
The International Space Station is the largest structure humans have put into space, with construction completed between 1998 and 2011. It has been continuously occupied since 2000, where astronauts perform experiments and maintenance. The microgravity environment of the ISS causes human bodies to change, including alterations to muscles, bones, vision and other systems. The effects are being studied to understand how to keep astronauts healthy for future deep space missions. The space station spans the area of a football field and weighs nearly 400,000 kilograms. Materials on the ISS are exposed to extreme heat and cold, ultra-vacuum, atomic oxygen, UV radiation, and micrometeoroids that can damage surfaces and polymers over time.
Shaky ground
Here are the responses to complete the sentences:
4. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate WORD LIST
the oceanic plate goes under the continental plate. rocks
This happens because the oceanic is heavier. extinct
5. As it goes under, the higher temperature of the mantle melts it volcano
and the magma rises up through cracks as dikes. This is lava
how a subduction zone is formed. oceanic
steam
6. Five things that pour out of a volcano during an eruption are active
lava, ash, steam, dust dust
and magma. continental
dormant
7. An active volcano is
Layers of the Earth
The document describes the four main layers that make up the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer, upon which we live, and is broken into tectonic plates. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is very thick and contains molten rock that moves in convection currents. Deepest inside the Earth is the core, with a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field and a solid inner core under intense heat and pressure.
Differentiation of earth
This document summarizes the differentiation of the Earth. It discusses how the Earth initially formed as a molten mass and over time separated into layers with the heavier materials sinking to the center to form the core. The two main theories for this differentiation are homogeneous and heterogeneous accretion. Evidence from the Moon supports the Earth differentiating into layers early in its formation history around 4.5 billion years ago. The Earth is now composed of concentric layers that decrease in density from the iron-nickel core, to the silicate mantle, and finally the crust at the surface.
Earth 22.1
The document summarizes Earth's internal structure. It describes that Earth is composed of layers, including a crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of silicate rocks. Below is the mantle, which is hot and solid but grows denser with depth. At the center is the core, composed of iron and nickel with a liquid outer core responsible for Earth's magnetic field.
Earth's Interior
The document summarizes the layers that make up Earth's interior. It describes Earth's spheres as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It then details Earth's layers, including the crust (with oceanic and continental types), mantle, outer core, and inner core. The inner core is solid and made of iron and nickel, while the upper mantle is called the asthenosphere, where convection currents occur in the plastic-like rock.
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF EARTH
The document summarizes the three main layers that make up the structure of the Earth:
1. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The continental crust is thicker while the oceanic crust is thinner.
2. The mantle is the largest layer and is divided into upper and lower mantle. It is composed mainly of iron and magnesium and contains most of the Earth's internal heat.
3. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The outer core is responsible for the Earth's magnetic field and rotation, while the inner core is made mostly of solid iron.
Structure of Earth and its Composition
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
Ozone Layer by Mahesh Joshi
This is my PPT presented during my M.Sc Environmental Science Course at Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
Plate tectonics Basic (KS3)
1. The document describes the structure of the Earth, which is divided into four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
2. The crust and upper mantle make up tectonic plates that slowly move and interact with each other, influencing volcanic and earthquake activity.
3. Tectonic plates are driven by convection currents in the hot, liquid mantle and influence volcanoes and earthquakes through processes like plate collisions and divergent boundaries.
Gegraphy grade 10
The document discusses the structure of the Earth. It is made up of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1. Crust - The solid outermost layer, thicker under continents and thinner under oceans, made of granite, basalt, or sedimentary rock.
2. Mantle - Below the crust, made of hot solid rock up to 2,900km thick.
3. Outer core - Below the mantle, very dense but liquid due to extreme heat, made of nickel and iron, 2,250km thick.
4. Inner core - Innermost layer, extremely hot but solid due to extreme pressure, made of nickel and iron, 1,200km thick.
3. Structure of Earth Notes
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It is made up of layers from the crust on the outside to the core at the center. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which rests on the asthenosphere. Below the mantle is the core, with an outer liquid layer and inner solid center. Seismic waves provide evidence about the interior layers since humans have only been able to drill down 12 km.
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Earth´s inner and outer core (Presentation #1 Biology L2 project)
Earth´s inner and outer core (Presentation #1 Biology L2 project)
K6thgradeweatherchapter1notes6thgrade ch-1sec-3layersoftheatmosphere-10032615...
K6thgradeweatherchapter1notes6thgrade ch-1sec-3layersoftheatmosphere-10032615...
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Origin and interiors of the earth LECTURE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING
This document provides an overview of engineering geology and the interior structure of Earth. It discusses:
- Engineering geology as the application of geology to civil engineering projects.
- The interior structure of Earth, including the crust, mantle (with upper, lower, and outer layers), liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Theories for the origin of Earth, including the nebular hypothesis of Kant and Laplace where Earth formed from a contracting gas cloud/nebula around the sun.
lectures2.ppt
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that act on it. The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from the solar nebula. It differentiated into a solid crust and mantle, and a liquid outer core and solid inner core due to gravity and radioactive heating. The Earth has since undergone significant internal and external changes. The atmosphere formed from gases released from volcanoes, and the oceans formed as water accumulated on the cooling surface. Life emerged on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago. The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move over the mantle due to convection currents in the upper mantle. The biosphere interacts with and alters
Chap 2 earth's interior
The document summarizes the layers that make up Earth's interior. It discusses that Earth has a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic crust, and the Mohorovicic discontinuity separates the crust from the mantle. The mantle is divided into an upper and lower mantle by the Gutenberg discontinuity. The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. Earth's magnetic field is generated by convection currents in the liquid outer core.
Lectures2
The document provides information about geology and the structure of the Earth. It discusses the following key points:
1. Geology is the study of the Earth, including its chemical and physical properties, formation processes, and changes from creation to present day.
2. The Earth is composed of several layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which is divided into tectonic plates.
3. The formation of the Earth and solar system is explained by several hypotheses including the nebular hypothesis which postulates that the Earth formed from a contracting cloud of gas and dust around the sun.
L3 EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT.pptx
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3) Frictional heating from convection currents in the mantle also contributes to the Earth's internal heat. Seismic waves have allowed scientists to indirectly learn about the Earth's layered structure despite only drilling about 7 miles deep.
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Hawaii's Most Active Volcano: Here's The Latest On Kilauea's Eruption
The Kilauea volcano is located in the southeastern part of the Big Island of Hawaii.
Believe it or not, Kilauea has been erupting continuously since 1983, with only occasional pauses of quiet activity. This particular "episode" of the eruption began in the late afternoon of May 3, in a part of Leilani Estates, a subdivision near the town of Pahoa.
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Kilauea is one of the most active and well-monitored volcanoes in the world. It's been erupting on and off for hundreds of thousands of years.
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<https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/05/04/hawaii-volcano-eruption-kilauea-big-island/580466002/>
________________________
Kilauea Volcano Erupts, Spewing Lava and Gases Near Homes in Hawaii
Governor David Ige has issued an emergency proclamation and has called up the National Guard to help emergency workers with evacuation efforts.
Source: THE NEW YORK TIMES. By Meghan Miner Murray, Sabrina Tavernise and Maya Salam. May 4, 2018, accessed May 5, 2018
<https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/us/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii.html>Page 22 2.1 IntroductIonStudying the Earth’s interior .docx
Page | 22
2.1 IntroductIon
Studying the Earth’s interior poses a significant challenge due to the lack of
direct access. Many processes observed at the Earth’s surface are driven by the
heat generated within the Earth, however, making an understanding of the interior
essential. Volcanism, earthquakes, and many of the Earth’s surface features are a
result of processes happening within the Earth.
Much of what we know regarding the Earth’s interior is through indirect means,
such as using seismic data to determine Earth’s internal structure. Scientists dis-
covered in the early 1900’s that seismic waves generated by earthquakes could
be used to help distinguish the properties of the Earth’s internal layers. The veloc-
ity of these waves (called primary and secondary waves, or P and S waves) changes
based on the density of the materials they travel through. As a result, seismic waves
do not travel through the Earth in straight lines, but rather get reflected and re-
fracted, which indicates that the Earth is not homogeneous throughout.
The Earth’s interior consists of an inner and outer core, the mantle, and the
crust. Located in the center of the Earth is the inner core, which is very dense
and under incredible pressure, and is thought to be composed of an iron and nick-
el alloy. It is solid, and surrounded by a region of liquid iron and nickel called the
outer core. The outer core is thought to be responsible for the generation of the
Earth’s magnetic field. A very large portion of the Earth’s volume is in the man-
tle, which surrounds the core. This layer is less dense than the core, and consists
of a solid that can behave in a plastic (deformable) manner. The thin outer layer
of the Earth is the crust. The two types, continental and oceanic crust, vary from
each other in thickness, composition, and density.
2.1.1 Learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Determine the different layers of the Earth and the distinguishing
properties of each layer
2earth’s InteriorRanda Harris and Bradley Deline
Page | 23
Introductory GeoloGy earth’s InterIor
• Understand how seismic waves behave within the different layers of the
Earth
• Understand how seismic tomography has been used to gain a better
understanding of the Earth’s interior
• Understand the Earth’s magnetic field and how it changes over time
• Learn how to use the program Google Earth for geological applications
2.1.2 Key terms
2.2 InterIor oF the eArth
The study of seismic waves and how they travel through the Earth has been
very useful in helping to determine the changes in density and composition within
the Earth and in locating the boundaries be-
tween the inner core, outer core, mantle, and
crust. Seismic waves are energy waves
generated during earthquakes; two types
known as P and S waves propagate through
the Earth as wave fronts from their place of
origin. P-waves are compressional waves
that move back and f.
Earth internal structure
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's interior layers. It describes how seismic waves and samples from deep drilling provide evidence that the Earth has distinct layers, including a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust varies in thickness and composition between continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and is divided into an upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle and outer core are liquid, while the inner core is solid.
Introduction to Earth
Earth is composed of four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of either continental or oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper mantle, and lower mantle. The outer core is a liquid layer made of nickel and iron that generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron deep within Earth. Overall, Earth's composition is approximately 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, and 15.2% silicon.
Earth’s Interior-1.ppt
1) Earthquakes produce seismic waves that provide information about the interior of Earth as they travel through different layers at varying speeds.
2) Observations of P and S waves led scientists to conclude that Earth's core has a solid inner layer and a liquid outer layer, both composed of iron and nickel.
3) Between the core and crust is the mantle, made up of silicon, oxygen, iron and magnesium, which becomes solid rock under high temperature and pressure.
earthsinternalstructure-191119103943.pptx
The document summarizes the layers of the Earth. It begins by explaining how planets are formed through accretion. It then describes how differentiation led to denser materials like iron sinking to Earth's center while lighter materials rose to the surface. The rest of the document details the major layers from outermost to innermost - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It provides details on the composition, thickness, and characteristics of each layer.
Internal Structure of The Earth? Major Structural unit of the earth
The document summarizes the internal structure of the Earth in 3 main layers - the core, mantle, and crust. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, mostly composed of iron and nickel. The mantle, making up most of the Earth's mass, is solid but can slowly deform and is composed of silicate compounds. The crust is the coolest and thinnest layer, composed of silicate minerals.
Crust core and mantle
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's layers. It describes the crust, mantle, and core based on composition, thickness, temperature, and density. The crust is the outermost solid layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The mantle lies below the crust and is also divided into layers. Seismic wave measurements indicate the mantle transitions to a liquid outer core and solid inner core at the Earth's center.
Earth's Internal Structure
Earth's Internal Structure - Earth and Life Science / Earth Science for SHS
I do not own any material in this presentation. Credits go to their respective owners.
Formation of earths’ geosphere
The document summarizes Earth's structure and composition. It describes that Earth has distinct layers including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle form Earth's lithosphere which is separated into tectonic plates. The mantle circulates heat via convection currents which drive plate tectonics. Earth's inner core is solid iron while the outer core is liquid nickel-iron alloy. Earth's magnetic field is generated by convection currents in the outer core which protects life from solar radiation.
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF EARTH
The document summarizes the internal structure of Earth in three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and thinnest, divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below is the mantle, making up 80% of the Earth's volume and divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere layers. The innermost layer is the core, with a solid inner core and liquid outer core composed primarily of iron and nickel.
pprt_20231103_202234_0000.pptx
The document summarizes the evolution of Earth from its formation to present day. It describes how:
- Dust and gas coalesced from the solar nebula to form planetesimals and eventually Earth around 4.5 billion years ago.
- Early Earth was mostly molten due to heavy bombardment and radioactive decay. The heat allowed the planet to differentiate into a core, mantle, and crust.
- As Earth cooled, water and an atmosphere formed. Photosynthetic life evolved and increased oxygen in the atmosphere around 2.4 billion years ago.
- Plate tectonics and volcanism have continuously recycled Earth's crust and regulated temperatures and atmospheric gases through geologic time.
Q1-M1-PPT-Layers of The Earth.pptx
The document provides information about the Earth's core including:
- The core is the innermost layer of the Earth and is separated into a liquid outer core and solid inner core.
- The outer core is approximately 2,900 km below the Earth's surface, 2,250 km thick, and made of iron and nickel that is molten due to temperatures over 4,000°C.
- The solid inner core has a radius of 1,300 km and temperatures above 5,000°C that cause iron and nickel to remain solid due to extreme pressure.
- Convection currents in the outer core generated by Earth's rotation produce the planet's magnetic field, which protects the Earth from harmful
Geo Chemisty
Geochemistry involves studying the chemical composition of Earth and other planets, as well as the chemical processes that govern rocks, water, and soils. It examines how chemical elements are distributed and move through different parts of Earth over time. Key techniques for geochemical analysis include electron probe microanalysis and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Proper interpretation of geochemical data requires considering analytical uncertainty and discussing limitations with laboratory experts.
Layers of earth
The document summarizes the main layers and divisions of the Earth based on their chemical composition and physical properties. It is divided into three main layers:
1. The crust, which is the outermost solid layer and varies in thickness between continental and oceanic crust.
2. The mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and can be divided into the upper, lower, and D'' transition zones based on seismic properties.
3. The core, which is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, and makes up about 30% of the Earth's mass.
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�
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�
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�
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�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
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calebwhitaker123456
- 1. Thanks to earthquakes, the seimic waves they give off and the instruments used to gather data abouth such events, we now know the chemical composition , temperature, density and depth of the layer's of the Earth's inside. The earth is divided in to four layers:CRUST, MANTLE, OUTER CORE and INNER CORE.
- 2. CRUST Echo-sounding techniques are used to explore the Eart sonograms, are produced. A sonogram in the crust is c Seiscmic waves from "small explosions or thumper tru rock layers. Seismographs pick up these echoes. Some facts about the CRUST: ***two types: oceanic and continental
- 3. ***calcium (Ca) and sodium (na) aluminium-silicates ***rocky and brittle ***fractures during earthquakes ***.473% of Earth's mass ***depth of 0-50 kilometers (0-31 miles) ***O0 C MANTLE Some facts about the MANTLE: ***iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg)_, aluminium (Al), silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) silicate compunds ***solid but can slowly deform in a plastic manner ***67.3% of Earth's mass ***depth of 10-2890 kilometers(6-1806 miles) ***+10000 C ***convection in this region drives plate tectonics
- 4. Convection in the MANTLE: Data about P waves and S waves traveling through the mantle has been used to map out convection in the mantle. Waves tell researchers whether the mantle is more or less dense than average, hotter or cooler than average and whether it is rising and falling. The Earth releases internal heat by convecting. Hot mantle rises to the surface and spreads laterally, transporting oceanic and continental plates. Speed of this motion is a few centimeters per year. The new lithosphere, created at the ocean spreading centers, cools and evetuallu sinks back into the mantle. The subducted crust releases water to form island chains above.
- 5. Below are two images of mantle convection. Both were created at the Harvard Univerisity Seismology Lab.
- 7. Blue the m OUTER CORE Some facts about the OUTER CORE: ***iron and 10% sulphur (S) and/or oxygen ***molten ***30.8% of Earth's mass ***depth of 2890-5150 kilomters (1806- 3219 miles) ***37000 C ***convection motion within this region,
- 8. along with the rotation of the Earth creates an effect that maintains the Earth's magnetic field Convection in the CORE: "> Click on image to see enlarged version. The yellow is the region wher Red mush is the inner core bo cylinder due to the effects of the solid inner core within the INNER CORE Some facts about the INNER CORE:
- 9. ***Iron ***solid and unattached to the mantle ***suspended in molten outer core ***1.7% of the Earth's mass ***depth of 5150-6370 kilometers (3219- 3981 miles) In the years since the practice of seismic tomography was first introduced researchers have gathered enough data to provide the world with detailed accurate maps of the layers of the Earth's inside. More recently, scientists have begun to focus more attention on the boundaries between layers, rather that the layers themselves. Many believe that the future of seismic
- 10. tomography, geophysics and earthquake prediction lies in understanding these boundaries, chemical processes that occur in their vecinity and how such events affect the Earth's surface.