Plate tectonics Basic (KS3)
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1. The document describes the structure of the Earth, which is divided into four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. 2. The crust and upper mantle make up tectonic plates that slowly move and interact with each other, influencing volcanic and earthquake activity. 3. Tectonic plates are driven by convection currents in the hot, liquid mantle and influence volcanoes and earthquakes through processes like plate collisions and divergent boundaries.
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Structure of the earth
The Earth is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust makes up only 1% of the Earth's volume and is broken into tectonic plates, while the mantle is the largest layer and divided into upper and lower sections. Below the mantle lies the outer core, which is liquid and composed of iron, and the inner core, where extreme heat and pressure cause metals to be squeezed into a solid state.
Structure of the Earth
The Earth is composed of several concentric layers. The inner core is solid and suspended in the molten outer core, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through convection. Below this is the lower mantle, composed primarily of silicon, magnesium and oxygen. The upper mantle extends from 10-400km deep and includes olivine and pyroxene minerals, and may partially be molten. Above this is the transition region that includes basaltic magmas and minerals like garnet. The outermost layers are the oceanic and continental crusts, the former made of basalt from sea floor spreading and the latter composed mainly of low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar.
Earths Layers
The document summarizes the layers that make up the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outer to inner: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the topmost layer and thinnest, varying in thickness from 5-100km. Below is the mantle, the largest layer making up 80% of the Earth's volume. Within the mantle are the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid iron and nickel, and is the source of Earth's magnetic field. Scientists study seismic waves to determine the composition of each layer without being able to directly observe or drill to the deep interior.
Types of rocks
Rocks are composed primarily of minerals and can be categorized into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma underground or lava above ground. Sedimentary rocks form from compression of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks but were changed by heat and pressure within the earth. Common rocks used in construction include granite, limestone, and sandstone.
Earth's Structure
The earth is made up of different layers. These layers are of different thicknesses and temperatures.
Earth's Interior
The document summarizes the layers that make up Earth's interior. It describes Earth's spheres as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It then details Earth's layers, including the crust (with oceanic and continental types), mantle, outer core, and inner core. The inner core is solid and made of iron and nickel, while the upper mantle is called the asthenosphere, where convection currents occur in the plastic-like rock.
Weathering and erosion
The earth is continuously changing. Many factors cause these changes. View this powerpoint to learn more about the earth and these factors.
Rocks and Minerals
Rocks and minerals are found almost everywhere on Earth and in everyday objects. Minerals are natural solid elements or combinations of elements that make up rocks. There are many types of minerals including metallic minerals like gold and silver and non-metallic minerals like salt and sand. Rocks and minerals are used to make many things in our lives from houses and cars to pencils and computers. They are essential building blocks of modern civilization.
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Structure of the earth
The Earth is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust makes up only 1% of the Earth's volume and is broken into tectonic plates, while the mantle is the largest layer and divided into upper and lower sections. Below the mantle lies the outer core, which is liquid and composed of iron, and the inner core, where extreme heat and pressure cause metals to be squeezed into a solid state.
Structure of the Earth
The Earth is composed of several concentric layers. The inner core is solid and suspended in the molten outer core, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through convection. Below this is the lower mantle, composed primarily of silicon, magnesium and oxygen. The upper mantle extends from 10-400km deep and includes olivine and pyroxene minerals, and may partially be molten. Above this is the transition region that includes basaltic magmas and minerals like garnet. The outermost layers are the oceanic and continental crusts, the former made of basalt from sea floor spreading and the latter composed mainly of low-density minerals like quartz and feldspar.
Earths Layers
The document summarizes the layers that make up the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outer to inner: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the topmost layer and thinnest, varying in thickness from 5-100km. Below is the mantle, the largest layer making up 80% of the Earth's volume. Within the mantle are the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid iron and nickel, and is the source of Earth's magnetic field. Scientists study seismic waves to determine the composition of each layer without being able to directly observe or drill to the deep interior.
Types of rocks
Rocks are composed primarily of minerals and can be categorized into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma underground or lava above ground. Sedimentary rocks form from compression of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks but were changed by heat and pressure within the earth. Common rocks used in construction include granite, limestone, and sandstone.
Earth's Structure
The earth is made up of different layers. These layers are of different thicknesses and temperatures.
Earth's Interior
The document summarizes the layers that make up Earth's interior. It describes Earth's spheres as the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It then details Earth's layers, including the crust (with oceanic and continental types), mantle, outer core, and inner core. The inner core is solid and made of iron and nickel, while the upper mantle is called the asthenosphere, where convection currents occur in the plastic-like rock.
Weathering and erosion
The earth is continuously changing. Many factors cause these changes. View this powerpoint to learn more about the earth and these factors.
Rocks and Minerals
Rocks and minerals are found almost everywhere on Earth and in everyday objects. Minerals are natural solid elements or combinations of elements that make up rocks. There are many types of minerals including metallic minerals like gold and silver and non-metallic minerals like salt and sand. Rocks and minerals are used to make many things in our lives from houses and cars to pencils and computers. They are essential building blocks of modern civilization.
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This document provides information about the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It explains that igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava, sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the Earth. It also provides examples of different rock types and how they are used.
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The document discusses the structure of the Earth by comparing it to an apple. It explains that both have a thin outer crust/skin, a thick inner core, and layers in between. The Earth has an inner solid core and outer liquid core of iron and nickel. Between the core and crust is the mantle, made of solid but hot rock. The crust floats on the mantle and is divided into thinner oceanic crust and thicker continental crust made of different materials.
Layers of the Earth
The document describes the four main layers that make up the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer, upon which we live, and is broken into tectonic plates. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is very thick and contains molten rock that moves in convection currents. Deepest inside the Earth is the core, with a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field and a solid inner core under intense heat and pressure.
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The document describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that the crust is the thinnest layer and is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. The mantle, which is the largest layer, flows slowly due to these convection currents caused by hot material rising and cool material sinking. Temperature, density and pressure all increase with depth in the Earth. The core is the center-most layer and has a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
Minerals
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
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The Earth is divided into three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core - based on their composition.
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The Earth is divided into four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thin outer skin of the Earth, making up only 1% of its volume. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is the largest layer and divided into upper and lower sections. Within the Earth is the core, with the outer core being liquid iron and the inner core being incredibly hot solid metals.
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The document summarizes the layers that make up Earth's interior. It discusses that Earth has a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic crust, and the Mohorovicic discontinuity separates the crust from the mantle. The mantle is divided into an upper and lower mantle by the Gutenberg discontinuity. The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. Earth's magnetic field is generated by convection currents in the liquid outer core.
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The document describes the four main layers of Earth: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which makes up over 80% of Earth's volume and is composed of iron-rich rock. Within the mantle are the lithosphere and asthenosphere layers. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid due to extreme pressure. Seismic waves have helped scientists determine the composition of Earth's layers.
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Earth Structure
The document discusses the structure and layers of the Earth. It is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1) The crust, which is the thin solid outer layer people live on made of rocks and minerals. It is divided into thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust.
2) The hot, dense mantle that behaves like a solid but can flow very slowly over geologic timescales. Its convection currents influence plate tectonics at the surface.
3) The liquid outer core that is composed of melted nickel and iron due to extreme heat and pressure.
4) The inner solid core formed from compressed metals vibrating in place like a solid.
Breccia
Breccia is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. There are several types of breccia including sedimentary breccia, igneous breccia, hydrothermal breccia, tectonic breccia, and impact breccia. Breccias can have varying compositions depending on the material that forms the angular fragments, and they have various uses as building materials, decorative stones, and jewelry.
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The document discusses the four main layers of Earth's interior:
1. The crust is the outermost layer made of granite or basalt and is the thinnest layer.
2. The mantle is the largest layer made of hot, solid rock that can flow like a liquid. It includes the lithosphere.
3. The outer core is liquid and generates Earth's magnetic field.
4. The inner core is solid and lies at the center of Earth.
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what are the layers of the Earth?
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This document provides information about the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It describes how each type forms and gives examples. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure altering existing rocks. The document also explains key processes that change rocks, such as weathering, erosion, melting and cooling. It introduces the concept of the rock cycle to show how rocks continuously change between the three types.
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The document describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that the crust is the thinnest layer and is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. The mantle, which is the largest layer, flows slowly due to these convection currents caused by hot material rising and cool material sinking. Temperature, density and pressure all increase with depth in the Earth. The core is the center-most layer and has a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
Minerals
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
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This presentation provides an overview of volcanoes, including their formation from plate tectonics or hotspots, the different types of volcanic features and erupted materials, classifications of volcanic activity, and notable examples. Volcanic activity can have effects on global climate through emissions into the stratosphere and impacts soil through added nutrients.
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The Earth is divided into three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core - based on their composition.
The crust is the outermost layer and exists as either oceanic or continental crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is thick and composed of heavier minerals. The core is at the center and consists of a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
Earth's layers power point notes
The Earth is divided into four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thin outer skin of the Earth, making up only 1% of its volume. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is the largest layer and divided into upper and lower sections. Within the Earth is the core, with the outer core being liquid iron and the inner core being incredibly hot solid metals.
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The Earth has several key features that support life, including an atmosphere containing oxygen, average temperatures of 15°C, and a water cycle. It rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night, and revolves around the sun over the course of 365 days, causing the seasons. The moon orbits the Earth every 28 days and causes ocean tides. The Earth also has a molten iron core that generates a magnetic field protecting it from solar radiation.
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Minerals and rocks are natural, non-living materials. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and give rocks their properties. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooled lava or magma underground or at the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed and cemented sediments over millions of years. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks that were changed by heat and pressure within the Earth.
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The document describes the four main layers of Earth: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which makes up over 80% of Earth's volume and is composed of iron-rich rock. Within the mantle are the lithosphere and asthenosphere layers. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid due to extreme pressure. Seismic waves have helped scientists determine the composition of Earth's layers.
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Sedimentary rock is formed through the weathering, erosion, and deposition of sediment from rivers and oceans over long periods of time. Layers of sediment are deposited and compressed under pressure from overlying layers, and minerals from seawater cement the sediment particles together into rock. The most common types of sedimentary rock include conglomerate, sandstone, shale, siltstone, and limestone.
Earth Structure
The document discusses the structure and layers of the Earth. It is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1) The crust, which is the thin solid outer layer people live on made of rocks and minerals. It is divided into thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust.
2) The hot, dense mantle that behaves like a solid but can flow very slowly over geologic timescales. Its convection currents influence plate tectonics at the surface.
3) The liquid outer core that is composed of melted nickel and iron due to extreme heat and pressure.
4) The inner solid core formed from compressed metals vibrating in place like a solid.
Breccia
Breccia is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. There are several types of breccia including sedimentary breccia, igneous breccia, hydrothermal breccia, tectonic breccia, and impact breccia. Breccias can have varying compositions depending on the material that forms the angular fragments, and they have various uses as building materials, decorative stones, and jewelry.
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This document discusses the layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It describes the composition and properties of each layer. The crust is the outermost solid layer, varying in thickness between continents and oceans. The mantle, made largely of silicate rocks, flows slowly due to heat and pressure. Beneath the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere, facilitating plate tectonics. The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid due to extreme pressure despite temperatures over 5000°C. Together, the cores generate Earth's magnetic field.
Inside The Earth
The Earth is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is made up of either lighter continental crust or denser oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the thick mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's mass. At the center are the core layers - the liquid outer core surrounding a solid inner core made mostly of iron. Scientists study seismic waves from earthquakes to learn about the composition and structure of the Earth's interior layers.
Inside The Earth
The Earth is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is made up of either lighter continental crust or denser oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the thick mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's mass. At the center are the core layers - the liquid outer core surrounding a solid inner core made mostly of iron. Scientists study seismic waves from earthquakes to learn about the composition and structure of the deeper interior layers not directly observable.
Geological Processes_ Day 1.pdf
The document describes the four major layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains that the crust is the outermost solid rock layer, ranging from 5-25 miles thick. The mantle is the largest layer, made of hot semi-solid rock and making up around two-thirds of the Earth's mass. The outer core is entirely liquid, made mostly of nickel and iron. The inner core is solid nickel and iron despite even higher temperatures due to extreme pressure at the Earth's center.
Innovative work social science
The document summarizes the layered structure of Earth's interior. It describes four main layers from outer to inner - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thin solid outer layer that life exists on. Below is the mantle, which is hot and flows over geological timescales. At the center are the outer core, made of liquid nickel and iron, and inner solid core, where temperatures and pressures are extreme.
Structure of the earth
The document summarizes the structure and composition of the Earth's main layers. It discusses that the Earth has an inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust varies in thickness and composition, with continental crust being thicker than oceanic crust. The mantle, made of solid hot rock, transfers heat via conduction and convection. The core is dense metal, mostly iron, and produces Earth's magnetic field through convection in the liquid outer core. Scientists determine this structure through geophysical surveys, seismic data, and properties of meteorites.
The Geosphere (ecology jan.30 - feb. 3)
The document provides information about a Geosphere Ecology class taught by Mr. Nettles. It includes the class agenda for several days, learning objectives about the composition and structure of the Earth, and discussions of plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, and erosion. Students are assigned to create labeled diagrams of the Earth's layers and complete worksheets. A quiz on the material is scheduled for the following week.
Earths Interior Andie
The document describes the layers that make up the interior of the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Scientists use seismic waves from earthquakes to determine the composition and structure of these layers, since they cannot directly observe the interior. The waves travel at different speeds through solids and liquids in the Earth, providing clues about what materials exist in its core and where transitions between layers occur.
Earths Interior Andie
The document describes the different layers that make up the interior of the Earth. It is divided into four main layers from outermost to innermost: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is made up of either oceanic or continental crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is the largest layer and makes up most of the Earth's volume. At the center are the outer core, made of liquid iron and nickel, and the solid inner core, also made of iron and nickel.
Composition of the earth
The Earth is composed of four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the top layer where life exists, ranging from 5-70km thick. Below is the mantle, which is mostly silicate rock and over 3000km thick. Within the mantle lies the outer core of liquid iron and nickel that generates the Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel due to extreme pressure, though it is over 5000 degrees Celsius, hotter than the sun's surface.
Q1-M1-PPT-Layers of The Earth.pptx
The document provides information about the Earth's core including:
- The core is the innermost layer of the Earth and is separated into a liquid outer core and solid inner core.
- The outer core is approximately 2,900 km below the Earth's surface, 2,250 km thick, and made of iron and nickel that is molten due to temperatures over 4,000°C.
- The solid inner core has a radius of 1,300 km and temperatures above 5,000°C that cause iron and nickel to remain solid due to extreme pressure.
- Convection currents in the outer core generated by Earth's rotation produce the planet's magnetic field, which protects the Earth from harmful
Earth Interior - Chemical and Mechanical Models
Convection currents in Earth's mantle driven by heat from the core cause the movement of tectonic plates. Denser, cooler material sinks and less dense, warmer material rises in a convection cycle. Earth is composed of layers with increasing density, temperature, and pressure towards the core. The crust and rigid upper mantle form tectonic plates that move due to convection in the soft asthenosphere below.
Layers of earth
The document describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is composed of two types, continental and oceanic. Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust. The mantle, which is the largest layer, is composed of hot dense rock and drives the movement of tectonic plates via convection currents. The core is the center of the Earth and has a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core. Temperature, density, and pressure all increase with depth in the Earth.
1. Internal Structure of the Earth.pptx
The document describes the internal structure of the Earth, which is categorized into compositional and mechanical layers. The compositional layers are the crust, mantle, and core, distinguished based on their composition. The mechanical layers are the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core, distinguished based on their rock properties and rigidity. The layers differ in thickness, density, temperature, and pressure, with conditions increasing with depth inward.
L1_D1_INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH.pptx
The document describes the internal structure of the Earth. It is comprised of several concentric layers from the crust on the outside to the inner core at the center. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which is broken into tectonic plates. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere which is hot and plastic allowing the tectonic plates to move via convection currents in the mantle. Driving and resisting forces influence plate motions. Evidence like matching continents and fossil/rock similarities support plate tectonics theory. The mantle comprises most of the Earth's volume and transfers heat via convection currents. The outer core is liquid while the solid inner core is extremely hot. Boundaries between layers are marked
Geo ba i_interior of earth
The document provides an overview of a geography lesson on the interior of the Earth. It discusses various sources of evidence for the Earth's internal structure, including theories of the planet's origin, density and pressure measurements, temperature observations, and analysis of seismic wave behavior. Seismology is identified as the primary source of information, with discussion of how P, S, and L waves change speed and behavior when passing through the core, mantle, and crust.
Seismology
This presentation is helpful for the student who have an interest in structural dynamics and seismology
earthsinternalstructure-191119103943.pptx
The document summarizes the layers of the Earth. It begins by explaining how planets are formed through accretion. It then describes how differentiation led to denser materials like iron sinking to Earth's center while lighter materials rose to the surface. The rest of the document details the major layers from outermost to innermost - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It provides details on the composition, thickness, and characteristics of each layer.
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- 8. And the Earth is made up of a series of these plates… Add these labels to you own maps
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