This document provides a review of the impact of microstructures on the engineering properties of aluminum alloys. It begins by discussing the increased use of aluminum alloys in automotive and aerospace industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance over steel. It then examines the microstructures and resulting mechanical properties of several major aluminum alloy series, including 2XXX (Al+Cu), 3XXX (Al+Mn), and 4XXX (Al+Si) alloys. For each series, it describes the intermediate phases that form during processing and how they influence properties such as hardness and strength. The review concludes by noting opportunities for additional research into composite materials using these alloys and the relationship between alloy composition and micro
Effect of alloyes on mechanical propertiesAsad Riaz
The document discusses the effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties of steel. It explains that alloying elements are added to steel to change its properties and effectiveness. Some key effects of common alloying elements like carbon, manganese, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum are increasing hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, and the hardenability of steel. The percentages and effects of various alloying elements added to different types of steel are also outlined.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Ch 27.12 common applications of various materialsNandan Choudhary
Duralumin is an aluminum alloy containing 3.5-4.5% copper, 0.4-0.7% manganese, and 0.4-0.7% magnesium. It has a maximum tensile strength of around 400 MPa after heat treatment and age hardening. Duralumin is widely used for forging, stamping, bars, sheets, tubes and rivets due to its strength and ability to be age hardened.
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
Ammc's fabricated by friction stir processSelf-employed
The document discusses friction stir processing of aluminum metal matrix composites. It begins with an introduction to friction stir processing, describing how it uses a non-consumable tool to plastically deform metal and create a fine-grained microstructure without melting. The objectives and literature review on aluminum metal matrix composites are then summarized. Details are provided on the friction stir processing technique, selection of AA5083-H111 aluminum alloy, its properties and applications.
Studies on aluminium silicon eutectic alloy casting and design approach of it...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on casting and gating system design of an aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy (LM-6 alloy). It aims to improve the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy through modification treatment, grain refinement, and degassing. The study involves casting test bars of LM-6 alloy both with and without modification to compare their tensile strength, hardness, and elongation. It also covers the design of gating systems and risers for castings using modulus method and developing flowcharts for computer programming of the casting design. Experimental results show that modification treatment improves the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy.
Effect of alloyes on mechanical propertiesAsad Riaz
The document discusses the effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties of steel. It explains that alloying elements are added to steel to change its properties and effectiveness. Some key effects of common alloying elements like carbon, manganese, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum are increasing hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, and the hardenability of steel. The percentages and effects of various alloying elements added to different types of steel are also outlined.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Ch 27.12 common applications of various materialsNandan Choudhary
Duralumin is an aluminum alloy containing 3.5-4.5% copper, 0.4-0.7% manganese, and 0.4-0.7% magnesium. It has a maximum tensile strength of around 400 MPa after heat treatment and age hardening. Duralumin is widely used for forging, stamping, bars, sheets, tubes and rivets due to its strength and ability to be age hardened.
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
Ammc's fabricated by friction stir processSelf-employed
The document discusses friction stir processing of aluminum metal matrix composites. It begins with an introduction to friction stir processing, describing how it uses a non-consumable tool to plastically deform metal and create a fine-grained microstructure without melting. The objectives and literature review on aluminum metal matrix composites are then summarized. Details are provided on the friction stir processing technique, selection of AA5083-H111 aluminum alloy, its properties and applications.
Studies on aluminium silicon eutectic alloy casting and design approach of it...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on casting and gating system design of an aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy (LM-6 alloy). It aims to improve the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy through modification treatment, grain refinement, and degassing. The study involves casting test bars of LM-6 alloy both with and without modification to compare their tensile strength, hardness, and elongation. It also covers the design of gating systems and risers for castings using modulus method and developing flowcharts for computer programming of the casting design. Experimental results show that modification treatment improves the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy.
This document summarizes a site visit by students to an Ajiya glass and metal factory. It focuses on properties of steel, which the group chose as their topic. Steel has many applications in construction like floor decks, frames, trusses, and cladding. It has advantages like strength and recyclability but disadvantages like cost and need for maintenance. The document discusses physical and chemical properties, sustainability, aesthetics, performance in fires and earthquakes, and maintenance needs to prolong steel's lifespan. It concludes the site visit benefited students' understanding of building materials.
IRJET- Development of High Strength to Weight Ratio Aluminium – Magnesium...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a high strength-to-weight ratio aluminum-magnesium alloy with enhanced corrosion resistance. The alloy is developed by adding 4% magnesium as the base alloy, along with 0.2% manganese and 0.1% zirconium as minor alloying elements. The new alloy is tested and compared to Al6061 alloy. Testing includes microstructure analysis, hardness testing, density measurement, and corrosion testing to evaluate the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the new alloy relative to Al6061.
1) The document discusses anomalies found in cast iron microstructures that are unusual compared to normal production. It presents examples of faulty inoculation and nodularization leading to abnormal graphite formation and reduced ductility.
2) Primary carbides forming during solidification are also discussed as an anomaly in ductile iron microstructures due to the spherical graphite nodules leaving less surface area for graphite precipitation and magnesium's carbide stabilizing effect. Inadequate inoculation or fade over time can also result in primary carbides.
3) Examples are provided of abnormal graphite structures and primary carbides impairing mechanical properties of ductile iron components from utility box covers.
The document discusses heat treatment processes and concepts. It defines heat treatment as operations involving heating, soaking, and cooling to achieve desired microstructures and properties. The major objectives of heat treatment are outlined, such as increasing strength and hardness. Key concepts discussed include the Fe-C phase diagram, phases such as ferrite, austenite, and cementite, and critical temperatures. Common heat treatment processes are also mentioned such as annealing, hardening, and tempering.
This document summarizes super alloys, including their properties, applications, classifications, microstructure, and heat treatment. Super alloys exhibit high strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to strengthening from solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. They are classified based on their primary metal (nickel, iron, cobalt) and are used in applications such as jet engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature capabilities. Their microstructure includes a gamma matrix and gamma prime precipitates that increase strength. Heat treatments are used to control the precipitates and carbides for optimal properties.
This document discusses the microstructures of steels. It begins with an abstract that defines the differences between crystal structure and microstructure. It then provides a table of contents and introduction about the importance and widespread use of steel. The next sections describe the different crystal structures of steel at various temperatures and the main phase transformations that can occur in steels based on factors like composition and heat treatment. It concludes by discussing the different types of steels defined by their carbon content or alloying elements. References are provided to related literature on steel microstructures and properties.
Materials for Engineering 20ME11T DTE Karnataka C-20 syllabus THANMAY JS
Materials for Engineering [20ME11T]
Unit III- Notes
NON FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS
3.1 Copper and its alloys
3.1.1 Brasses
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.1.2 Bronzes-
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2 Aluminum and its alloys
3.2.1 Duralumin
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2.2 Y-alloy
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2.3 Magnalium
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2.2 Hindalium
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.3 Nickel and its alloys
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.4 Bearing materials
3.4.1 White metal (Sn based)
3.4.2 Aluminum Bronzes
3.4.3 Self-lubricating Bearings
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It exists in several forms depending on the carbon content and microstructure:
- Gray cast iron has 2-4% carbon present as graphite flakes, giving it a gray color. It has high compressive strength but is brittle. Widely used in machine bases.
- White cast iron has 1.75-2.3% carbon present as cementite, making it very hard and strong but brittle. Used for wear-resistant parts.
- Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it more ductile. Commonly used for pipes and fittings.
Friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated as a potential joining method for aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with boron carbide (MMC 6061-XX% B4C) due to issues with traditional fusion welding methods. Preliminary results showed that FSW produced superior mechanical properties compared to gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), with FSW joints exhibiting similar tensile properties to the base material. However, tool wear was found to be severe, preventing long welds. Overall, the study demonstrated that FSW is a viable process for joining MMC 6061-XX% B4C, offering benefits over conventional fusion welding by reducing defects and improving mechanical properties.
Crystal structures determine material properties. Common structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP. FCC materials like copper are soft while BCC like tungsten are hard. HCP materials include magnesium and zinc. Cobalt and chromium can transform between structures with temperature changes. Grain boundaries in materials are weak points that chemicals can attack. Plastic deformation occurs through slip and twinning along crystal planes. Ductile fracture follows plastic deformation while brittle fracture precedes it.
A Review: Production of Third Generation Advance High Strength Steelsijsrd.com
To fulfill the requirement for steel with higher strength while retaining its formability, advanced high strength steels (AHSS) was developed. Several authors worked on the first generation AHSS steels with Dual phase structure and successfully achieved high strengths as compared to conventional counter-parts but could not achieve good formability. Several authors worked to overcome this problem and substantially improved the ductility and strength by forming second generation AHSS. However, DP steels were not formed (in second generation). Second generation steels (included ASS, TWIP steels etc.) were dependent on expensive alloy additions and were not cost effective. Authors became successful in achieving good strength and ductility but because of alloying, the weldability suffered. Finally, a few authors have reported their work on third generation AHSS, where first generation dual phase steels have been modified through suitable alloy additions to improve formability, strength and toughness. Work has been reported where carbon has been reduced to improve weldability. There is extremely limited work has been done for production of dual phase multipurpose steels with controlled cooling.
The document discusses heat treatment processes and the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes the various phases in steel like ferrite, austenite, cementite and pearlite. The critical temperatures on the Fe-C diagram are defined, including eutectoid temperature A1 and eutectic temperature A4. Micrographs show the microstructures of allotriomorphic ferrite, pearlite and ledeburite. The objectives of heat treatment like increasing strength and improving properties are mentioned.
This document discusses inclusion control for clean steel production. It defines inclusions as non-metallic compounds that form separate phases in steel. Strict inclusion control is important for producing quality steel products. Inclusions are assessed and controlled by examining their source, shape, composition and distribution. Common inclusions include oxides, sulfides, and carbides. Modification techniques aim to make inclusions less harmful by modifying their shape, composition and dispersion in the steel matrix. Calcium additions are often used to modify alumina and manganese sulfide inclusions. Proper inclusion control is important at all stages of steelmaking and processing to achieve clean steel.
WEAR STUDIES ON THE HEAT TREATED AL6061-μSIC AND AL6061-NSIC METAL MATRIX COM...IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a potential for enhanced wear conflict in
excess of the unreinforced aluminum alloy and are the most capable in achieving
enhanced mechanical properties. In the present investigation, composites of Aluminum
6061(Al6061) matrix material is reinforced with micron size Silicon carbide (μSiC)
reinforcement with 5, 10 and 15 weight percentages (wt.%) and nano size SiC (nSiC)
with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% are fabricated by stir casting technique. The stir casted
composites are further heat treated and the specimens are prepared as per ASTM
standards to conduct hardness and wear tests. The fabricated and heat treated nano
composites showed enhancement in hardness and wear resistance more than the micro
composites. The microstructure of the worn out specimen are examined by scanning
electron microscope. Taking into contemplation all the factors, it can be concluded that
aluminum based composite with 1.0% by weight nano SiC reinforcement acquire
superior wear resistance properties as compared to micro SiC reinforced aluminum
metal matrix composites.
Bearing failures in wind turbines can occur prematurely due to issues like contamination in the steel used for bearings. International standards provide specifications for acceptable levels of non-metallic inclusions in bearing steel, but these standards do not strongly correlate with measured fatigue performance. Using extreme value analysis to measure the largest inclusions provides a better prediction of fatigue life. Considering the specific type, size, and composition of inclusions is important, as some inclusions like encapsulated oxides are more damaging than pure sulphides. Accounting for larger inclusions commonly found in wind turbine bearing steel could reduce the expected life span in models by up to a factor of three. Tighter specifications are needed to improve reliability.
This document summarizes a study on the evolution of microstructure in a microalloyed steel under continuous cooling. Key findings include:
1) At cooling rates of 0.5°C/sec and 1°C/sec, the microstructure consists of polygonal ferrite and pearlite or widmanstatten ferrite and polygonal ferrite.
2) At a rate of 1°C/sec, the microstructure also contains granular ferrite/granular bainite.
3) The continuous cooling transformation diagram is flat from 5-40°C/sec, with austenite transforming continuously from 600-300°C to granular and acicular b
1. The document discusses nickel-based superalloys, which are metallic alloys developed to withstand high temperatures, often up to 70% of their absolute melting temperature. They have excellent creep, corrosion, and oxidation resistance.
2. Key features of nickel-based superalloys include a two-phase microstructure of gamma (γ) and gamma-prime (γ') phases that strengthen the alloy. Precipitation of γ' particles and formation of carbides at grain boundaries further increase the alloy's strength at high temperatures.
3. Alloying elements such as aluminum, titanium, and niobium promote the formation of γ' precipitates while chromium, molybdenum, and tung
This document proposes a Hadoop-based system to analyze massive retail e-commerce web logs to help retailers compare product listings and prices across websites. The system uses Hadoop Distributed File System to store web log data from multiple retailers. It then applies the Dice coefficient algorithm using Pig Latin to calculate similarity scores and identify matching products listed on different sites. Retailers can use the results to adjust prices or promotions based on competitors. The system aims to help retailers attract more customers and retain existing ones through competitive pricing insights.
Mining Approach for Updating Sequential PatternsIOSR Journals
This document describes an algorithm for incrementally mining sequential patterns from transactional databases when new transactions are added. The algorithm aims to minimize I/O and computation requirements by maintaining information on "maximally frequent" and "minimally infrequent" sequences from the original database. When new data arrives, it is combined with the existing maximal and minimal information to determine which portions of the original database need to be re-scanned. This approach improves execution time over fully re-mining the pattern space from scratch.
Simultaneous Triple Series Equations Involving Konhauser Biorthogonal Polynom...IOSR Journals
Biorthogonal polynomials are of great interest for Physicists.Spencer and Fano [9] used the biorthogonal polynomials (for the case k = 2) in carrying out calculations involving penetration of gamma rays through matter.In the present paper an exact solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving Konhauser-biorthogonal polynomials of first kind of different indices is obtained by multiplying factor technique due to Noble.[4] This technique has been modified by Thakare [10, 11] to solve dual series equations involving orthogonal polynomials which led to disprove a possible conjecture of Askey [1] that a dual series equation involving Jacobi polynomials of different indices can not be solved. In this paper the solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving generalized Laguerre polynomials also have been discussed as a charmfull particular case.
This document summarizes a site visit by students to an Ajiya glass and metal factory. It focuses on properties of steel, which the group chose as their topic. Steel has many applications in construction like floor decks, frames, trusses, and cladding. It has advantages like strength and recyclability but disadvantages like cost and need for maintenance. The document discusses physical and chemical properties, sustainability, aesthetics, performance in fires and earthquakes, and maintenance needs to prolong steel's lifespan. It concludes the site visit benefited students' understanding of building materials.
IRJET- Development of High Strength to Weight Ratio Aluminium – Magnesium...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a high strength-to-weight ratio aluminum-magnesium alloy with enhanced corrosion resistance. The alloy is developed by adding 4% magnesium as the base alloy, along with 0.2% manganese and 0.1% zirconium as minor alloying elements. The new alloy is tested and compared to Al6061 alloy. Testing includes microstructure analysis, hardness testing, density measurement, and corrosion testing to evaluate the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the new alloy relative to Al6061.
1) The document discusses anomalies found in cast iron microstructures that are unusual compared to normal production. It presents examples of faulty inoculation and nodularization leading to abnormal graphite formation and reduced ductility.
2) Primary carbides forming during solidification are also discussed as an anomaly in ductile iron microstructures due to the spherical graphite nodules leaving less surface area for graphite precipitation and magnesium's carbide stabilizing effect. Inadequate inoculation or fade over time can also result in primary carbides.
3) Examples are provided of abnormal graphite structures and primary carbides impairing mechanical properties of ductile iron components from utility box covers.
The document discusses heat treatment processes and concepts. It defines heat treatment as operations involving heating, soaking, and cooling to achieve desired microstructures and properties. The major objectives of heat treatment are outlined, such as increasing strength and hardness. Key concepts discussed include the Fe-C phase diagram, phases such as ferrite, austenite, and cementite, and critical temperatures. Common heat treatment processes are also mentioned such as annealing, hardening, and tempering.
This document summarizes super alloys, including their properties, applications, classifications, microstructure, and heat treatment. Super alloys exhibit high strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to strengthening from solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. They are classified based on their primary metal (nickel, iron, cobalt) and are used in applications such as jet engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature capabilities. Their microstructure includes a gamma matrix and gamma prime precipitates that increase strength. Heat treatments are used to control the precipitates and carbides for optimal properties.
This document discusses the microstructures of steels. It begins with an abstract that defines the differences between crystal structure and microstructure. It then provides a table of contents and introduction about the importance and widespread use of steel. The next sections describe the different crystal structures of steel at various temperatures and the main phase transformations that can occur in steels based on factors like composition and heat treatment. It concludes by discussing the different types of steels defined by their carbon content or alloying elements. References are provided to related literature on steel microstructures and properties.
Materials for Engineering 20ME11T DTE Karnataka C-20 syllabus THANMAY JS
Materials for Engineering [20ME11T]
Unit III- Notes
NON FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS
3.1 Copper and its alloys
3.1.1 Brasses
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.1.2 Bronzes-
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2 Aluminum and its alloys
3.2.1 Duralumin
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2.2 Y-alloy
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2.3 Magnalium
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.2.2 Hindalium
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.3 Nickel and its alloys
Chemical composition
Properties
Applications
3.4 Bearing materials
3.4.1 White metal (Sn based)
3.4.2 Aluminum Bronzes
3.4.3 Self-lubricating Bearings
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It exists in several forms depending on the carbon content and microstructure:
- Gray cast iron has 2-4% carbon present as graphite flakes, giving it a gray color. It has high compressive strength but is brittle. Widely used in machine bases.
- White cast iron has 1.75-2.3% carbon present as cementite, making it very hard and strong but brittle. Used for wear-resistant parts.
- Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it more ductile. Commonly used for pipes and fittings.
Friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated as a potential joining method for aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with boron carbide (MMC 6061-XX% B4C) due to issues with traditional fusion welding methods. Preliminary results showed that FSW produced superior mechanical properties compared to gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), with FSW joints exhibiting similar tensile properties to the base material. However, tool wear was found to be severe, preventing long welds. Overall, the study demonstrated that FSW is a viable process for joining MMC 6061-XX% B4C, offering benefits over conventional fusion welding by reducing defects and improving mechanical properties.
Crystal structures determine material properties. Common structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP. FCC materials like copper are soft while BCC like tungsten are hard. HCP materials include magnesium and zinc. Cobalt and chromium can transform between structures with temperature changes. Grain boundaries in materials are weak points that chemicals can attack. Plastic deformation occurs through slip and twinning along crystal planes. Ductile fracture follows plastic deformation while brittle fracture precedes it.
A Review: Production of Third Generation Advance High Strength Steelsijsrd.com
To fulfill the requirement for steel with higher strength while retaining its formability, advanced high strength steels (AHSS) was developed. Several authors worked on the first generation AHSS steels with Dual phase structure and successfully achieved high strengths as compared to conventional counter-parts but could not achieve good formability. Several authors worked to overcome this problem and substantially improved the ductility and strength by forming second generation AHSS. However, DP steels were not formed (in second generation). Second generation steels (included ASS, TWIP steels etc.) were dependent on expensive alloy additions and were not cost effective. Authors became successful in achieving good strength and ductility but because of alloying, the weldability suffered. Finally, a few authors have reported their work on third generation AHSS, where first generation dual phase steels have been modified through suitable alloy additions to improve formability, strength and toughness. Work has been reported where carbon has been reduced to improve weldability. There is extremely limited work has been done for production of dual phase multipurpose steels with controlled cooling.
The document discusses heat treatment processes and the iron-carbon phase diagram. It describes the various phases in steel like ferrite, austenite, cementite and pearlite. The critical temperatures on the Fe-C diagram are defined, including eutectoid temperature A1 and eutectic temperature A4. Micrographs show the microstructures of allotriomorphic ferrite, pearlite and ledeburite. The objectives of heat treatment like increasing strength and improving properties are mentioned.
This document discusses inclusion control for clean steel production. It defines inclusions as non-metallic compounds that form separate phases in steel. Strict inclusion control is important for producing quality steel products. Inclusions are assessed and controlled by examining their source, shape, composition and distribution. Common inclusions include oxides, sulfides, and carbides. Modification techniques aim to make inclusions less harmful by modifying their shape, composition and dispersion in the steel matrix. Calcium additions are often used to modify alumina and manganese sulfide inclusions. Proper inclusion control is important at all stages of steelmaking and processing to achieve clean steel.
WEAR STUDIES ON THE HEAT TREATED AL6061-μSIC AND AL6061-NSIC METAL MATRIX COM...IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a potential for enhanced wear conflict in
excess of the unreinforced aluminum alloy and are the most capable in achieving
enhanced mechanical properties. In the present investigation, composites of Aluminum
6061(Al6061) matrix material is reinforced with micron size Silicon carbide (μSiC)
reinforcement with 5, 10 and 15 weight percentages (wt.%) and nano size SiC (nSiC)
with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% are fabricated by stir casting technique. The stir casted
composites are further heat treated and the specimens are prepared as per ASTM
standards to conduct hardness and wear tests. The fabricated and heat treated nano
composites showed enhancement in hardness and wear resistance more than the micro
composites. The microstructure of the worn out specimen are examined by scanning
electron microscope. Taking into contemplation all the factors, it can be concluded that
aluminum based composite with 1.0% by weight nano SiC reinforcement acquire
superior wear resistance properties as compared to micro SiC reinforced aluminum
metal matrix composites.
Bearing failures in wind turbines can occur prematurely due to issues like contamination in the steel used for bearings. International standards provide specifications for acceptable levels of non-metallic inclusions in bearing steel, but these standards do not strongly correlate with measured fatigue performance. Using extreme value analysis to measure the largest inclusions provides a better prediction of fatigue life. Considering the specific type, size, and composition of inclusions is important, as some inclusions like encapsulated oxides are more damaging than pure sulphides. Accounting for larger inclusions commonly found in wind turbine bearing steel could reduce the expected life span in models by up to a factor of three. Tighter specifications are needed to improve reliability.
This document summarizes a study on the evolution of microstructure in a microalloyed steel under continuous cooling. Key findings include:
1) At cooling rates of 0.5°C/sec and 1°C/sec, the microstructure consists of polygonal ferrite and pearlite or widmanstatten ferrite and polygonal ferrite.
2) At a rate of 1°C/sec, the microstructure also contains granular ferrite/granular bainite.
3) The continuous cooling transformation diagram is flat from 5-40°C/sec, with austenite transforming continuously from 600-300°C to granular and acicular b
1. The document discusses nickel-based superalloys, which are metallic alloys developed to withstand high temperatures, often up to 70% of their absolute melting temperature. They have excellent creep, corrosion, and oxidation resistance.
2. Key features of nickel-based superalloys include a two-phase microstructure of gamma (γ) and gamma-prime (γ') phases that strengthen the alloy. Precipitation of γ' particles and formation of carbides at grain boundaries further increase the alloy's strength at high temperatures.
3. Alloying elements such as aluminum, titanium, and niobium promote the formation of γ' precipitates while chromium, molybdenum, and tung
This document proposes a Hadoop-based system to analyze massive retail e-commerce web logs to help retailers compare product listings and prices across websites. The system uses Hadoop Distributed File System to store web log data from multiple retailers. It then applies the Dice coefficient algorithm using Pig Latin to calculate similarity scores and identify matching products listed on different sites. Retailers can use the results to adjust prices or promotions based on competitors. The system aims to help retailers attract more customers and retain existing ones through competitive pricing insights.
Mining Approach for Updating Sequential PatternsIOSR Journals
This document describes an algorithm for incrementally mining sequential patterns from transactional databases when new transactions are added. The algorithm aims to minimize I/O and computation requirements by maintaining information on "maximally frequent" and "minimally infrequent" sequences from the original database. When new data arrives, it is combined with the existing maximal and minimal information to determine which portions of the original database need to be re-scanned. This approach improves execution time over fully re-mining the pattern space from scratch.
Simultaneous Triple Series Equations Involving Konhauser Biorthogonal Polynom...IOSR Journals
Biorthogonal polynomials are of great interest for Physicists.Spencer and Fano [9] used the biorthogonal polynomials (for the case k = 2) in carrying out calculations involving penetration of gamma rays through matter.In the present paper an exact solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving Konhauser-biorthogonal polynomials of first kind of different indices is obtained by multiplying factor technique due to Noble.[4] This technique has been modified by Thakare [10, 11] to solve dual series equations involving orthogonal polynomials which led to disprove a possible conjecture of Askey [1] that a dual series equation involving Jacobi polynomials of different indices can not be solved. In this paper the solution of simultaneous triple series equations involving generalized Laguerre polynomials also have been discussed as a charmfull particular case.
50 Hz Frequency Magnetic Field Effects On Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Bacillus...IOSR Journals
The effect of electromagnetic field of different intensities on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (as gram-negative
bacteria) and Bacillus subtilis (as gram-positive bacteria) was investigated to find out the effective magnetic field strength that alters the running physiological processes of every microorganism. Equal volumes of P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis suspensions were exposed for one hour at their maximum rate of active growth to the electromagnetic field (2 - 10 mT, 50 Hz). The results indicated that no remarkable differences were found in the growth of exposed P. aeruginosa. Moreover, a remarkable inhibition in the growth of exposed relative to unexposed B. subtilis cells was achieved at (4 mT) as compared with other intensities which may indicate that this magnetic field induction had a great effect on the biological activity of the cells, so more investigations were made at this magnetic field induction. Remarkable changes in the growth characteristics could be easily detected as the absorbance decreased which indicate a decrease in the cells number and consequently an
inhibition case for the bacteria. Also, the antibiotic sensitivity test of B. subtilis cells indicated either inhibition or stimulation case for the bacteria depending on the drug mode of action
Ethnobotanical Importance of Some Highly Medicinal plants of District Muzaffa...IOSR Journals
An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out in Muzaffarabad and its adjoining areas including
Jhelum Valley of the District Muzaffarabad during 2010-2011. All the plants with the ethnobotanical
importance were identified and segregated separately. The region is entirely mountainous, having sub-tropical
to dry temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. This study mainly focused on the information
regarding traditional uses of plants over the years by local inhabitants. The informations were then confirmed
by Hakims and the old people of the areas. During the survey informations were collected from various sites,
i.e. Noon Bagla, Rahim Kot, Danna Kachilee, Kot Terhala, Sanwarrian, Chikar, Chikothi, Kathiee, Qazi Nag,
Rashian, Daokhun, Mojee, Lamnian, Nardaggian, Pandu, Hatian Balla, Ghahi Dopatta, Chinnari, Rabanee,
Bani Hafiz, Domel, Hattian Dopatta, Khanssian, Nandi Ka Sar, Sing Paharee,Nari Bela, Khalla Butt and
Leepa. The plants were used medicinally and for other purposes. The investigations resulted that usually one
plant or a mixture of two or more plant is used. The unplanned exploitation had resulted in the loss of
medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper
protection is need of time.
This document summarizes research on script and language identification techniques for handwritten document images. It discusses the challenges of identifying scripts in handwritten versus printed documents. It then reviews various approaches that have been used, which are generally categorized as structure-based (using features like character geometry) or visual appearance-based (using texture features). Specific techniques discussed include those using linear discriminant analysis, K-nearest neighbors, neural networks, support vector machines, Gabor filters, and steerable pyramids. The document analyzes and compares the performance of different methods. It notes that better pre-processing and larger, standardized datasets are still needed to fully evaluate the techniques.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation on the performance of an air conditioner using R32 refrigerant. It begins with an abstract describing the refrigerant comparison experiment conducted on a 1.5 ton capacity air conditioning system using R22, R134a, and R32. Performance parameters like coefficient of performance, mass flow rate, and power to the compressor were calculated. The results and simulations showed R32 to be the most efficient refrigerant for retrofitting air conditioning systems due to its lower global warming potential and atmospheric lifetime compared to R22.
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disordersIOSR Journals
1) The study evaluated lipids and oxidative stress in 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, including 53 hypothyroid and 27 hyperthyroid patients, compared to 40 healthy controls.
2) In hypothyroid patients, T3, T4 levels were significantly decreased while TSH was elevated. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased compared to controls.
3) MDA levels were higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients compared to controls, indicating oxidative damage in thyroid disorders.
Modified Distributive Arithmetic Based DWT-IDWT Processor Design and FPGA Imp...IOSR Journals
1) The document describes a modified distributive arithmetic based discrete wavelet transform (DWT) processor architecture and its FPGA implementation for image compression.
2) The proposed architecture uses four lookup tables to store pre-computed partial products of filter coefficients, achieving a latency of 44 clock cycles and throughput of 4 clock cycles.
3) A software reference model is developed in Matlab to analyze the performance of various wavelets for image compression using the distributive arithmetic based DWT approach. The input image is resized and decomposed into sub-bands using DWT and reconstructed using IDWT.
This document summarizes a research paper about hiding sensitive data in data mining using association rules. The paper proposes an approach to modify transaction data to decrease the support or confidence of sensitive association rules, in order to hide the sensitive information while limiting side effects. It describes existing methods that hide rules one at a time with assumptions that may introduce false rules or side effects. The proposed approach allows selecting rules to hide without these assumptions, and aims to avoid side effects by modifying transactions rather than requiring all rules be hidden. Pseudocode provides algorithms for decreasing or increasing rule support and confidence through transaction modification.
This document presents a word stemming algorithm for the Hausa language. It modifies Porter's stemming algorithm to fit Hausa morphological rules. The algorithm was tested on 2573 words from Hausa newspaper articles and achieved an accuracy of 73.8%. Stemming is important for natural language processing tasks like information retrieval, text summarization, and machine translation by reducing morphological variants of words to their root forms. However, there is limited research on stemming algorithms for Hausa, an important language in West Africa, despite its large number of speakers. The proposed algorithm aims to contribute to natural language processing for Hausa.
Bipolar Disorder Investigation Using Modified Logistic Ridge EstimatorIOSR Journals
This study investigates factors contributing to bipolar disorder among 109 teaching and non-teaching university staff using a modified logistic ridge estimator. Sex, age, occupation, and body mass index were analyzed as factors beyond traditional genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. The modified logistic ridge estimator was found to have smaller standard errors than the standard logistic ridge estimator or logistic estimator. The results found that sex, age, and body mass index significantly contribute to bipolar disorder, with men and older adults (≥40 years) being more predisposed, and higher body mass index positively correlated with bipolar disorder. The probability of bipolar tendency was highest for non-teaching males aged 40 or older with the highest recorded body mass index
This document describes the design of a permanent magnet linear generator for extracting energy from ocean waves. A linear generator is proposed that uses the up and down motion of waves to drive a translator part connected to a floating buoy. The translator's linear motion induces voltage in the stationary winding part of the generator. The generator is designed and modeled using MAXWELL finite element software. Analysis in MAXWELL shows the induced voltage waveform and flux distributions at different translator positions. The output is then modeled in MATLAB using a rectifier and inverter to produce a 50Hz AC voltage suitable for connecting to the grid. The design aims to improve the efficiency of wave energy extraction compared to conventional methods using mechanical systems.
Maximizing Efficiency Of multiple–Path Source Routing in Presence of JammerIOSR Journals
This paper explores maximizing the efficiency of multiple-path source routing in the presence of a jammer. It implements jamming-aware traffic allocation based on previous work, relaxing the assumption of in-network inference of variable correlations. The source node allocates traffic to paths based on estimated jamming statistics. Portfolio selection theory is used to optimize throughput. Simulation results using NS2 show the network is capable of jamming-aware allocation that increases throughput compared to ignoring jamming.
This document provides an overview of load balancing techniques in cloud computing. It discusses how load balancing aims to efficiently distribute workload across nodes to maximize resource utilization and minimize response time. The document categorizes load balancing algorithms as either static or dynamic. It further classifies dynamic algorithms as centralized, distributed, cooperative or non-cooperative. Several common load balancing algorithms for cloud computing are then described, including Round Robin, Throttled Load Balancing, Modified Throttled, Min-Min Scheduling, and Load Balance Min-Min.
1) The document discusses results from implementing a web graph mining based recommender system for queries, images, and social networks using query suggestion and heat diffusion algorithms.
2) The system was tested on query and image recommendation and showed it could suggest both literally similar and semantically related recommendations within required timeframes.
3) For social network recommendation, a graph was generated using trust values between users, and the system was able to accurately recommend an item to a user based on their most trusted connection.
The effect of rotational speed variation on the static pressure in the centri...IOSR Journals
1) A numerical simulation was conducted to examine the effect of rotational speed variation on static pressure in a centrifugal pump.
2) Contours of static pressure on the blade, hub, and shroud were generated at rotational speeds of 1800 rpm to 2400 rpm.
3) The results show that static pressure is lowest on the suction side and increases towards the leading edge of the blade. Negative static pressure occurs at high rotational speeds over design limits, risking cavitation.
The document describes a solar powered engine system based on unijunction transistors (UJTs). It provides background on solar energy and UJTs. Experiments were conducted to characterize the electrical properties of UJTs and a solar panel. A circuit was designed using a UJT as a trigger, along with other components, to control the solar engine. Testing showed that the output voltage and motor speed of the solar engine circuit increased with higher illumination levels on the solar panel. The system provides a way to convert intermittent solar power into pulses that can run small motors or actuators.
This document provides a review of size effect models and fracture mechanics as they relate to small scale structural modeling. It discusses the history of studying size effects dating back to Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo. More recent contributions include Griffith's work founding fracture mechanics in 1921 and Weibull completing the statistical size effect theory. The review explores deterministic size effect models based on fracture energy and nonlinear fracture mechanics that can better predict behavior of quasibrittle materials like concrete compared to linear elastic fracture mechanics. It presents Bazant's size effect law relating nominal stress to characteristic structure size and discusses its application and limitations for notched and unnotched specimens.
This document describes a method for automatically extracting coastlines from satellite images. The method involves the following steps:
1. Pre-processing Landsat TM, ETM+, and Landsat 8 images through layer stacking, registration, and calibration.
2. Performing unsupervised classification or edge detection on infrared bands or band ratios to identify coastline edges.
3. Converting the raster coastline edges into vector layers using GIS tools.
4. Applying editing tools to enhance the extracted coastlines.
The method was tested on Landsat images of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast from different years. Band 5 and ratios of band 2 to band 4 or 5 produced the clearest coastline edges. The
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties on AA 6060 and 6061 Aluminum A...IJERA Editor
Due to the substantial increased in demands of aluminum in industries like automotive industry and building industry, it is required for improvement of its mechanical properties by addition of suitable alloying elements to aluminum. The objective of this research is to study the effect of various alloys addition to aluminum and their effects on tensile strength, hardness and microstructure. The mechanical properties of AA 6060 and AA 6061 aluminum alloy have been characterized in terms of tensile strength and hardness. The result has been used to determine the tensile strength and % elongation of the specimen. From the results, it has been observed that mechanical properties of Al-alloys increasing up to 0.65% of Mg addition due to grain refinement, where as increase in Mg contents beyond 0.71% mechanical properties starts decreasing. The microstructure of the fracture surface after tensile strength has been examined using inverted microscope.
1. The document summarizes the manufacturing process and microstructure of an aluminum bike rim. It was determined that the rim was made by extruding an aluminum tube, forming it into a hollow shape, and welding the two ends together before heat treatment.
2. Microscopic analysis revealed fine equiaxed grains in the aluminum, along with impurity particles that strengthen the material. The stainless steel eyelet showed elongated grains from a drawing process.
3. The aluminum rim ends were butt-welded together under pressure, leaving a weld line with elongated grains from the deformation. The bulk material is a 6xxx series aluminum strengthened by heat treatment and Mg2Si particles.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Advanced research progresses in aluminium metal matrix composites an overview8019383943
This document provides an overview of advanced research on aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs). It discusses that AMMCs offer improved mechanical and tribological properties over conventional metals and are well-suited for applications in automotive, aerospace, and defense industries due to properties like high strength and wear resistance. Common reinforcement materials used in AMMCs include SiC, Al2O3, TiB2, and B4C. Stir casting is a commonly used fabrication method that allows for a uniform dispersion of reinforcements in the aluminum alloy matrix. However, limitations include non-homogeneous particle distribution and wettability issues during casting.
Characterisation of Aluminium composites fabricated by friction stir.pptxmsarvpriy
This document summarizes research on characterizing aluminum composites fabricated using friction stir processing. It discusses how aluminum alloys are widely used but have poor surface properties that limit applications. Friction stir processing is introduced as an effective technique to improve the surface properties of metal matrix composites by adding ceramic particles. The research aims to study the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminum composites reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite particles using friction stir processing. The materials, processing method, and experimental characterization techniques are described to analyze the microhardness, tensile strength and wear behavior of the fabricated composites.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Aluminum-lithium alloys used in the aerospace industry as structural components
and strengthened by age-hardening. This study aims to improve properties of Al-Li
alloys such as strength, behavior hot rolling and addition element, i.e. Mg and Cu to
this alloy. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of alloy, such as
hardness, tensile, and microstructure by OP, SEM and XRD. Result showed that
addition 3.2% Cu to base alloy improve strength from (62MPa) to (78MPa) when
aging at 175°C.and improve hardness from (97.3 Hv) to (119.79Hv) At the same
temperature. But the improvement is great when addition 0.6% Mg to base alloy
improve tensile strength from (62MPa) to (124MPa) at the same time improved
hardness from (119.79Hv) to (152.96Hv) at the same temperature.
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Various weight percentages of graphite were added as a reinforcing element to the base alloy, which has a chemical composition of Cu-11%Al. Tests were conducted to analyze the effect on properties like hardness, compressive strength, and surface roughness after machining. The results showed that adding 0.3% graphite by weight increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62%, while also reducing surface roughness after machining by 22.65-32.38%. The study aims to improve the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy through the addition
EFFECT OF GRAPHITE ON MECHANICAL AND MACHINING PROPERTIES OF Al-BRONZE PREPAR...IAEME Publication
The document discusses a study that investigated the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Samples containing 0-3% graphite by weight were tested. Testing showed that adding 0.3% graphite increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62% compared to the base alloy. Machining tests found that 0.3% graphite reduced surface roughness by 22.65-32.38% compared to the base alloy when turning under various conditions. The study suggests 0.3% graphite provides the greatest improvement to the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wear Behaviour of Mg Alloy Reinforced with Aluminium Oxide and Silicon Carbid...ijsrd.com
Light weight metals like magnesium and its alloys are in more use these days in automotive & aerospace industries. Magnesium based hybrid structures which are combinations of magnesium and another material like Aluminium can offer optimal technical performance due to the favorable strength-weight ratio. Materials with improved tribological properties have become the pre-requisite of advanced engineering design. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) exhibit a unified combination of good tribological properties and high toughness of the interior bulk metal when compared with monolithic materials. Stir processing, a microstructure modification technique, has emerged as one of the processes used for fabrication of MMCs. Commercial cast or wrought type Mg-Al-Zn AZ-series alloys, such as AZ91 9 wt.% Al and 1 wt.% Zn, have been widely used in automobiles or electronic appliances. Tribological performance of the fabricated composite will be investigated using pin-on-disc wear & friction monitor. In this paper, a novel approach of making hybrid preforms with two types of reinforcements, i.e., lowcost and different sized particles, for magnesium-based composites is planned. This paper investigates the wear behavior of magnesium alloy (similar to commercially available AZ91) based metal-matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with Silicon Carbide (SiC) & Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) particulates during dry/wet sliding.
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the abrasive wear behavior of zinc-based and copper-based alloys. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted on samples of the two alloys under varying loads and sliding distances. The zinc-based alloy exhibited higher wear rates and friction coefficients than the copper-based alloy. Microstructural analysis found the zinc alloy had a dendritic structure with intermetallic phases, while the copper alloy contained copper and intermetallic compounds. Temperature and friction increased with load and sliding time for both alloys, with the zinc alloy experiencing higher temperatures and friction. The copper alloy showed better wear resistance overall.
Microstructure and Hardness of Aluminium Alloy- Fused Silica Particulate Comp...AM Publications
Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) refer to the class of light weight high performance aluminum centric
material systems. The reinforcement in AMCs could be in the form of continuous/discontinuous fibers, whiskers or particulates,
in volume fractions. Properties of AMCs can be tailored to the demands of different industrial applications by suitable
combinations of matrix, reinforcement and processing route. This work focuses on the fabrication of aluminum alloy (LM13)
matrix composites reinforced with 9%, 12% &15% fused silica particulates using stir casting route. The microstructure and
hardness of the fabricated composite were analyzed and reported.
Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy LM-4 by Vari...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effects of varying copper content on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy LM-4. Five aluminum alloy samples were produced with copper content ranging from 5% to 11% using die casting. Tensile testing showed that ultimate tensile strength increased with increasing copper content, with the highest strength achieved in the 11% copper alloy. Microstructural analysis found that copper improves strength through precipitation strengthening during heat treatment.
ER Publication,
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Monthly Journal,
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A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
IRJET- A Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Allo...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the effects of mechanical vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys cast using gravity die casting. It discusses how applying vibration to the mold during casting can refine grain structure and reduce dendrite arm spacing and defects. Several studies cited found that vibration led to higher tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength in cast aluminum alloys by promoting fragmentation of dendrites and a more homogeneous temperature field during solidification. The literature review concluded that vibration casting improves mechanical properties by changing the microstructure through effects on solidification like reducing grain size.
IRJET - An Investigation of the Mechanical and Tribological Properties o...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloys reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) metal matrix composites. It discusses how aluminium-SiC composites have better strength, lower density, and improved wear resistance compared to other metals. The document also summarizes several studies that investigated properties like hardness, tensile strength, and wear rate of different aluminium-SiC compositions fabricated by stir casting and powder metallurgy. The studies found that reinforcement with SiC generally increased strength and hardness but decreased ductility. Properties varied with the SiC content and fabrication method.
The document discusses the effects of adding strontium and silicon carbide on the mechanical properties of an aluminum alloy (LM6). Key findings include:
1) Adding 0.5 wt% strontium and 10 wt% silicon carbide improved the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the aluminum alloy the most compared to other concentrations tested.
2) The microstructure was modified by adding strontium, changing the silicon morphology from needle-like to fibrous and increasing the amount of alpha-aluminum dendrites, leading to enhanced properties.
3) While strengths increased with the additions, the tensile strength of the composites did not increase dramatically due to weak particle-matrix interfaces. Heat
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
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Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
C1303061622
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 3 Ver. VI (May- Jun. 2016), PP 16-22
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303061622 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
“Impact of Aluminum Alloys and Microstructures on
Engineering Properties - Review”
Ankitkumar K. Shriwas 1
, Vidyadhar C. Kale 2
1
(Pg student,GESSRH Sapat COEM studies and research, Nashik, India)
2
(Guide, GESSRH Sapat COEM studies and research, Nashik, India)
Abstract: From post twentieth century use of aluminium alloys increases drastically in automobile and
aerospace industries. The aluminium alloy takes the advantage of „strength to weight ratio‟ and corrosion
properties over other structural element such as steel and its alloys. The altered mechanical properties are
achieved in aluminium alloy by using different strengthening techniques such as age hardening etc. The
favourable mechanical properties are explained by revealing the microstructure of corresponding alloy and
intermediate phase compounds during formation of corresponding alloy. Hence study of microstructure and
their impact on mechanical properties is essential. In the present review paper the microstructure of aluminium
alloys series are explained and their emphasis on the mechanical properties are discussed. By doing so, the
research gap and the flow of research fields are exposed for further development
Keywords: Aluminium alloy series, Microstructures, Mechanical properties, Intermediate compounds
I. Introduction
The aluminium is light, ductile and third most abundant element in the earth crust. It has poor
mechanical properties such as yield strength 7 to 11 MPa, ultimate tensile strength 40 to 50 MPa. Hence pure
aluminium cannot be used in the automobile and aerospace industry where their strength is examined. Later on
the industries uses steel and its alloy for construction of parts. No doubt steel and its alloy has good strength but
it also puts large weight as density of steel is three times that of aluminium. In mid twentieth century the use of
aluminium alloy is enhanced. As they provide greater or equal strength to weight ratio as that of the steel and
also it is lighter than them. There are numerous advantages of aluminium alloys over other design material like
good corrosion resistances, high strength to weight ratio, good formability, good machinability and scarp reuse
etc. Hence automobile and aerospace industries put a lot of attention toward aluminium alloy instead of heavy
steel structure [6]. Basic element composition in the aluminium alloy series is given below,
Table 1 Aluminium Alloy Series Composition
Series Cast aluminium alloy composition Wrought aluminium alloy composition
1 Al Al
2 Al+Cu Al+Cu
3 Al+Si+Cu/Mg Al+Mn
4 Al+Si Al+Si
5 Al+Mg Al+Mg
6 Al+Zn Al+Mg+Si
7 Al+Mg+Zn Al+Mg+Zn
8 Al+Sn Al+Li/Sn/B
Due to differential composition in the series the alloys of each series shows different microstructure, so
their mechanical properties and behaviour is also different. Now we analyse the microstructure of major
aluminium alloy series and their influence on mechanical properties.
II. Microstructure and their impact on mechanical properties
2.1 2XXX series (Al+Cu)
The 2XXX series aluminium alloy mainly contains copper as a alloying element, sometimes for batter
strength, corrosion resistance and grain structure control along with copper small amount of magnesium,
manganese, iron or silicon is added. When copper is primly added following intermetallic phases are seen,
Super saturated solid solution GP zones θ’
θ’
θ
These intermediate phases are formed during ageing. Phase diagram is shown for typical Al-Cu alloy [2].
2. “Impact of Aluminium Alloys and Microstructures on Engineering Properties - Review”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303061622 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
(1) (2)
Figure 1: (1) Structure of GP zones and θ’’
in alloy. (2) Field ion micrograph of Al-Cu alloy.
GP zone (Guiner Priston) is harder, has thickness about 5-10 nm. Initially single layered GP zone is
formed then multilayered. θ’’
is metastable intermediate compound which are placed apart. As ageing continues
θ’
is formed from θ’’
but hardness slightly decreases. And if prolonged ageing is done then θ phase (equilibrium
phase) is formed (hardness further decreases) [19].
1. GP zone : single or multilayered, deposits on {100} planes of Al, non equilibrium, coherent, it has disc
planner shape, plane of deposition may changes as thermodynamic situations get changes in Al matrix.
2. GP II/ θ’’
: two layer of Cu separated by {011}α layer of Al, rod like shape , coherent, non equilibrium.
3. θ’
: body centred tetragonal (I4/mcm, a=0.404 nm, c=0.580 nm) shape, coherent, non equilibrium,
sometimes octagonal shape is also seen {001} α// {001} θ’, {010} α // {010}θ’.
4. θ: equilibrium phase, non coherent Al2Cu. Tetragonal (I4/mcm, a=0.6066 nm, c=0.4874 nm) occur variety
of orientation and morphologies [2].
Figure 2: Fractograph for mechanism of failure.
During working the fatigue crack resistance of 2XXX series aluminium alloy can be increased by shot
peening method. It reduces averages size of grains, reduces crack growth by inducing compressive stresses [13].
For reducing grain size ECA (equal channel angular) pressing is done for both 2XXX and 1XXX alloy [16]. In
2010 influence of heat treatment on fatigue behaviour of Al 2024 and 2024 plated is studied, which claims that
about 34% fatigue resistance is enhanced after ageing [6]. In 2014, tensile deformation and fracture behaviour of
2XXX Al alloy is studied, which shows that hardness, tensile strength, fracture toughness is increased from low
age to peak age condition. As ageing changes microstructure changes, the intermetallic compound is also
changes ultimately mechanical properties get changes [6]. Latest studies show GP zone has 100-150 A diameter
disc shape, θ’’
is also plate but 200-500 A in diameter [6]. A case is studied for defects in 2XXX series Al alloy
in 2012, by two dimensional 17D doppler broadening spectroscopy. They show after HPT (high pressure
torsion) on Al-3%Cu gives fine grain microstructure. Dominant trapping occur at deformation induced
dislocations and grain boundaries. Copper related defects are strongly reduced after deformation [7].
3. “Impact of Aluminium Alloys and Microstructures on Engineering Properties - Review”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303061622 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Figure 3: Graph of hardness vs aging time for 2XXX alloys.
Today along with copper some trace element such as silver, titanium and chromium is added to get
desired result from that alloy. There are more channels for research toward composite using Al-Cu alloy which
changes microstructure of them and generates new mechanical properties.
2.2 3XXX series aluminium alloys
3XXX series aluminium alloy contains manganese as prime element, after that in trace amount iron,
silicon and zinc is also added. The iron is mainly used to refine the grain and coarse intermetallic particles. The
phase transformation is as,
Liquid + Al6(Mn,Fe) α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si + Al (solid solution peritectic)
Liquid α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si + Al (solid solution eutectic)
During solidification of Al-Mg-Si alloys most intermetallic compounds of Al-Mn-Si are formed by
peritectic transformation. The precipitation is not easy and its location is also tentative. It is found that, by many
researchers α-AlMnSi has cubic structure (a0= 1.2670 nm) and has microstructural composition as Mn17Si7Al5.
The α-AlMnSi, cubic structure becomes body centered cubic that is αAl(Fe,Mn)Si having composition as (α-
Al12(Mn,Fe)3Si as Fe contain increases. It is found by researcher that 90% of Mn in 3XXX series aluminium
alloy is replaced by slight addition of Fe. One more research is done that after casting the Al6(Fe,Mn) is changed
to Al12(Mn,Fe)3Si and on annealing to Al-Mn-Fe-Si complex alloy[13].
Figure 4: Microstructure of Al-Mn alloy in chill cast condition.
The presence of iron reduces the solid solubility of Mn from 1.9% to 0.3% hence sometimes due to
high concentration of Fe in 3XXX alloy the intermetallic compound contains very less amount of Mn. The size
of grain is about 0.5 μm and interparticle spacing is approximately 4 μm. When 3XXX series aluminium alloy is
heated at 7400
C and casted with cooling temperature 5500
C shows Al6Mn phase in their microstructure on the
other hand when the alloy is heated about 8000
C and cooled at 550 to 5000
C Al6Mn, α-AlMnSi and AlMn8,4
intermetallic compounds are seen. Some compounds are detected when 3XXX alloy is heated at 7000
C and
solidified at 600,500,450 and 4000
C. When 0.5% of Fe 3XXX alloy is selected and chill cast the microstructure
mainly contains Al6Mn, AlMn8,4 and Al9Mn3Si intermediate compound [13]. I.A.Blech found same results and
gives the structure of Al6n as elongated branches that stem from centre core [6]. Al6Mn has isohedral shape and
about 0.2 μm in size. When annealed at 26 hr at 3500
C this isohedral shape is stable. The author is also claims
that Al-18%Mn consist of two phases in aluminium matrix, one has small dispersed particles about 10 nm and
4. “Impact of Aluminium Alloys and Microstructures on Engineering Properties - Review”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303061622 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
second spherulitic in shape which about 0.3 μm in diameter. Circumference is round, petal like edge about 60
nm in diameter. It occupies 36% of the volume [6].
The 3XXX alloy generally contains Mn with minor quantity of Fe and Si. The high Mn contains
increases castability and machinability of alloy. The more research is needed about the nature of intermediate
compounds which prominently affects the mechanical properties. The research should be done over the study of
intermediate compounds of 3XXX aluminium alloys.
2.3 4XXX aluminium alloys (Al+Si)
In 4XXX series aluminium alloy main constitute is Si and in small amount Fe as impurity is also
present. The % of Fe may be higher or lower depending upon that low Fe, moderate Fe and high Fe contained
4XXX series aluminium alloy is classified. During chill casting of 4XXX Al alloy main intermetallic compound
are α-Al8Fe2Si phase and β-Al5FeSi phase (Al4.5FeSi). They have structure hexagonal and monoclinc
respectively. But when Mg and Mn is added then microstructure shows T-Al8FeMg3Si6 (Al9FeMgSi5) and cubic
Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2. The cubic Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2 shows compact blocky form polyhedral crystal on the other hand П
phase is script like morphology. The П phase is generated from β phase after different solidification rates. Β
phase is Al5FeSi which has plate like shape. It is found by researchers that as cooling rate is slow the iron
containing intermediate particles has size 50-500 μm but when cooling rate is high the grain size is 10-50 μm.
The size of intermetaliic compound increases as the Fe contains increases. This also causes decreases in
ductility. The increased contain of the Fe increase the porosity and casting defects [9]. In 2014, K. Raju and
S.N.Ojha shows the grain structures are small during spray forming. Also wear and hardness properties are
good. The Si contain intermetallic compound has size 2-10 μm, and coarser nature [17]. During the chill cast of
Al-Si alloy, silicon needles are formed. They have length 20-150 μm. When Si is 20% weight in Al then in chill
casting, eutectic Si (20-50 μm) and primary Si (30-150 μm) are formed [17]. Same in 2014, R.Saravana and
R.Sellamuthu gives same result that grains are refined and mechanical properties are improved [11]. The
research should be done on the effect of concentration of intermediate compound of different impurities such as
Cr, Mn etc.
Figure 5: (a) Spray formed Al-12Si (b) Chill cast Al-12Si
2.4 5XXX series aluminium alloy (Al+Mg)
The main alloying element in this series is magnesium (Mg). Proper addition of Mg in Al gives the
alloy moderate to high strength to work hardenable characteristics, good welding characteristics and good
resistance to corrosion. When proper heat treatment and cold working is done then Mg particles precipitates in
large amount at grain boundaries. As cold working increases, the amount of precipitates also increases. When
the 5XXX series aluminium alloy is formed intermetallic phases are Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17. The microstructure
gets change when small amount of Si is added in the alloy. In that case AlMgSi complex are formed. Al3Mg2
and Al12Mg17 plays important role in the fracture behaviour [17]. These phases improve the mechanical
properties. The next two series also contains Mg, hence more complex intermediate compounds are formed in
those alloys. More research is needed about grain structure of Al3Mg2 and other intermediate particles. There is
wide research gap for pure Al-Mg alloy with very less impurities about mechanical properties and
precipitations. Often today last two series alloys are widely used because they also contain Mg. Following are
some 5XXX series aluminium alloys, for which intermetallic compounds are given,
Table 2 Designations And Structures of Intermetallic Compounds
Intermetallic compound Designations Structure
Mg2Si β phase FCC
Mg2Al3 β phase FCC
CuMgAl2 S phase FCC / orthogonal
CuMgAl U or M phase Hexagonal
CuMg4Al6 T phase BCC
CuMg6Al7 Q or Y phase Cubic
Cu6Mg2Al5 V or Z phase Cubic
Cu2Mg8Si6Al5 - Hexagonal
5. “Impact of Aluminium Alloys and Microstructures on Engineering Properties - Review”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303061622 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
2.5 6XXX series aluminium alloy (Al+Mg+Si)
The 6XXX aluminium alloy is age hardenable contains mainly Si and Mg. For making different alloy
in this series Fe, Cr or Mn is also added so that intermediate compounds get changed. The only 6XXX series
aluminium alloys are there in which fine scale precipitation compounds has been found. The precipitation
sequence is,
SSSS solute cluster GP zones (spherical) β’’
(needle) β’
(rod) β
Where SSSS stands for supersaturated solid solution, β is equilibrium phase Mg2Si, while β’’
and β’
are
intermediate phases which provides highest hardness and good mechanical properties [2]. It is found that ratio
for Mg and Si is 1:1 for β’
, β’’
and GP zones. But amount of precipitation of Al-Mg2Si is dependent over other
alloying elements also. The β’’
phase is formed during ageing in cluster form. The location for β’’
precipitates
are provided by GP zones which are formed during pre ageing of alloy. Sometimes Cu is also present in the
6XXX series aluminium alloys, the microstructural compounds are also different. Basically Q’
and Q phase
(Cu2Mg8Si6Al5) are formed but they do not gives any hardening effect to alloy [2]. Due to these intermetallic
compounds these alloys are used for automobile body sheets applications. They acquire good weldability,
corrosion resistance, formability and medium strength etc [2]. In 2013, H.Q.Wang and their partners gives
microstructure of 6061 aluminium alloy after casting and diffuse annealing process. It is found that main
strengthening phase is Mg2Si. A new phase is also found that is (Fe,Mn)3Si2Al15 as alloy contains small amount
of Fe and Mn. The researchers also show that when Mg to Si ratio is 1.73, main strengthening phase is Mg2Si
and all copper melted in the base. When ratio is 1.08 then ω phase (Al4CuMg5Si4) is seen and when ratio is
beyond 1.73 then θ phase (Al2Cu) and S phase (Al2CuMg) are seen in microstructure. These intermediate
compound also provide strengthening effect but less than that of Mg2Si. It is found out by researchers Mg2Si has
bone like shape and appear light blue before erosion. (Fe,Mn)Si2Al15 has needle shape and light metal gray
before erosion. If Fe contain is increased and Si and Mg is reduced then main compound is FeMnSiAl and
Mg2Si is melted in base. Other compound also contains Fe rich phases. The diffusion annealing eliminates grain
segregation and precipitates the intermediate compounds at grain boundaries. The forging defects are minimised
after diffusion annealing process and mechanical properties are also improved [13]. In 2014, K.T.Akhil and his
co-workers explain that section size, cooling rate and mechanical properties are interdependent. For cast
components, cooling rate and mechanical properties increases with decrease in component section size [17]. In
same 2014, S.Dutta and M.S.Kaiser implement Al356 (Al-7Si-0.3Mg) alloy for piston formation. They also said
that Mg2Si and Al2Cu is main responsible intermediate compound for hardness [15].
Figure 6: Microstructure of sand cast of 20 mm section size.
Figure 7: Graph of hardness vs. ageing time for 6XXX alloy.
6. “Impact of Aluminium Alloys and Microstructures on Engineering Properties - Review”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303061622 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
In 6XXX series aluminium alloys a lot of study has been done. New channels in these alloys are
mixing other elements such as Ti, Ag etc and study their effect on the properties. Composite formation using
6XXX series aluminium alloys or studying welding techniques for these alloys are also new subjects of
research.
2.5 7XXX series aluminium alloys
In 7XXX series aluminium alloys main constituents are Mg and Zn. But sometimes for batter strength
and unique mechanical properties some amount of Cu and Si is also added. Small amount of iron is also added
in some kind of these alloys. These alloys are highly age hardenable; the precipitation sequences in these series
alloys are,
SSSS GP zone η’ η
Where SSSS stands for supersaturated solid solution, equilibrium η phase is MgZn2 and it is also main
hardness providing phase. η phase occupies {111}α habit plane in Al matrix. η phase has a=0.496 nm, c=1.4042
nm and nine orientation from η1 to η9. The structure of η2 is such that, (100) η2 // {110}α and (001) // {111}α but
due to lack of higher imaging technologies the shape, structure and orientation of GP zones and of η phases are
not found or have less study. But it is found that in GP zones there is equal amount of Mg and Zn. When Cu is
added in 7XXX series aluminium alloys quaternary intermetalic compounds are seen in microstructures [2]. In
2001, B.B.Verma and his co-workers explain about the effect of constituents alloying compounds on the fatigue
behaviour. They found that, thermomechanicaly treated 7475 Al-alloy has superior strength, ductility fracture
toughness and fatigue life. General precipitation also opposes crack propagation [16]. In 2014, a researcher
explains dynamic fracture behaviour of 7075 -T6 aluminium alloy. They found that, this alloy provides good
yield strength, ductility and fracture toughness. During fracture of this alloy large size of dimples are seen
telling that intermetallic particles are coarser. The intermetallic particles are mainly precipitated in the grain
boundary region there are precipitation free zones in the alloy microstructure. Hence in 7XXX series aluminium
alloys energy required for crack propagation is larger than crack formation [17]. There is large scope for
research in the microstructure analysis for 7XXX aluminium alloy. Due to lack of high magnification imaging
technologies structure, orientation and nature is not found yet.
(1) (2)
Figure 8: (1) Graph of hardness vs time for typical 7XXX series aluminium alloy. (2) High resolution
transmission electron micrograph from the Al-1.7Zn-3.4Mg-0.1Ag
Figure 9: Bravais lattice structure for η’
III. Conclusion
After studying and reviewing several research papers about general aluminium alloys we find that, a
comparatively high study is done for 2XXX, 6XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. These alloys are
7. “Impact of Aluminium Alloys and Microstructures on Engineering Properties - Review”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303061622 www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
typically used for high strength to weight ratio. Remaining alloys are studied foe achieving different kind of
superior mechanical properties like formability, fluidity, castability etc. A very few studies are found over the
actual design of components, though they are formed commercially but it is not delivered in the research paper
form. There are few case studies about aluminium alloys. Hence designing new automobile or useful parts by
alloys and reporting the problems during their formation is a new for research.
A complete new research field is there if one can think about mixing of two dissimilar series
aluminium alloys or forming components partially by one alloy and partially by other alloy. This kind of study
is not reported yet. The research work should be done over the research gap that is mentioned in this review
paper at the end of description of each alloy series.
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