The document describes a solar powered engine system based on unijunction transistors (UJTs). It provides background on solar energy and UJTs. Experiments were conducted to characterize the electrical properties of UJTs and a solar panel. A circuit was designed using a UJT as a trigger, along with other components, to control the solar engine. Testing showed that the output voltage and motor speed of the solar engine circuit increased with higher illumination levels on the solar panel. The system provides a way to convert intermittent solar power into pulses that can run small motors or actuators.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
Design an electric vehicle using PV array with five phase permanent magnet sy...ijtsrd
The purpose of this project is to design an Electrical vehicle with help renewable energy source which can carry the lab equipment, books and other goods from one building to other building of AL FALAH UNIVERSITY also student as well as professors can go easily from one building to other building of AL FALAH UNIVERSITY. This paper gives a review of the electric vehicle technology that focuses on the types of drives and the control of speed of five phase permanent magnet synchronous motor. This paper highlights the characteristics, performance measure, requirements and the operational procedure of the electric vehicle drives and control. Dhirender Kumar | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Design an electric vehicle using PV array with five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29173.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29173/design-an-electric-vehicle-using-pv-array-with-five-phase-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor/dhirender-kumar
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Self-Excited Induction GeneratorIJMTST Journal
This paper presents a simple d–q model of a saturated multi-phase (six-phase) self-excited induction
generator (SP-SEIG). Multi-phase AC machines are nowadays widely considered as potentially viable
solutions for numerous variable-speed drive applications. With an increased emphasis on renewable electric
energy generation, while interfacing with the grid typically take place by means of power electronic converter,
if the generator is used for stand-alone application. The main advantages of multi-phase machines that make
them viable for drive can also be effectively exploited in generating application. In particular, it is shown that
the SP-SEIG can operate with a single three-phase capacitor bank. The generator can also supply two
separate three-phase loads, which represents an additional advantage. In this paper proposes the modeling
and analysis of six phase self excited induction generator under R and RL load condition and also torque and
rotor dynamic equation are discussed. The simulation results obtained and compared with three phases self
excited induction generator. Results obtained compared with three phase self excited induction generator
performance. In power generation application of practical usage this system has sufficient capability.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
Design an electric vehicle using PV array with five phase permanent magnet sy...ijtsrd
The purpose of this project is to design an Electrical vehicle with help renewable energy source which can carry the lab equipment, books and other goods from one building to other building of AL FALAH UNIVERSITY also student as well as professors can go easily from one building to other building of AL FALAH UNIVERSITY. This paper gives a review of the electric vehicle technology that focuses on the types of drives and the control of speed of five phase permanent magnet synchronous motor. This paper highlights the characteristics, performance measure, requirements and the operational procedure of the electric vehicle drives and control. Dhirender Kumar | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Design an electric vehicle using PV array with five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29173.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29173/design-an-electric-vehicle-using-pv-array-with-five-phase-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor/dhirender-kumar
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Self-Excited Induction GeneratorIJMTST Journal
This paper presents a simple d–q model of a saturated multi-phase (six-phase) self-excited induction
generator (SP-SEIG). Multi-phase AC machines are nowadays widely considered as potentially viable
solutions for numerous variable-speed drive applications. With an increased emphasis on renewable electric
energy generation, while interfacing with the grid typically take place by means of power electronic converter,
if the generator is used for stand-alone application. The main advantages of multi-phase machines that make
them viable for drive can also be effectively exploited in generating application. In particular, it is shown that
the SP-SEIG can operate with a single three-phase capacitor bank. The generator can also supply two
separate three-phase loads, which represents an additional advantage. In this paper proposes the modeling
and analysis of six phase self excited induction generator under R and RL load condition and also torque and
rotor dynamic equation are discussed. The simulation results obtained and compared with three phases self
excited induction generator. Results obtained compared with three phase self excited induction generator
performance. In power generation application of practical usage this system has sufficient capability.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
The two basic topologies of switch mode DC-DC converters (Buck and Boost) are analyzed with a view of their use in PV (photovoltaic) systems, as the photovoltaic generator exhibits non-linear characteristics due to the change in environmental condition and load variation. As the efficiency of PV panels is low it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at a given period of time. Several MPPT algorithms with different types of converters are being proposed for extracting maximum power from the PV panel. It is found that the nature of load plays an important role in the choice of topology. This paper investigates the implementation issues of Incremental Conductance method with Buck and Boost Converters. Mathematical analysis and desirable steady-state operating point of the converters are derived to give satisfactory maximum power point tracking operation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
Leakage Current Paths in PV Transformer-Less Single-Phase Inverter Topology a...IAES-IJPEDS
The Photovoltaic (PV) is a part and parcel and well known for cost-effective and easy to operatefeatures when it is used with transformer-less inverter- based grid-tied distribution generation systems. It reduces the leakage current issue that actually occurs making paths from PV penal to ground. In this paper has been addressed this issue as main problem for reducing leakage current. Moreover, here iscompared the proposed topology’s results to AC and DC-based transformer-less topologies. The possibilities of larger number of leakage current paths indicatepower loss, which is the focus of work in this paper for different switching conditions. The results on leakage current paths using PSpice with different parasitic capacitance values from inverters of different topologies are compared with the simulation results of the topology proposed in this paper.
Major Project report "MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY" (or) so...ViJay ChouDhary
A Major Project Report on
MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR
ENERGY
” in fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
Zero point energy conversion for selfsustained generationMocLan2
In this paper zero point energy conversion is proposed for self-sustained generator applications. Our entire
universe balance is based on a magnetic energy lying in a minimum energy point called zero-point. By using an energy
conversion machine magneto-gravitic link can be made zero-point energy by taking kinetic energy form i.e. rotational
motion .Kinetic energy link is constructed using a special permanent magnet arrangement and it is independent of
electricity . It uses perpetual motion and the kinetic energy is later converted by using a special type low speed axial flux
alternator, comprising two rotating discs in-between which the coil is placed from which the power is drawn .
SSR Damping Using GCSC and TCSC in Wind FarmsAM Publications
Wind Power is environmental friendly, emission free green source of energy and presently is growing in the fastest pace. Recent development concentrates at integrating doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind power source coupled with capacitive flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) controllers suitable for long distance power transfer. However the extensive use of series capacitive compensators is faced with challenges of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) phenomenon which leads to turbine generator shaft failure if not prevented. This paper presents two methods of damping SSR phenomenon using gate controlled series capacitor (GCSC) and thyrister controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm for PV System Implemented Using DC-DC ...IJERA Editor
The two basic topologies of switch mode DC-DC converters (Buck and Boost) are analyzed with a view of their use in PV (photovoltaic) systems, as the photovoltaic generator exhibits non-linear characteristics due to the change in environmental condition and load variation. As the efficiency of PV panels is low it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at a given period of time. Several MPPT algorithms with different types of converters are being proposed for extracting maximum power from the PV panel. It is found that the nature of load plays an important role in the choice of topology. This paper investigates the implementation issues of Incremental Conductance method with Buck and Boost Converters. Mathematical analysis and desirable steady-state operating point of the converters are derived to give satisfactory maximum power point tracking operation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
Leakage Current Paths in PV Transformer-Less Single-Phase Inverter Topology a...IAES-IJPEDS
The Photovoltaic (PV) is a part and parcel and well known for cost-effective and easy to operatefeatures when it is used with transformer-less inverter- based grid-tied distribution generation systems. It reduces the leakage current issue that actually occurs making paths from PV penal to ground. In this paper has been addressed this issue as main problem for reducing leakage current. Moreover, here iscompared the proposed topology’s results to AC and DC-based transformer-less topologies. The possibilities of larger number of leakage current paths indicatepower loss, which is the focus of work in this paper for different switching conditions. The results on leakage current paths using PSpice with different parasitic capacitance values from inverters of different topologies are compared with the simulation results of the topology proposed in this paper.
Major Project report "MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY" (or) so...ViJay ChouDhary
A Major Project Report on
MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR
ENERGY
” in fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
Zero point energy conversion for selfsustained generationMocLan2
In this paper zero point energy conversion is proposed for self-sustained generator applications. Our entire
universe balance is based on a magnetic energy lying in a minimum energy point called zero-point. By using an energy
conversion machine magneto-gravitic link can be made zero-point energy by taking kinetic energy form i.e. rotational
motion .Kinetic energy link is constructed using a special permanent magnet arrangement and it is independent of
electricity . It uses perpetual motion and the kinetic energy is later converted by using a special type low speed axial flux
alternator, comprising two rotating discs in-between which the coil is placed from which the power is drawn .
SSR Damping Using GCSC and TCSC in Wind FarmsAM Publications
Wind Power is environmental friendly, emission free green source of energy and presently is growing in the fastest pace. Recent development concentrates at integrating doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind power source coupled with capacitive flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) controllers suitable for long distance power transfer. However the extensive use of series capacitive compensators is faced with challenges of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) phenomenon which leads to turbine generator shaft failure if not prevented. This paper presents two methods of damping SSR phenomenon using gate controlled series capacitor (GCSC) and thyrister controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
This paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC-DC boost converter and the DC/AC inverter (VSC) to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The model contains a representation of the main components of the system that are two solar arrays of 100 kW, boost converter and the grid side inverter. The paper starts with a system description, in this part we have given a definition and a short overview of every component used in this system and they are taken separately. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. It also proposes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The algorithm incorporated in a DC/DC converter is used to track the maximum power of PV cell. Finally, the DC/AC inverter (VSC) of three- level is used to regulate the ouput voltage of DC/DC converter and connects the PV cell to the grid. Simulation results show how a solar radiation’s change can affect the power output of any PV system, also they show the control performance and dynamic behavior of the grid connected photovoltaic system.
Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells embedded in floating buoysIJECEIAES
Solar cells are used to power floating buoys, which is one of their applications. Floating buoys are devices that are placed on the sea and ocean surfaces to provide various information to the floats. Because these cells are subjected to varying environmental conditions, modeling and simulating photovoltaic cells enables us to install cells with higher efficiency and performance in them. The parameters of the single diode model are examined in this article so that the
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I010527685
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 5 Ver. II (Sep – Oct. 2015), PP 76-85
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
W. Abd El-Basit1*
, Z. I. M. Awad1
, S. A. Kamh1
and F. A. S. Soliman2
1
(Physics Dept., Faculty of Women for Arts, Science, and Education, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt)
2
(Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O.Box 530, Maadi-11728, Cairo, Egypt)
Abstract : The present paper is a trial to shed further light on one of the state - of the - art applications of solar
energy; that is solar engines. In this concern, the unijunction transistors were introduced as a part of the
system control, where, the solar engines have broad significant and technological advantages for distributed
renewable energy applications. During this paper, a detailed experimental study of the characteristics of one of
the most popular 2N4870 UJTs was investigated in normal operating conditions. Also, the electrical
characteristic curves of the investigated poly-silicon solar panel were plotted at different illumination levels.
The design and the implementation of the solar engine control circuit as an application were carried out.
Finally, the dependence of both output voltage and motor speed of the solar engine control circuit on the
illumination level were investigated.
Keywords: Unijunction transistor, emitter electrical characteristics, applications, solar panel and solar
engine.
I. Introduction
Today we are moving toward the use of natural resources for the energy generation [1]. With the
increasing population of the world, researchers should think about alternate sources of energy because primary
sources of fuel are limited in stock (Fig. 1a). Noting that Egypt lies in the highest level of solar radiation belts
(Fig. 1b). So, the scientists are looking for sustainable energy sources like sun, wind, water and tidal flow. Of
them solar energy is the prime source of renewable energy as it can get easily from nature [2]. Mass production
and use of electricity generated from solar energy has recently become more common, perhaps because of the
environmental threats arising from the production of electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear power [3]. With
recent technological advances in Renewable Energy (RE), solar energy may be gaining ground compared to
fossil fuels for its environmental benefits through reduced use of fossil fuels, reducing problems associated with
pollution and global warming, resulting in cleaner air and cleaner water [4]. A wide variety of technologies to
convert solar radiation into useful energy in form of heat or electricity have been developed [5]. Solar cells
represent the fundamental power conversion unit of a photovoltaic system. They are made from semiconductors
and have much in common with other solid-state devices, such as diodes, transistors and integrated circuits.
They are usually assembled into modules for practical operation [6]. Finally, in this concern, this paper presents
the design, analysis, and implementation of solar engine system based on unijunction transistors.
(a) (b)
Fig. (1). (a) Energy sources for the history and projection of world and (b) world distribution
of solar radiation into belts indicating feasibility of solar applications.
2. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
1.1 Over View of Unijunction Transistor
The unijunction transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device, in which a p-n junction- called
injector- is created (Fig. 2a). It divided the device into two base regions (B1, B2). Their resistivity varies owing
to carrier injection. Due to this, on the characteristics of unijunction transistor appears a domain with negative
resistance, that is, under certain conditions, the voltage across the transistor can be reduced even with an
increase in the output current through the load of transistor (Fig. 2b). Only the turn off transistor or opening the
circuit can remove the input voltage [7]. Because of this, unijunction transistors are used in pulse generators,
sawtooth generators, threshold devices, and converters. Circuits based on unijunction transistors are simpler and
more reliable than those built around diode-connected and bipolar transistors [8]. It also finds applications in
triggering circuits of thyristors (Silicon controlled rectifier, Triac,.... etc.) in power industry to control large AC
current [9].
Fig. (2). Scheme of unijunction transistor (a) and its characteristic curve (b).
1.2 Solar Engine
The first solar engine was built by Tilden in late 1989 [10, 11]. Solar Engine (SE) circuit is a circuit
that takes in and stores electrical energy from solar cells, and when a predetermined amount has accumulated, it
switches on to drive a motor or other actuator (Fig. 3) [12-15]. SE provides usable mechanical energy when
only meagre or weak levels of sunlight, or artificial room light, are present. It harvests or gathers, as it were,
bunches of low grade energy until there is enough for an energy giving meal for a motor. And when the motor
has expended the serving of energy, SE circuit goes back into its gathering mode. It is an ideal way to
intermittently power models, toys, or other small gadgets on very low light levels.
Fig. (3). Simple solar engines.
Solar Engine circuit is in principle a control circuit that takes micro power (milliamps of current) and
converts into more powerful pulses (Fig. 4). These are usually used to power motors, but can be used to power
other motion-creating devices, such as, Nitinol wire.
3. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Fig. (4). Solar engine circuit as a control circuit that takes micro power and converts
it into more powerful pulses.
The investigated solar engine turns on when the current going into the capacitor drops below a certain
threshold. In bright light, SE will turn on at a high voltage, and in low light it will turn on at a much reduced
voltage, because there isn't as much current available. The solar engine is an on board power plant for BEAM
(Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics, and Mechanics) type robots (Fig. 5), sometimes called living robots [16, 17].
Fig. (5). BEAM type Robots.
II. Experimental Work
During the present paper detailed experimental study of the electrical characteristics of one of the most
popular 2N4870 UJTs are investigated in normal operating conditions. In this concern, the static and dynamic
characteristics of this device, as well as, emitter characteristics and interbase characteristics, of UJT are studied.
From which, the interbase resistance of UJT is determined. The experimental set up, shown in Fig. (6) is used
for studying the emitter characteristic curves of the proposed UJTs.
4. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
Fig. (6). Experimental set up used for the characterization of UJTs.
The current-voltage, and power-voltage characteristic curves of the investigated polycrystalline silicon
solar panel, plotted at different illumination levels, as well, the illumination level dependence of solar engine
control unit output voltage and motor speed, the design, and implementation of the proposed solar engine
system are carried out. In this concern, Fig. (7) shows the solar engine circuits based on UJT, and UJT and SCR,
also, Figs. (8 and 9) show their implementation steps of both systems. Finally, the principle operation of SE can
be summarized as follows:
- The solar panel charges the main 4700 µF capacitor,
- As the capacitor charges, voltage level of the circuit increases.
- The UJT begins oscillating and sending a trigger pulse to the Q1.
- When the circuit voltage has risen to about 2.0 Volts from the main capacitor, the trigger pulse is
sufficient to turn on the Q1.
- When Q1 turns on, this turns on Q2 the 2N3906 transistor through the 2.2 kΩ resistor.
- The 2N3906 keeps the 2N3904 turned on until all the store power in the main capacitor is dumped
through the 2N3904 and the high efficiency (DC) motor.
- The motor spins momentarily as the capacitor discharges then stops, the cycle repeats.
(a) (b)
Fig. (7). Experimental solar engine circuit based on (a) UJT and (b) UJT and SCR.
5. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
Fig. (8). Prototype solar engine based on UJT.
Fig. (9). Prototype solar engine based on UJT and SCR.
III. Results and Discussions
3.1 Static Characteristics of UJTs
3.1.1 Emitter Characteristics
The static emitter characteristic curves (IE-VE) of UJTs are plotted at different interbase voltage (VB1B2,)
values of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10 and 15 Volts, respectively (Fig. 10). From which, it is clear that for applied
emitter voltage VE values smaller than the peak-point voltage, VP, the p-n junction at the emitter is reverse-
biased and only a small leakage current normally flows in the emitter, this region is called the cut off region [18,
19]. When the voltage VE is increased, a voltage is reached where, VE, is equal to the sum of forward voltage
drop across the p-n junction and the voltage across, RB1. This voltage is known as the peak-point voltage, VP, or
firing-point voltage. When the applied VE reaches the firing potential, VP, the diode will fire and UJT will
conduct from the cut off region into the negative resistance region. The emitter firing potential is given by [20]:
DBBP VVV 21 …………………………………………………….………….(1)
Where
: intrinsic standoff ratio of UJT, is typically within the range of 0.5 to 0.85,
VB1B2: interbase voltage,
VD: forward voltage drop across the diode, is typically 0.70 Volt.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
EmitterVoltage,Volts
Emitter Current, mA
VBB
, Volts
0
2
4
6
8
10
15
Fig. (10). Static emitter characteristic curves of 2N4870 UJTs, plotted at different interbase voltage values.
6. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 81 | Page
As the emitter-base1 voltage comes higher than VP, the p-n junction is forward-biased. So, holes are
injected from the emitter into the silicon bar. Since B1 is negative with respect to the emitter, the electrical field
is such that most holes move towards the B1 terminal. An equal number of electrons are injected from B1 to
maintain electrical neutrality in the bar. The increase in current carried in the silicon bar decreases the value of
RB1. This causes the fraction of voltage across RB1 to decrease, which causes a further increase of emitter current
IE and a lower resistance for RB1. The region between the peak point voltage VP and the valley-point voltage VV
is called “negative resistance region”.
Figure (11a) shows the interbase voltage dependence of peak - and valley -voltages, it is clear that VP is
proportional to the magnitude of VB1B2, where, as VB1B2 increases, VV increases, following linear fit. Figure
(11b) shows the interbase voltage dependence of peak - and valley -currents, considering IP, which can be
defined as the minimum emitter current required to fire UJT. IP is found to be inversely proportional to VB1B2,
following 1st
order exponential decay fitting. Also, IV increases linearly with increasing interbase voltage,
following a linear fit. Finally, Figs. (11c and 11d) show the interbase voltage dependence of the negative
differential resistance and intrinsic standoff ratio are shown to be approximately linear ascending functions.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Peak Voltage
ValleyVoltage,Volts
PeakVoltage,Volts
Interbase Voltage, Volts
(a)
Valley Voltage
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
ValleyCurrent,mA
PeakCurrent,A
Interbase Voltage, Volts
(b)
Peak Current
Valley Current
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
NegativeDifferentialResistance,k
Interbase Voltage, Volts
(c)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
IntrinsicStandoffRatio
Interbase Voltage, Volts
(d)
Fig. (11). (a) Interbase voltage dependence of peak - and valley -voltages, (b) peak- and valley- currents,
(c) negative differential resistance and (d) intrinsic standoff ratio of 2N4870 UJTs.
3.1.2 Interbase Characteristics of UJTs
One of the very important characteristics of UJT is the interbase characteristics. In this concern, Fig.
(12) shows the interbase characteristics, plotted at different emitter current IE values of 0, 2.0, 5.0, 10, 15 and 20
mA, respectively. The given relationships are shown to be similar to the collector characteristic of a
conventional transistor. From which, it is shown that base current increase with increasing interbase voltage.
7. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 82 | Page
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
BaseCurrent,mA
Interbase Voltage, Volts
IE
, mA
0
2
5
10
15
20
Fig. (12). Interbase voltage dependence of base current, plotted at different emitter current values.
3.1.3 Determination of the Interbase Resistance of UJTs
In case of emitter open, interbase resistance (RBB) of UJT can be determined. It is shown from Fig. (13)
that the base current increases linearly with increasing interbase voltage, following a linear fit. From which, the
interbase resistance (RBB) of UJT is calculated, where its value is shown to be around 7.27 k.
0 5 10 15 20
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
RBB
=1/Slope=7.27 k
BaseCurrent,mA
Interbase Voltage, Volts
Fig. (13). Interbase voltage dependence of base current of 2N4870 UJTs.
3.2 Solar Engine
During the present part of the paper, solar engine (BEAM-type robots) based on UJT circuit and system
is investigated. In this concern, and referring to Fig. (7a), the given solar engine circuit is applied, where the
main components of the system are:
solar cell/panel,
main capacitor,
slow oscillating or trigger circuit, and
dc-motor.
3.2.1 Solar Panel
Figure (14) shows a polycrystalline silicon solar panel with area of 96.32 cm which is used [21-23],
where its electrical characteristics are:
Solar panel polycrystalline DIY small cell charger
Transfer efficiency not less than 17%,
8. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 83 | Page
Dimension : 112×84 mm, and
6.0 Volts, at 200 mA, and 1.10 Watts.
Fig. (14). Polycrystalline silicon solar panel.
The current-voltage, and power-voltage - characteristic curves of the investigated Polycrystalline
silicon solar panel, plotted at different illumination levels are shown in Fig. (15). Table (1) summaries the
approximated or averaged values of the main electrical parameters of the panel, obtained at illumination level of
24 klux.
Table (1). Electrical characteristics of polycrystalline silicon solar panel with area of 96.32 cm2
, plotted at 24 klux.
Test Sample ISC, mA VOC,V PMAX, mW
Polycrystalline Si-panel, 96.32 cm2
200 5.39 504.25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
50
100
150
200
Illumination level, klux
3 8 12
18 21 24
Current,mA
Applied Voltage, Volts
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
100
200
300
400
500
OutputPower,mW
Applied Voltage, Volts
(b)
Illumination level, klux
3 8 12
18 21 24
Fig. (15). (a) Output (I-V) - and (b) output (P-V) - characteristic curves of polycrystalline silicon solar panel
with area of 96.32 cm2
, plotted at different illumination levels.
3.2.2 Output Characteristics of Solar Engine
In order to shed further light on the importance of the solar cell applications and operation of the solar
engine, the following part of the paper is mainly concerned with studying the effect of solar illumination on the
output of the solar engine control circuit, and its motor speed. In this concern, Fig. (16) shows the illumination
level dependence of solar engine control circuit output voltage and motor speed. From which, it is clear that a
linear dependence is obtained with correlation values better than 0.99 for both cases.
9. Solar Powered Engine Based on Unijunction Transistors
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10527685 www.iosrjournals.org 84 | Page
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
ArbitraryUnits
Illumination Level, klux
Solar Engine Control Circuit Output, mV
Motor Speed, rpm
Fig. (16). Illumination level dependence of solar engine control output voltage and motor speed.
3.2.3 Solar Based Power Motors
If the solar panel is directly to a dc electrical motor, then the solar panel is sending power directly to the
motor and the motor is using the electrical energy immediately. In this case the motor is "Directly Powered by
Solar Energy" (Fig. 17a). On the other hand, if the solar panel is connected in a parallel circuit with a motor and
a battery then the solar panel will charge the battery and the dc motor will get dc electrical energy from the
battery. The energy used to power the motor came from the battery. However, the energy in the battery came
from solar energy so we say that the motor is "Indirectly Powered by Solar Energy" (Fig. 17b).
(a) (b)
Fig. (17). Solar powered DC electrical motor: directly and indirectly powered.
IV. Conclusion
From the study, analysis, design, and implementation of a prototype solar engine system, it is proved
that solar energy is of great role on such field. The matter is due to that solar is a source of infinite clean and
stable energy. Especially in the countries which are characterized by the high level and consistency solar energy
throughout the day and year time. Finally, the proposed system has proved successful and good sensitivity and is
the nucleus of the practical applications on a large scale in all air and maritime transport areas, where large areas
of solar panels could be applied, especially on outer space.
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