Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It exists in several forms depending on the carbon content and microstructure:
- Gray cast iron has 2-4% carbon present as graphite flakes, giving it a gray color. It has high compressive strength but is brittle. Widely used in machine bases.
- White cast iron has 1.75-2.3% carbon present as cementite, making it very hard and strong but brittle. Used for wear-resistant parts.
- Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it more ductile. Commonly used for pipes and fittings.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities.
History:
Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.
The cast-iron is manufactured by re-melting pig-iron with coke and limestone. This re-melting is done in a furnace known as the cupola furnace. It is more or less same as the blast furnace, but it is smaller in size. Its shape is cylindrical with diameter of about 1 m and height of about 5 m.
The working of cupola furnace is also similar to that of blast furnace. The raw materials are fed from top. The cupola furnace is worked intermittently and it is open at top. After the raw materials are placed, the furnace is fired and blast of air is forced through tuyeres. The blast of air is cold as the impurities in pig-iron are removed by the oxidation
#design #architecture #interior #homedesign #house #interiors #construction #deco #interiordesigner #designinspiration #interiorstyling #interiordecor #arquitectura #architecturephotography #kitchendesign #modern #building #architecturelovers #homestyle #bedroom #archilovers #instahome #homestyling #lighting #project #architecturedesign #villa #archdaily #moderndesign #housedesign
3.1 Types of cast irons as white, gray, nodular, malleable
3.2 Specifications of cast Iron.
3.3 Selection of appropriate cast iron for engineering applications.
3.4 Designation and coding (as per BIS, ASME, EN, DIN, JIS) of cast iron, plain and alloy steel.
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Cast Iron
The cast iron is obtained by re-melting pig iron with
coke and limestone in a furnace known as cupola.
It is primarily an alloy of iron and carbon.
The carbon content in cast iron varies from more than
2 per cent to 4.5 per cent.
The carbon in a cast iron is present in either of the
following two forms:
1. Free carbon or graphite, and
2. Combined carbon or cementite.
Contd…
3. The properties of cast iron which make it a valuable
material for engineering purposes are its low cost,
good casting characteristics, high compressive
strength, wear resistance and excellent machinability.
The compressive strength of cast iron is much greater
than the tensile strength.
4. IES 2010
Assertion (A): A cast iron specimen shall fail due to
shear when subjected to a compressive load.
Reason (R): Shear strength of cast iron in
compression is more than half its compressive
strength.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the
correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
5. IES-2005
Consider the following statements:
1. Cast Iron has poor ability to damp vibrations.
2. Cast Iron has higher compressive strength
compared to that of steel.
3. Cast Iron parts are suitable where permanent
deformation is preferred over fracture.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 3 only (d) 2 only
6. IES-1999
Cast iron is used for machine beds because of its
high
(a) Tensile strength
(b) Endurance strength
(c) Damping capacity
(d) Compressive strength
7. IES-1998
Assertion (A): Cast iron is generally hard, brittle and
wear resistant.
Reason (R): Cast iron contains more than 2% carbon
and as such the percentage cementite in it is higher.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
8. IES-1997
Assertion (A): The notch sensitivity of cast iron
component is zero.
Reason (R): Cast iron does not have a yield point.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the
correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
9. IAS-2003
Consider the following statements:
1. From design considerations, it is always
advantageous to place cast iron ribs on the tension
side rather than on the compression side.
2. Cast iron is an excellent choice for machine tool
guides and frames.
3. Cast iron parts have low notch sensitivity.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1 and 2
10. IES-1992
Which of the following metal shrinks most from
molten state to solid state?
(a) Cast iron (b) Cast steel
(c) Brass (d) Admiralty metal
11. Types of Cast Iron
Cast irons that were slowly cooled to room
temperature consist of cementite, look whitish – white
cast iron.
If it contains graphite, look grayish – gray cast iron.
It is heat treated to have graphite in form of nodules –
malleable cast iron.
If inoculants are used in liquid state to have graphite
nodules – spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron.
Contd…
12. 1. Grey cast iron
Carbon = 3 to 3.5%;
The grey colour is due to the fact that the carbon is
present in the form of free graphite.
It has a low tensile strength, high compressive strength
and no ductility.
It can be easily machined.
A very good property of grey cast iron is that the free
graphite in its structure acts as a lubricant. Due to this
reason, it is very suitable for those parts where sliding
action is desired.
Contd…
13. The grey iron castings are widely used for machine tool
bodies, automotive cylinder blocks, heads, housings,
fly-wheels, pipes and pipe fittings and agricultural
implements.
The grey cast iron is designated by the alphabets ‘FG’
followed by a figure indicating the minimum tensile
strength in MPa or N/mm2. For example, ‘FG 150’
means grey cast iron with 150 MPa or N/mm2 as
minimum tensile strength.
14. IES-1994
Assertion (A): Machine tool beds are generally
made of grey cast iron.
Reason (R): Cast iron possesses good self-
lubricating properties.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the
correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
15. IES-2005
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
(Designation of Steel/Cast Iron) (Description)
1. Fe E 250 :Minimum tensile
strength of 250
N/mm2
2. 40 C 8 :Percentage of
Manganese is 0.7% -
0.9%
3. FG 200 :Grey cast iron with
ultimate tensile strength
of 200 N/mm2
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
16. GATE-2004
The percentage of carbon in gray cast iron is in the
range of
(a) 0.25 to 0.75 percent
(b) 1.25 to 1.75 percent
(c) 3 to 4 percent
(d) 8 to 10 percent
17. IES 2007
Vibration damping in machinery is best achieved
by means of base structures made of which one of
the following materials?
(a) Low carbon steel
(b) Nodular iron
(c) Grey cast iron
(d) White cast iron
18. IES-2003
Machine tool manufacturers prefer grey cast-iron
grade 40 for producing machine columns and
tables because grey cast-iron is
1. Heavy 2. Easily castable
3. Easily weldable 4. Having good
damping capacity
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Codes:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
19. IES-1993
Assertion (A): Fracture surface of grey cast iron is
dark.
Reason (R): Failure takes place along the weak
cementite plates.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the
correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
20. 2. White cast iron
Carbon = 1.75 to 2.3%.
The white colour is due to fact that it has no graphite
and whole of the carbon is in the form of carbide
(known as cementite) which is the hardest constituent
of iron.
The white cast iron has a high tensile strength and a
low compressive strength.
21. IES-2005
Which of the following materials is used in the
manufacture of extrusion nozzles?
(a) Grey cast iron
(b) Malleable cast iron
(c) White cast iron
(d) Nodular cast iron
22. 3. Chilled cast iron
It is a white cast iron produced by quick cooling of
molten iron.
The quick cooling is generally called chilling and the
cast iron so produced is called chilled cast iron.
Chills are used on any faces of a casting which are
required to be hard to withstand wear and friction.
23. 4. Mottled cast iron
It is a product in between grey and white cast iron in
composition, colour and general properties.
It is obtained in castings where certain wearing
surfaces have been chilled.
24. 5. Malleable cast iron
The malleable iron is a cast iron-carbon alloy which
solidifies in the as-cast condition in a graphite free
structure, i.e. total carbon content is present in its
combined form as cementite (Fe3C).
It is ductile and may be bent without breaking or
fracturing the section.
The tensile strength of the malleable cast iron is
usually higher than that of grey cast iron and has
excellent machining qualities.
Contd…
25. It is used for machine parts for which the steel forgings
would be too expensive and in which the metal should
have a fair degree of accuracy, e.g. hubs of wagon
wheels, small fittings for railway rolling stock, brake
supports, parts of agricultural machinery, pipe fittings,
door hinges, locks etc.
In order to obtain malleable iron castings, it is first cast
into moulds of white cast iron. Then by a suitable heat
treatment (i.e. annealing), the combined carbon of the
white cast iron is separated into nodules of graphite.
There are two process:
1. Black-heart process,
2. White-heart process
Contd…
26. 1. Black-heart process
In this process the white iron castings are heated in
airtight boxes out of contact with air at 850-950 deg C for
50-170 hours, depending upon the mass and thickness of
the castings.
The effect of this prolonged heating is to break down the
iron carbide (cementite) of the white cast iron into small
rosettes of graphite.
The name 'black-heart' comes from the darkened
appearance of the iron, when fractured, resulting from the
formation of free graphite.
It is used in the wheel hubs, break drums, conduit fitting
control levers and pedals.
27. 2. White-heart process
In this process the castings are packed into airtight boxes
with iron oxide in the form of high-grade ore.
They are then heated to about 1000 deg C for between 70
and 100 hours, depending upon the mass and thickness of
the castings.
The ore oxidises the carbon in the castings and draws it
out, leaving a ferritic structure near the surface and a
pearlitic structure near the centre of the casting.
There will also be some fine rosettes of graphite.
White-heart castings behave much as expected of a mild
steel casting, but with the advantage of a very much lower
melting point and higher fluidity at the time of casting.
It is used in the wheel hubs, bicycle and motor cycle frame
fittings, gas, water and steam pipe fittings.
28. IES-1992
Which of the following display properties similar
to that of steel
1. Black-heart cast iron
2. White-heart cast iron
3. Gray cast iron
4. Pig iron
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 3 only
29. IES-1992
For the pipe fitting like elbow, tee, union etc.
which of the following is preferred?
(a) Pig iron
(b) Malleable iron
(c) Spheroidal graphite cast iron
(d) High carbon steel
30. 6. Nodular or spheroidal graphite
cast iron
The nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron is also
called ductile cast iron or high strength cast iron.
This type of cast iron is obtained by adding small
amounts of magnesium (0.1 to 0.8%) to the molten
grey iron.
The addition of magnesium causes the graphite to take
form of small nodules or spheroids instead of the
normal angular flakes.
Contd…
31. It has high fluidity, castability, tensile strength,
toughness, wear resistance, pressure tightness,
weldability and machinability.
It is generally used for castings requiring shock and
impact resistance along with good machinability, such
as hydraulic cylinders, cylinder heads, rolls for rolling
mill and centrifugally cast products.
SG 400/15 means spheroidal graphite cast iron with
400 MPa as minimum tensile strength and 15 percent
elongation.
32. IES-2001
Nodular grey cast iron is obtained from the grey
cast iron by adding a small amount of
(a) Manganese
(b) Phosphorus
(c) Magnesium
(d) Chromium
33. IES-2009
Which one of the following cast irons consists of
carbon in rosette form?
(a) White cast iron
(b) Gray cast iron
(c) Malleable cast iron
(d) Nodular cast iron
34. IES-1995
Addition of magnesium to cast iron increases its
(a) Hardness
(b) Ductility and strength in tension
(c) Corrosion resistance
(d) Creep strength.
35. Wrought Iron
It is the purest iron which contains at least 99.5% iron
but may contain upto 99.9% iron.
The wrought iron is produced from pig iron by
remelting it in the puddling furnace of reverberatory
type.
The wrought iron is a tough, malleable and ductile
material.
It can be easily forged or welded. It is used for chains,
crane hooks, railway couplings, water and steam pipes.
36. Effect of Impurities on Cast Iron
1. Silicon. It may be present in cast iron upto 4%. It
provides the formation of free graphite which makes
the iron soft and easily machinable. It also produces
sound castings free from blow-holes, because of its
high affinity for oxygen.
2. Sulphur. It makes the cast iron hard and brittle. Since
too much sulphur gives unsound casting, therefore, it
should be kept well below 0.1% for most foundry
purposes.
Contd…
37. 3. Manganese. It makes the cast iron white and hard. It
is often kept below 0.75%. It helps to exert a
controlling influence over the harmful effect of
sulphur.
4. Phosphorus. It aids fusibility and fluidity in cast
iron, but induces brittleness. It is rarely allowed to
exceed 1%. Phosphoric irons are useful for casting of
intricate design and for many light engineering
castings when cheapness is essential.
38. IES-1995
Consider the following statements:
Addition of silicon to cast iron
1. Promotes graphite module formation.
2. Promotes graphite flake formation.
3. Increases the fluidity of the molten metal.
4. Improves the ductility of cast iron.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1and 4 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 1and 3 (d) 3 and 4
39. IES 2007
Piston compression rings are made of which one
of the following
(a) Cast iron (b) Bronze
(c) Aluminium (d) White metal
40. IES-1995
Consider the following work materials:
1. Titanium 2. Mild steel
3. Stainless steel 4. Grey cast iron.
The correct sequence of these materials in terms of
increasing order of difficulty in machining is
(a) 4,2,3,1 (b) 4,2, 1,3
(c) 2,4,3,1 (d) 2, 4, 1, 3.
41. IES-1994
Which of the following pairs are correctly
matched?
1. Lead screw nut………… Phosphor bronze
2. Piston………….. Cast iron.
3. Cam ……………………..EN-31 steel
4. Lead screw ……..Wrought iron.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Codes:
(a) 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
42.
43.
44. IAS-2002
A cast iron specimen in a torsion test gives a
(a) Cup-and-cone fracture
(b) Fracture along a plane normal to the axis of the
specimen
(c) Fracture along a helix of approximately 45°
(d) Fracture along a plane inclined at 60° to the axis
Ans. (b)
Since cast iron is strong in compression and weak in tension. Therefore,
statement 1 is wrong.
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R provides correct explanation for A.
Ans. (c)
Ans. (c)
Ans. (c) Carbon is in a flake like shape as in grey cast iron; the graphite breaks up the continuity of iron and greatly weakens it. But it also helps in absorbing vibrational energy, as a result of which grey cast iron is normally used for the beds of machine tools.
Ans. (b)
(a) Both A and R are true. Also R gives satisfactory explanation for A.
Ans. (c)
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
Ans. (c)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (b)
Ans. (b)
Ans.(a) They are subjected to wear, to minimize they are made of wear resisting material, high quality grey cast iron casting and coated with Nitride or Chrome by PVD.
Ans. (a) Titanium high cost and need 10 times much energy than steel to produce.
Light weight, strong, corrosion resistant, properties between steel and aluminium.