Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
WAMS-Based SSR Damping Controller Design for FACTS Devices and Investigating ...IJPEDS-IAES
Recent technological progresses in the wide-area measurement systems
(WAMS) are realizing the centralized controls as a breakthrough for
improving the power systems stability. The most challenging deficiency
against WAMS technology is related to communication delays. If this latency
is neglected, it can deteriorate the damping performance of closed loop
control or even degrade the system stability. This paper investigates a
conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) for a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to damp out the Sub-Synchronous
Resonance (SSR) and also investigation of the destructive effect of time
delay in remote feedback signal. A new optimization algorithm called
teaching-learning-based- optimization (TLBO) algorithm has been
implemented to normalize and optimize the parameters of the global SSR
damping controller. The IEEE Second Benchmark Model is considered as the
system under study and all simulations are carried out in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
FLC based on static var compensator for power system transient stability enha...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1. The document discusses using a fuzzy logic controller combined with a PI controller to control a static var compensator (SVC) for improving power system transient stability.
2. A two generator, three bus test system is used to compare the performance of the fuzzy-SVC controller versus a conventional PI-SVC controller under different fault conditions.
3. Simulation results show that for a single line to ground fault, both controllers perform similarly. However, for a more severe three line to ground fault, the fuzzy-SVC controller is able to damp oscillations faster and achieve stability more quickly than the PI-SVC controller due to its ability to handle nonlinear system dynamics.
This document summarizes a study on reducing oscillations in generator turbines caused by sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) using a fuzzy controller. SSR occurs when series capacitors are used for transmission line compensation and can damage turbine shafts. Distributed static series compensators (DSSCs) were implemented to compensate lines, but SSR still occurred. A fuzzy logic damping controller (FLDC) was proposed in addition to DSSCs to better damp oscillations compared to a conventional PI controller. The power system model, DSSC module design, and both controller designs are described. Simulation results are presented to compare the performance of no controller, PI controller, and FLDC in reducing speed and torque oscillations during a fault.
Nonlinear Control of UPFC in Power System for Damping Inter Area OscillationsIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper about using nonlinear control of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) to damp inter-area oscillations in power systems. The paper proposes a nonlinear control method where UPFCs can control their interface bus angles to mitigate power system oscillations. The control method develops a reduced nonlinear model of the network and uses selected frequency measurements from a subset of dominant machines as inputs to FACTS controllers. The effectiveness of using this method with UPFCs to damp inter-area oscillations is validated on a test power system.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
This document discusses transient stability assessment and enhancement in power systems. It first introduces transient stability and its importance. It then describes using PSAT software to analyze the IEEE 39-bus test system and calculate critical clearing times (CCTs) for different faults to assess stability. An artificial neural network is trained to predict CCTs at different operating points. Finally, particle swarm optimization is used to find the optimal placement of a thyristor controlled series capacitor to enhance stability by minimizing real power losses, increasing several CCTs above 0.1 seconds.
This document presents an optimal supplementary damping controller design for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). TCSC is capable of improving power system stability by modulating reactance during disturbances. The document proposes using a multi-objective fitness function consisting of damping factors and real parts of eigenvalues to optimize the parameters of a TCSC-based supplementary damping controller using RCGA. Simulation results presented show the effectiveness of the proposed controller over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
WAMS-Based SSR Damping Controller Design for FACTS Devices and Investigating ...IJPEDS-IAES
Recent technological progresses in the wide-area measurement systems
(WAMS) are realizing the centralized controls as a breakthrough for
improving the power systems stability. The most challenging deficiency
against WAMS technology is related to communication delays. If this latency
is neglected, it can deteriorate the damping performance of closed loop
control or even degrade the system stability. This paper investigates a
conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) for a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to damp out the Sub-Synchronous
Resonance (SSR) and also investigation of the destructive effect of time
delay in remote feedback signal. A new optimization algorithm called
teaching-learning-based- optimization (TLBO) algorithm has been
implemented to normalize and optimize the parameters of the global SSR
damping controller. The IEEE Second Benchmark Model is considered as the
system under study and all simulations are carried out in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
FLC based on static var compensator for power system transient stability enha...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1. The document discusses using a fuzzy logic controller combined with a PI controller to control a static var compensator (SVC) for improving power system transient stability.
2. A two generator, three bus test system is used to compare the performance of the fuzzy-SVC controller versus a conventional PI-SVC controller under different fault conditions.
3. Simulation results show that for a single line to ground fault, both controllers perform similarly. However, for a more severe three line to ground fault, the fuzzy-SVC controller is able to damp oscillations faster and achieve stability more quickly than the PI-SVC controller due to its ability to handle nonlinear system dynamics.
This document summarizes a study on reducing oscillations in generator turbines caused by sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) using a fuzzy controller. SSR occurs when series capacitors are used for transmission line compensation and can damage turbine shafts. Distributed static series compensators (DSSCs) were implemented to compensate lines, but SSR still occurred. A fuzzy logic damping controller (FLDC) was proposed in addition to DSSCs to better damp oscillations compared to a conventional PI controller. The power system model, DSSC module design, and both controller designs are described. Simulation results are presented to compare the performance of no controller, PI controller, and FLDC in reducing speed and torque oscillations during a fault.
Nonlinear Control of UPFC in Power System for Damping Inter Area OscillationsIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper about using nonlinear control of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) to damp inter-area oscillations in power systems. The paper proposes a nonlinear control method where UPFCs can control their interface bus angles to mitigate power system oscillations. The control method develops a reduced nonlinear model of the network and uses selected frequency measurements from a subset of dominant machines as inputs to FACTS controllers. The effectiveness of using this method with UPFCs to damp inter-area oscillations is validated on a test power system.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
This document discusses transient stability assessment and enhancement in power systems. It first introduces transient stability and its importance. It then describes using PSAT software to analyze the IEEE 39-bus test system and calculate critical clearing times (CCTs) for different faults to assess stability. An artificial neural network is trained to predict CCTs at different operating points. Finally, particle swarm optimization is used to find the optimal placement of a thyristor controlled series capacitor to enhance stability by minimizing real power losses, increasing several CCTs above 0.1 seconds.
This document presents an optimal supplementary damping controller design for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). TCSC is capable of improving power system stability by modulating reactance during disturbances. The document proposes using a multi-objective fitness function consisting of damping factors and real parts of eigenvalues to optimize the parameters of a TCSC-based supplementary damping controller using RCGA. Simulation results presented show the effectiveness of the proposed controller over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
1) The document compares the effectiveness of TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) and SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) in damping sub-synchronous oscillations in power systems.
2) It describes the control structures of TCSC and SSSC, which include a PI controller and supplementary sub-synchronous damping controller (SSDC) that takes the rotor speed deviation as input.
3) Simulation results on the IEEE second benchmark model show that SSSC has superior ability to damp sub-synchronous oscillations compared to TCSC when subjected to disturbances like a change in input mechanical power or disconnection of a transmission line.
This document presents a study on using a multi-level inverter based DSTATCOM (distributed static synchronous compensator) and DVR (dynamic voltage restorer) with a neuro-fuzzy controller to improve power quality by mitigating voltage sags. It proposes a cascaded multilevel inverter topology with isolated DC energy storage and reduced switches. Simulation results show the MLI-based DSTATCOM and DVR can compensate voltage sags by injecting current and voltage respectively to regulate the bus voltage. The output with compensation has 1500V voltage compared to 1000V without compensation during a 500V sag.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping using an STATCOM Based Hybrid Shunt Compensati...IJPEDS-IAES
FACTS devices are one of the latest technologies which have been used to
improve power system dynamic and stability during recent years. However,
widespread adoption of this technology has been hampered by high cost
and reliability concerns. In this paper an economical phase imbalanced shunt
reactive compensation concept has been introduced and its ability for power
system dynamic enhancement and inter-area oscillation damping are
investigated. A hybrid phase imbalanced scheme is a shunt capacitive
compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed shunt
capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) in shunt with a fixed capacitor (CC). The power
system dynamic stability enhancement would be achieved by adding
a conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) to the main control
loop of the single phase STATCOM. Two different control methodologies
are proposed: a non-optimized conventional damping controller
and a conventional damping controller with optomised parameters that are
added to the main control loop of the unbalanced compensator in order to
damp the inter area oscillations. The proposed arrangement would, certainly,
be economically attractive when compared with a full three-phase
STATCOM. The proposed scheme is prosperously applied in a 13-bus
six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to
demonstrate its ability in damping inter-area oscillations and power system
dynamic enhancement.
This document provides an overview of power system analysis and stability course content. The course will cover various topics related to power system modeling, analysis, and operation including representation of power systems using one-line diagrams and impedance diagrams, symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis using symmetrical components, and system stability studies. The course will be taught over 35 hours by three subject experts in three weekly sessions, covering each of the five chapters in the textbook.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
The document discusses various methods for improving power system stability, including automatic voltage regulators (AVR), load frequency control (LFC), and power system stabilizers (PSS). AVR works to maintain generator terminal voltage at a preset value by adjusting excitation current. LFC maintains system frequency and power exchange between areas at scheduled values. PSS adds damping to generator oscillations to stabilize the grid by modulating voltage regulator setpoint based on speed.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Fault Ride-Through capability of DSTATCOM for Distributed Wind Generation SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, fault ride through analysis of a low voltage distribution system
augmented with distributed wind generation using squirrel cage induction
generator and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is carried out
through modeling and simulation study in MATLAB. The impact of
unbalanced (single line to ground) fault in a low voltage distribution system
in normal and severe conditions is studied and analyzed in details. Analysis
on system instability is also shown in case of sever fault condition. A
distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is used to improve fault ride
through (FRT) capability of wind generation system by compensating
positive sequence voltage. A comparison of dynamic response of the system
with and without DSTATCOM and effects of DSTATCOM on voltage and
generator speed are presented. The simulation results shows that
DSTATCOM is capable of reducing the voltage dips and improving the
voltage profiles by providing reactive power support to distributed wind
generation system under unbalanced fault condition and enhances the fault
ride through capability of the wind generator.
Comparison of Dynamic Stability Response of A SMIB with PI and Fuzzy Controll...ijeei-iaes
Consumer utilities are non –linear in nature. This injects increased flow of current and reduced voltage with distortions which cause adverse effect on the stability of consumer utilities. To overcome this problem we are using a modern Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System controller i.e. distributed power flow controller (DPFC). This controller is similar to UPFC, which can be installed in a transmission line between the two electrical areas. In DPFC, instead of the common Dc link capacitor three single phase converters are used. In this paper we are concentrating on system stability (oscillation damping). For analyzing the stability of a single machine infinite bus system (SMIB) we have used PI controlled Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) and Fuzzy controlled DPFC. All these models are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows Fuzzy controlled DPFC are better than PI controlled DPFC. The significance of the results are better stability and constant power supply.
Fuzzy coordination of facts controllers forSHRUTICH
1) This document presents a new fuzzy-coordination controller for coordinating FACTS controllers like UPFCs to damp oscillations in a multi-machine power system.
2) The controller first optimizes the parameters of traditional POD controllers for the FACTS devices, then uses a fuzzy logic controller to coordinate the inputs of the POD controllers based on power flows.
3) Digital simulations show the new fuzzy-coordination controller improves damping performance over a range of disturbances and operating conditions, and is robust to changes in system parameters. It coordinates the FACTS controllers to damp both local and inter-area oscillations in the power system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
Methods for Voltage Stability EnhancementRavi Anand
This document discusses various methods for enhancing voltage stability in power systems, including using lower power factor generators, capacitor banks, controlling transformer tap changers, undervoltage load shedding, coordination of protections and controls, control of network voltage and generator reactive output, use of FACTS devices, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, excitation control, booster transformers, phase shifting transformers, secondary voltage regulation, series capacitors, and must-run generation. It provides details on how each method can be implemented and their effectiveness.
Voltage Stability Indices: Taxonomy, Formulation and Calculation algorithmcimran15
The document discusses voltage stability indices (VSIs) that are used to analyze voltage stability and predict voltage collapse in power systems. It provides a taxonomy and classification of common VSIs, including both Jacobian matrix-based and system variable-based indices. The document also presents the mathematical formulation and calculation algorithms for some example VSIs, including the Voltage Collapse Index, Stability Index, and Line Collapse Proximity Index. It describes testing some of these indices on the IEEE 14-bus test system using simulation tools to validate their theoretical behavior.
Distributed power flow controller (naresh)Naresh Raye
This document describes a project to implement a distributed power flow controller (DPFC) for controlling power flow. The DPFC is derived from the unified power flow controller (UPFC) but eliminates the common DC link. Instead, active power is exchanged between the shunt and series converters through the transmission lines at the third harmonic frequency. The DPFC employs multiple single-phase distributed converters instead of a single three-phase series converter for increased reliability. As the converters are single-phase, there is no high voltage isolation required between phases, lowering the cost compared to the UPFC. The objectives are to compensate reactive power and overcome disadvantages of the UPFC.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Simulation of D-STATCOM to study Voltage Stability in Distribution systemijsrd.com
This document presents a simulation study of a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) to improve voltage stability in a distribution system. It first provides background on voltage dips and describes the structure of a STATCOM, which includes a voltage source inverter, transformer, and controller. The simulation model of the D-STATCOM and distribution network is developed using SimPowerSystems blocks. Simulation results show that without the D-STATCOM, voltage dips to 0.93 p.u. during a load change, but with the D-STATCOM the voltage is stabilized at 1.0 p.u., demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating power quality issues like voltage instability.
TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING DSSC AND PSSIAEME Publication
Synchronous operation of generators in power system is required to supply continuous electricity to customers. Proper transient stability must be maintained for stable operation of power system. To enhance the transient stability of power system FACTS or D-FACTS technology can be used. In this paper, Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC) which, belongs to D-FACTS technology is used to enhance the transient stability of two-machine system with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) as an auxiliary controller and it is found that DSSC along with PSS is able to maintain required transient stability during severe three-phase to ground fault.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document discusses feature extraction for content-based mammogram retrieval. It examines using texture features extracted from various gray level statistical matrices, including gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), gray level aura matrix (GLAM), and gray level neighborhood matrix (GLNM). The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of these texture features for mammogram retrieval and compare the retrieval performance of the different matrix methods. Experiments are conducted on mammogram images from the MIAS database to evaluate the classification accuracy and retrieval time of each statistical matrix approach.
1) The document compares the effectiveness of TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) and SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) in damping sub-synchronous oscillations in power systems.
2) It describes the control structures of TCSC and SSSC, which include a PI controller and supplementary sub-synchronous damping controller (SSDC) that takes the rotor speed deviation as input.
3) Simulation results on the IEEE second benchmark model show that SSSC has superior ability to damp sub-synchronous oscillations compared to TCSC when subjected to disturbances like a change in input mechanical power or disconnection of a transmission line.
This document presents a study on using a multi-level inverter based DSTATCOM (distributed static synchronous compensator) and DVR (dynamic voltage restorer) with a neuro-fuzzy controller to improve power quality by mitigating voltage sags. It proposes a cascaded multilevel inverter topology with isolated DC energy storage and reduced switches. Simulation results show the MLI-based DSTATCOM and DVR can compensate voltage sags by injecting current and voltage respectively to regulate the bus voltage. The output with compensation has 1500V voltage compared to 1000V without compensation during a 500V sag.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping using an STATCOM Based Hybrid Shunt Compensati...IJPEDS-IAES
FACTS devices are one of the latest technologies which have been used to
improve power system dynamic and stability during recent years. However,
widespread adoption of this technology has been hampered by high cost
and reliability concerns. In this paper an economical phase imbalanced shunt
reactive compensation concept has been introduced and its ability for power
system dynamic enhancement and inter-area oscillation damping are
investigated. A hybrid phase imbalanced scheme is a shunt capacitive
compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed shunt
capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) in shunt with a fixed capacitor (CC). The power
system dynamic stability enhancement would be achieved by adding
a conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) to the main control
loop of the single phase STATCOM. Two different control methodologies
are proposed: a non-optimized conventional damping controller
and a conventional damping controller with optomised parameters that are
added to the main control loop of the unbalanced compensator in order to
damp the inter area oscillations. The proposed arrangement would, certainly,
be economically attractive when compared with a full three-phase
STATCOM. The proposed scheme is prosperously applied in a 13-bus
six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to
demonstrate its ability in damping inter-area oscillations and power system
dynamic enhancement.
This document provides an overview of power system analysis and stability course content. The course will cover various topics related to power system modeling, analysis, and operation including representation of power systems using one-line diagrams and impedance diagrams, symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis using symmetrical components, and system stability studies. The course will be taught over 35 hours by three subject experts in three weekly sessions, covering each of the five chapters in the textbook.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
The document discusses various methods for improving power system stability, including automatic voltage regulators (AVR), load frequency control (LFC), and power system stabilizers (PSS). AVR works to maintain generator terminal voltage at a preset value by adjusting excitation current. LFC maintains system frequency and power exchange between areas at scheduled values. PSS adds damping to generator oscillations to stabilize the grid by modulating voltage regulator setpoint based on speed.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Fault Ride-Through capability of DSTATCOM for Distributed Wind Generation SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, fault ride through analysis of a low voltage distribution system
augmented with distributed wind generation using squirrel cage induction
generator and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is carried out
through modeling and simulation study in MATLAB. The impact of
unbalanced (single line to ground) fault in a low voltage distribution system
in normal and severe conditions is studied and analyzed in details. Analysis
on system instability is also shown in case of sever fault condition. A
distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is used to improve fault ride
through (FRT) capability of wind generation system by compensating
positive sequence voltage. A comparison of dynamic response of the system
with and without DSTATCOM and effects of DSTATCOM on voltage and
generator speed are presented. The simulation results shows that
DSTATCOM is capable of reducing the voltage dips and improving the
voltage profiles by providing reactive power support to distributed wind
generation system under unbalanced fault condition and enhances the fault
ride through capability of the wind generator.
Comparison of Dynamic Stability Response of A SMIB with PI and Fuzzy Controll...ijeei-iaes
Consumer utilities are non –linear in nature. This injects increased flow of current and reduced voltage with distortions which cause adverse effect on the stability of consumer utilities. To overcome this problem we are using a modern Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System controller i.e. distributed power flow controller (DPFC). This controller is similar to UPFC, which can be installed in a transmission line between the two electrical areas. In DPFC, instead of the common Dc link capacitor three single phase converters are used. In this paper we are concentrating on system stability (oscillation damping). For analyzing the stability of a single machine infinite bus system (SMIB) we have used PI controlled Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) and Fuzzy controlled DPFC. All these models are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows Fuzzy controlled DPFC are better than PI controlled DPFC. The significance of the results are better stability and constant power supply.
Fuzzy coordination of facts controllers forSHRUTICH
1) This document presents a new fuzzy-coordination controller for coordinating FACTS controllers like UPFCs to damp oscillations in a multi-machine power system.
2) The controller first optimizes the parameters of traditional POD controllers for the FACTS devices, then uses a fuzzy logic controller to coordinate the inputs of the POD controllers based on power flows.
3) Digital simulations show the new fuzzy-coordination controller improves damping performance over a range of disturbances and operating conditions, and is robust to changes in system parameters. It coordinates the FACTS controllers to damp both local and inter-area oscillations in the power system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
Methods for Voltage Stability EnhancementRavi Anand
This document discusses various methods for enhancing voltage stability in power systems, including using lower power factor generators, capacitor banks, controlling transformer tap changers, undervoltage load shedding, coordination of protections and controls, control of network voltage and generator reactive output, use of FACTS devices, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, excitation control, booster transformers, phase shifting transformers, secondary voltage regulation, series capacitors, and must-run generation. It provides details on how each method can be implemented and their effectiveness.
Voltage Stability Indices: Taxonomy, Formulation and Calculation algorithmcimran15
The document discusses voltage stability indices (VSIs) that are used to analyze voltage stability and predict voltage collapse in power systems. It provides a taxonomy and classification of common VSIs, including both Jacobian matrix-based and system variable-based indices. The document also presents the mathematical formulation and calculation algorithms for some example VSIs, including the Voltage Collapse Index, Stability Index, and Line Collapse Proximity Index. It describes testing some of these indices on the IEEE 14-bus test system using simulation tools to validate their theoretical behavior.
Distributed power flow controller (naresh)Naresh Raye
This document describes a project to implement a distributed power flow controller (DPFC) for controlling power flow. The DPFC is derived from the unified power flow controller (UPFC) but eliminates the common DC link. Instead, active power is exchanged between the shunt and series converters through the transmission lines at the third harmonic frequency. The DPFC employs multiple single-phase distributed converters instead of a single three-phase series converter for increased reliability. As the converters are single-phase, there is no high voltage isolation required between phases, lowering the cost compared to the UPFC. The objectives are to compensate reactive power and overcome disadvantages of the UPFC.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Simulation of D-STATCOM to study Voltage Stability in Distribution systemijsrd.com
This document presents a simulation study of a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) to improve voltage stability in a distribution system. It first provides background on voltage dips and describes the structure of a STATCOM, which includes a voltage source inverter, transformer, and controller. The simulation model of the D-STATCOM and distribution network is developed using SimPowerSystems blocks. Simulation results show that without the D-STATCOM, voltage dips to 0.93 p.u. during a load change, but with the D-STATCOM the voltage is stabilized at 1.0 p.u., demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating power quality issues like voltage instability.
TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING DSSC AND PSSIAEME Publication
Synchronous operation of generators in power system is required to supply continuous electricity to customers. Proper transient stability must be maintained for stable operation of power system. To enhance the transient stability of power system FACTS or D-FACTS technology can be used. In this paper, Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC) which, belongs to D-FACTS technology is used to enhance the transient stability of two-machine system with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) as an auxiliary controller and it is found that DSSC along with PSS is able to maintain required transient stability during severe three-phase to ground fault.
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This document discusses feature extraction for content-based mammogram retrieval. It examines using texture features extracted from various gray level statistical matrices, including gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), gray level aura matrix (GLAM), and gray level neighborhood matrix (GLNM). The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of these texture features for mammogram retrieval and compare the retrieval performance of the different matrix methods. Experiments are conducted on mammogram images from the MIAS database to evaluate the classification accuracy and retrieval time of each statistical matrix approach.
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This document presents an approach for improving maintenance policies for multi-state systems. It first formalizes the transition process of a multi-state system using dynamic Bayesian networks. It then exhibits a cost function for preventive maintenance and an optimization method using reinforcement learning to identify the best combination of transition rates and preventive maintenance policy. The dynamic Bayesian network approach models the probability distributions of the system's state over time and allows for more compact representation compared to Markov chains. The reinforcement learning optimization seeks to minimize cost and maximize availability by learning the optimal preventive maintenance levels over the system's lifetime.
The document analyzes noise performance in a separate gate InAlAs/InGaAs double heterostructure double gate high electron mobility transistor (DG-HEMT). An analytical model is developed to evaluate the intrinsic noise sources and noise coefficients for the DG-HEMT operated with separate gate voltages. The drain noise current, gate noise current, and correlation coefficient are computed from the model. Simulation results show good agreement with the analytical predictions for noise coefficients in the separate gate DG-HEMT.
The document presents a study on optimizing the placement and sizing of static VAR compensators (SVCs) in power systems to improve voltage stability. It uses the harmony search algorithm (HSA) to determine the optimal SVC sizes and locations to minimize real power losses, voltage deviation at load buses, and L-index values, which indicate voltage stability. The methodology is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test system under normal and overloading conditions. The results show that locating optimally sized SVCs at buses 9 and 14 reduces losses and voltage deviations while improving voltage profiles and stability.
This document presents an analytical model to determine the mechanical behavior of composite tapered laminates. It derives formulae to calculate deformations in the x, y, and z directions when the laminate is loaded in the x, y, or xy plane. The formulae account for how the tapered shape and varying thickness affect deformations. The derived results are verified against data from finite element analysis software ABAQUS. Key contributions are a compliance matrix specifically for tapered laminates and understanding how their taper introduces coupling between loading directions.
This document describes a study on frequency switching of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) loaded with split ring resonators (SRRs). The SRRs act as metamaterials that can alter the antenna's properties. Simulation results show that by varying the radius of the SRRs, the PIFA can resonate at multiple frequencies with increased gain and bandwidth compared to the unloaded antenna. Larger SRR radii allow the antenna to operate at higher frequencies with more bandwidth but using fewer SRR units. The metamaterial properties of the SRR are verified using an effective medium theory approach.
This document reviews the use of nanotechnology in the construction industry. It discusses how nanotechnology is being used to improve concrete in several ways, such as adding nanoparticles like nano-silica to increase strength and durability. Carbon nanotubes are also being researched as an additive to increase concrete's strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capabilities. Nanotechnology enables self-compacting concrete that does not require vibration during pouring and self-healing concrete that can repair minor cracks. Overall, the document outlines various applications of nanotechnology in construction materials and structures to enhance performance.
This document discusses upgrading exoglucanase production by Trichoderma reesei NRC 210 through fermentation process optimization. Batch fermentations were performed to study the effects of pH and agitation speed on enzyme production. Results showed that controlling pH from 4-5 and increasing agitation speed to 350 rpm increased exoglucanase activity by about 15-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively. Kinetic models including the Leudeking-Piret and Monod models were applied and showed good fit to experimental data, indicating growth-associated exoglucanase production and substrate consumption patterns over fermentation time. Process optimization led to improved exoglucanase yields useful for industrial applications.
This document proposes integrating an organization's computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) with their energy efficiency management system (EEMS) to create efficiencies. It suggests adding modules to the existing CMMS to track energy usage data for assets. This would eliminate duplicating data collection efforts between the two systems. Integrating the systems could help organizations reduce energy costs, increase equipment life, and improve profits by better monitoring energy usage and equipment maintenance needs. The document also discusses techniques for energy monitoring and targeting to establish performance benchmarks and targets for energy management programs.
The document discusses a study on the effect of electrical discharge machining (EDM) parameters on high carbon-chromium steel. Central composite design was used to conduct experiments varying pulse on time, duty cycle, current, voltage gap, and pressure. Response variables of material removal rate, electrode wear rate, and surface roughness were analyzed. For material removal rate, the linear model best fit the data. Interaction effects best modeled electrode wear rate, with some parameters having high impact. The interaction model also best fit surface roughness data. Overall, the study used statistical methods to develop models relating EDM parameters to response variables for high carbon-chromium steel EDM.
This document proposes fusing eye vein and finger vein biometrics for multimodal authentication. It extracts features from eye vein and finger vein images separately, then concatenates the feature vectors. Experimental results on public databases show this technique achieves more accurate identity verification than single biometrics, with lower false rejection and acceptance rates. The fused template provides better discrimination than individual features.
Home buyers are settling in Humboldt Park due to its lower prices and more abundant housing compared to the increasingly expensive nearby neighborhoods of Wicker Park and Logan Square. Humboldt Park has a population of 52,788 people with a median age of 30.2 and median household income of $30,580 according to 2013 data, and the city has plans to redevelop several areas in and around Humboldt Park.
While affairs can cause great pain, the document outlines that they may also serve as a catalyst for improvement if both partners work through underlying relationship issues in therapy. It notes that affairs often stem from broader problems and both individuals bear some responsibility, but recovering trust is possible if effort is made to strengthen communication and intimacy. Addressing problems openly rather than relying on intuition alone can help partners gain a shared understanding and get their marriage back on track.
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This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
Enhancement of Power System Dynamics Using a Novel Series Compensation SchemeIJMER
Phase imbalanced capacitive compensation is a “hybrid” series compensation scheme, where the
series capacitive compensation in one phase is created using a single-phase TCSC in series with a fixed capacitor
(Cc), and the other two phases are compensated by fixed series capacitors (C). The TCSC control is initially set
such that its equivalent compensations at the power frequency combined with the fixed capacitor yield a
resultant compensation equal to the other two phases. Thus, the phase balance is maintained at the power
frequency while at any other frequency, a phase imbalance is created. The effectiveness of the scheme in damping
power system oscillations for various network conditions, namely different system faults and tie-line power flows is
evaluated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK Software
This document discusses using a unified power flow controller (UPFC) controlled by a neural network proportional-integral (NN PI) controller to mitigate sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) in a series capacitive compensated power system. An IEEE second benchmark model is used to study SSR resulting from a three-phase fault. The UPFC with NN PI controller provides better damping of oscillations in generator speed, turbine speeds, and torques compared to an uncontrolled UPFC. This improves system stability and decreases the settling time, demonstrating the effectiveness of this control method at mitigating SSR.
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transient stability improvement in power system in multi machine system with ...Kumar Goud
Abstract— This paper is highlighting review of improvement the transient stability of the power system with the utilization of robust Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC) in transmission line power flow control. DSSC has operated similarly as a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) but is in smaller in size and lesser cost along with various other factors. Simulation results support the DSSC capability for improving transient stability boundary of the power system.
The theory of DSSC is on the support of using a small power single-phase inverter, which connected to the transmission conductor and vigorously controls the consequent transfer impedance. Through this, the dynamic control of power flow in the line is attained. Therefore, the lowest degree of available and describe technical projects for DSSC conform further more studies on the other factors of this apparatus. This study serves a research where 1400 DSSCs are incorporate in a two-area, two-machine system in order to study the transient stability of the system. By the intend of improving the transient stability, a complementary controller have been considered and properly shared to the main control loop of DSSCs. Simulation results demonstrate the resourceful influence of DSSCs in the transient stability expansion.
Index Terms— Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS), Voltage Source Inverters (VSI), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Distributed Static Series Compensator (DSSC), Transient Stability Enhancement.
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A robust dlqg controller for damping of sub synchronous oscillations in a ser...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the use of Discrete Linear Quadratic Gaussian (DLQG) Compensator to damp sub synchronous oscillations in a Thyrisor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) compensated power system. The study is conducted on IEEE First Benchmark Model (FBM) in which, TCSC is modelled as a discrete linear time-invariant modular unit in the synchronously rotating DQ reference frame. This modular TCSC is then integrated with the Linear Time Invariant (LTI) model of the rest of the system. The design of DLQG includes the design of a Kalman filter for full state estimation and a full state feedback for control. Since the order of the controller is as large as the order of the system considered here(27 states), the practical implementation of the controller is difficult. Hence by using Hankels norm approximation technique, the order of the controller is reduced from 27 to 15 without losing the significant system dynamics. The eigen analysis of the system shows that the use of DLQG can damp torsional oscillations as well as the swing mode oscillations simultaneously, which is practically difficult for a conventional sub-synchronous damping controller. The performance of the system with DLQG is appreciable for all operating conditions and it shows the robustness of the controller. Index Terms: Sub-Synchronous Resonance (SSR), Torsional Oscillations, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Discrete Linear Quadratic Gaussian(DLQG)Compensator, Model Order Reduction (MOR).
A robust dlqg controller for damping of sub synchronous oscillations in a se...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Dual Active Power Filter For LCL Resonance In Grid-Connected Voltage-Source C...IJARIDEA Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a dual active power filter with an LCL resonance grid-connected voltage-source converter using grid-current feedback methodology. Nonlinear loads cause power quality issues like harmonics that can damage equipment and disrupt systems. Traditional series and shunt filters have limitations. The paper proposes using a dual active power filter with voltage-source converters to mitigate harmonics. It models the system in MATLAB and analyzes the total harmonic distortion with this approach.
Modeling and Simulation of power system using SMIB with GA based TCSC controllerIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that uses genetic algorithms to tune a thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) controller to improve the stability of a single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system model. The study models the SMIB system and implements a TCSC to damp oscillations. Genetic algorithms are used to optimize the TCSC controller parameters. Simulation results show that the genetically-tuned TCSC controller more effectively damps oscillations compared to the system without a TCSC controller.
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This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a FACTS-based Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality when integrating wind energy into smart grids. The SSFC scheme uses controlled switching between two capacitor banks to provide series and shunt compensation. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller and VSC controller to mitigate harmonics, stabilize voltages, improve power factor, and reduce losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the SSFC scheme improves voltage regulation, reduces current and voltage harmonics to within IEEE limits, and enhances the power factor at generator, load and grid buses compared to without SSFC.
Design Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Controlled Svc for Long Over Head Tra...IOSRJEEE
The basic control objectives of a power system are system voltage control, system frequency control, protection and economic operation. Reactive power control is a subset of overall system control and stability. A power system is said to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable supply. By good quality is said meant the voltage levels are maintained within the reasonable limits. If the voltage variation is more than a pre specified value, the performance of the equipment suffers and the life of most of the equipment is sacrificed. When power is supplied to a load through transmission line keeping sending end voltage constant, the load voltage undergoes variations depending upon the magnitude of the load. The higher the load greater is the voltage variation. The transmission line distributed parameters through out the line, on light loads or at no loads become predominant and consequently the line supplies charging VAR (generates reactive power). In order to maintain the terminal voltage at the load bus adequate, reactive reserves are needed. FACTS devices like SVC can supply or absorb the reactive power at receiving end bus or at load end bus in transmission system, which helps in achieving better economy in power transfer. The fuzzy control has emerged as one of the most active and fruitful areas for research in the applications of fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy control is based on fuzzy logic – a logical system which is much closer in sprit to human thinking and nature language than traditional logical system. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on an expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. Knowledge acquisition in FLC application plays an important role in determining the level of performance of a fuzzy control system. FLC based on the fuzzy model of a process is needed when higher accuracy and reliability are required. Only small efforts have been expended in applying fuzzy
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals important for FACTS controllers to maximize stability enhancement. In conclusion, UPFC is identified as the most effective FACTS device for improving transient stability by providing independent control of voltage, impedance, and power flows.
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals that maximize FACTS device effectiveness for stability. In conclusion, FACTS devices like UPFC and SVC can improve transient stability by increasing critical clearing times and reducing post-fault swings.
Tuning of PI and PID Controller with STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC for Minimizing Da...IOSRJEEE
This paper presents the comparative performance of directly and feedback connected PI and PID controller scheme with Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in terms of improvements in transient stability, extenuation of system oscillations and furnishing voltage support in single machine infinite bus system (SMIB). Firstly, rotor angle deviation and speed deviation analyzed for directly connected PI and PID with UPFC, SSSC and STATCOM then for feedback connected. The comparisons of all the results are performed using Matlab simulink in term of maximum overshoot and settling time.
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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
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Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
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Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
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Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP.18-26
Application of Distributed Static Series Controller (DSSC)
Modified with Fuzzy Logic and ANFIS Controllers as Auxiliary
Controller in Extenuation of Sub-Synchronous Resonance
V.Narasimha Murthy1, P. Bhaskar Prasad2, K. Harinath Reddy3
1Corresponding Author, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of
technology and sciences, Rajampet, Kadapa. India.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of
technology and sciences, Rajampet, Kadapa, India.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Annamacharya Institute of
technology and sciences, Rajampet, Kadapa. India
Abstract:-When a series compensated long transmission lines connects to a steam-turbine generator, it results in
the unfavorable phenomenon called as sub-synchronous resonance (SSR). Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)
problems in series compensated steam-turbine power systems co-exist with the beneficial effects provided by
the series capacitors. Damage of Turbine generator shaft might occur due to this phenomenon. To damp these
SSR and Low-Frequency Oscillations (LFOs), Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers are
preferred. It is possible to damp Sub-Synchronous Resonance (SSR) caused by series capacitance with the help
of an auxiliary SSR damping controller on DSSC. The intension of this paper is to assert the performance of the
Distributed Static Series compensator (DSSC) as a member of D-FACTS family in mitigation of SSR. Two
controllers i.e. Fuzzy Logic Based Damping Controller (FLBDC) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
(ANFIS) controllers are designed and implemented in the conventional controller of DSSC to provide effective
damping. The ANFIS constructions were trained utilizing the generated database by the FLC of the DSSC.The
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is carried out in order to evaluate the effect of DSSC based on ANFIS controller
in damping SSR and LFO. The simulations were carried out with MATLAB/Simulink to IEEE second
benchmark (SBM) model combined with DSSC module and the results were compared with the conventional
controllers.
18
Keywords: SSR,DSSC,FLBDC,ANFIS
I. INTRODUCTION
The continuous growth in demand for electrical power requires the interconnection of large power
systems where large amounts of power to be transmitted over a long distance. For this long ac transmission lines
with series capacitive compensation must be the selective solution to enhance the power transfer capability [1].
Even so, usage of series capacitors may cause sub synchronous resonance [2], the condition in power system
significant energy exchanges between electrical networks and mechanical units.
For the countermeasure of SSR we have devices such as, dynamic stabilizers [3-5], Flexible AC
Transmission systems (FACTS) devices [6-12] have been proposed. Proposal in ref [4] is based on controlling
sub-synchronous frequency of line current to zero and hence at the critical frequencies of the generator shaft, the
network damping is increased. In ref [6] SVC and TCSC are proposed with two separate conventional
controllers. SVC is a conventional lead-lag controller and the damping characteristics of the TCSC have been
added through constant current control of TCSC. The hybrid compensation scheme with a combination of TCSC
and fixed capacitor has been proposed in ref [13] to damp the SSR.
In the most of the above mentioned articles, the auxiliary damping controllers designed, based on
linearized system model based and the controller parameters are tuned to some specified operation states. When
the system is subjected to the large disturbances, the condition of the system will result in an extremely
nonlinear behavior and the controllers would fail to dampen the oscillations, even destabilizing impact may be
supplemented to the disturbance by the controller through for instance inserting negative damping [14–17].
To suppress such problems, the nonlinear dynamics of the power system should be considered by control
scheme. Some of the power systems, stabilizing methods to control have been proposed [18]. With the
development of fuzzy logic controller recently, functions based on human experiences, the controller provides a
taxonomic way to control the nonlinear process. It is general formulation that can improve execution of closed
loop control systems. A well-defined fuzzy controller can give better performance in the presence of
2. Application Distributed static series controller (DSSC) Modified with fuzzy logic and anifscontroll…
fluctuations in parameters, load and external disturbances. In ref [17, 19], it shows that FLBDC with devices
like PSS and FACTS, improved power system in a wide range of operating conditions. The mitigation of SSR
is possible with FLBDC and it can reduce the low frequency oscillations respectively [20]. Once the Fuzzy logic
based controller is developed it can be transformed into an adaptive network termed as Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy
inference system (ANFIS). This controller takes the all the advantages of neural network controller and
enhances the Fuzzy Logic controller.
This paper utilizes the DSSC as a substitute in place of conventional FACTS devices. Normally,
FACTS devices have some limitations that are haltered the widespread deployments of these devices such as,
complexity, high initial cost, the entire system will be shut down when a failure takes place in one single point.
Recently FACTS, distributed in nature, named Distributed-FACTS [25] devices have been bought in contrast to
the above limitations. These devices are distributed all along the transmission line. D-FACTS are implemented
in damp low frequency oscillations, enhancement of transient stability and alleviation of sub-synchronous
resonance [26-28]. The Distributed Static series compensator (DSSC) is the deduced concept of static
synchronous series compensation (SSSC). DSSC offers lower cost and more reliable compared to the SSSC. In
[28] authors proposed that mitigation of SSR with auxiliary damping controller have been incurred with trial
and error method.
II. POWER SYSTEM DESCRIPTION FOR SSR ANALYSIS
The power system network for this study is an IEEE second benchmark [29], shown in fig: 1, used to
study sub-synchronous resonance and particularly torque amplification after a fault on a series-compensated
power system. It consists in a single generator (600 MVA/22kV/60 Hz/3600 rpm) connected to an infinite bus
via two transmission lines, one of which is 55% series-compensated. The compensation capacitor introduces
sub-synchronous mode, after a three-phase fault has been applied and cleared, there can be observed a
phenomenon that excites the oscillation torsional modes of the multi-mass shaft and the torque amplification.
The mechanical system is modeled by 3-masses: mass 1 = generator; mass 2 = low pressure turbine (LP); mass
3 = high pressure turbine (HP).
Figure: 1 The IEEE SBM model combined with DSSC
III. THE DSSC MODULES COMBINED SYSTEM MODEL
DSSC is a 1- Ø model of FACTS controller named Static Synchronous series compensator, with
reduced size and distributed in nature for the control of power flow in transmission lines. Since DSSC is a 1-Ø
device [30], individual DSSC modules are deployed in all the three phases of the transmission line to uphold
symmetry in power flow. Each module is mounted on each of the transmission line conductors or as an
alternative for conductor holding clamp on insulator discs. In doing so it takes an advantage of being no need of
phase to ground insulation in counterpoint with the SSSC. With respect to its inherent nature of low-power, the
distributed static series compensator calls for a number of DSSC modules along a single transmission line.
19
3. Application Distributed static series controller (DSSC) Modified with fuzzy logic and anifscontroll…
Figure: 2 Schematic circuit of DSSC module
The schematic representation of DSSC module is shown in fig: 2. The main components of this module
are: a current transformer to provide a feedback current signal; a controller; single turn transformer (STT) to
inject a control voltage into the line; a power supply and communication devices to send/receive signals to/from
the other modules or centralized controllers [31]. LC filters to filter-out harmonics in the generated control
voltage. By pass network, one of the advantages of this module is that, in an event of sleep or failure of any
module, it can be bypassed. These events are controlled by the centralized remote controllers, communicating
through wireless or PLC networks [32]. The Single turn transformer is in this module is constructed with a high
turn ratio of (100 : 1) with transmission line as a secondary winding. Due to this the rating if the switching
valves reduced and hence IGBTs can be used for economical implementation. The transmission line conductor
is surrounded by the transformer is to provide a complete path to the magnetic circuit.
IV. CONVENTIONAL CONTROLLERS
The power flow in transmission line could be controlled either by direct or indirect control of schemes.
For the direct control scheme, the control over the angular position ω and output voltage Vq are considered and
for the indirect control scheme, the angular position only considered [34]. In this paper utilizes the indirect
scheme of control, keeping the output voltage proportional to DC link. The scheme of control is as shown in
fig: 3.
Figure: 3 control scheme of DSSC
The purpose of this controller is to inject a synchronous voltage in orthogonal to the line current Ia and
to hold the changes in the DC bus capacitor. To control the DC capacitor voltage, a small error „e‟ is required,
which is result of the PI controller obtained by comparing the DC capacitor voltage Vdc with reference voltage
Vdc ref.
V. CONTROLLER DESIGN
The main objective of the DSSC module is to damp Subsynchronous resonance. These modules are
connected to a series compensated transmission lines. The purpose of DSSC module is to inject a compensating
voltage in quadrature with the line current to control the power flow in the transmission lines. Auxiliary
controllers are required to enhance its ability to mitigate low frequency oscillation and Subsynchronous
20
4. Application Distributed static series controller (DSSC) Modified with fuzzy logic and anifscontroll…
resonance phenomenon [26-28]. His section proceeds with the designing of conventional controller, fuzzy logic
based and ANFIS damping controllers.
a. Fuzzy Logic Controller:
Generally, the power system is considered to have nonlinear behavior. For this type of systems to yield
better performance, the Fuzzy Logic controller is the selective solution. The conventional controllers are
confined to a limited set of optimal values; fuzzy logic can be defined over infinite selective logics between 0
and 1. Instead of Boolean implements only two logics 0 and 1. Dynamic stability analysis, unit commitment,
control of load frequencies were implemented with fuzzy logic controllers in which the control is based on
human experiences/intelligence. Taking the changes in angular position Δω of the rotor system and its derivative
d/dtΔω as inputs, shown in fig by using a set of rules defined provides an appropriate Vdc ref to compare with the
dc bus capacitor voltage.
The fuzzy controller is divided into four essential parts, they are Fuzzification, Fuzzy inference engine, Rule-base
and Defuzzification. The Fuzzification involves conversion of input signals into fuzzy sets. Fuzzy
inference engine and rule base are the heart of the fuzzy system, all the control strategy is defined through a set
of possible rules and membership functions.
Figure: 4 scheme of fuzzy controller
The rules are chosen based on human experiences and system performance. On Defuzzification part the crisp
values of the fuzzy rules are generated.
Figure:5 Fuzzy Logic Based Damping Controller added on to DSSC
21
b. ANFIS based controller:
In this paper, the Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system (FIS) controller is used in the proposed Adaptive
Neuro-Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS) . The parameters to FIS controller are decided by back propagation
technique [36]. By taking Δω and d/dtΔω are taken as inputs, the ANFIS controller is determined. The output
signal is calculated by using input variable membership functions.
The proposed ANFIS controller consists of five layers: input layer, input membership function layer, layer of
rules, output membership function layer, and output layer. The fuzzy controller to generate output, it uses nine
rules and two input membership functions in each variable as shown in fig:6.
The ANFIS controller is constructed using simple pattern using the rules are as follows [37].
5. Application Distributed static series controller (DSSC) Modified with fuzzy logic and anifscontroll…
Figure:6 ANFIS architecture.
A. ANFIS Architecture :
Example: A two inputs (x and y) and one output (z) ANFIS
Rule 1 : IF x is A and y is B, then then f p x q y r 1 1 1 1
Rule 2 : IF x is A and y is B, then then f p x q y r 2 2 2 2
ANFIS architecture
Layer 1: adaptive nodes
Ai
22
(x) and Bi
(x) : any appropriate parameterized membership functions
A
i
1
i
b
i
i
x
x c
a
( )
[
( )
]
1
2
2
{a ,b ,c } premise parameters
i i i Layer 2: fixed nodes with function of multiplication
O w ( x ) ( x ) i 1 , 2 (firing strength of a rule)
2 , i i Ai Bi Layer 3: fixed nodes with function of normalization
w
O w
i
i i i
1 2
w w
3,
1 2
, (Normalized firing strength)
Layer 4: adaptive nodes
O w f w p x q y r 4,i i i i i i i ( )
{p ,q , t } i i i : consequent parameters
Layer 5: a fixed node with function of summation
O overall output w f i i
5 1 ,
i
B. Hybrid Learning Algorithm
When the premise parameters are fixed:
w
f
w w
f
w
w w
f
w f w f
w x p w y q w r
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
w x q w y q w r
1
1 2
1
2
1 2
2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+
linear function of consequent parameters.
The basic steps to be followed to construct ANFIS controller for DSSC are as follows:
Step:1 Design Simulink model with Fuzzy Logic controller and simulate with the given rule base
Step:2 While simulating the model with fuzzy controller, the ANFIS controller gathers the training data
6. Application Distributed static series controller (DSSC) Modified with fuzzy logic and anifscontroll…
Figure:7 control surface of ANFIS based DSSC controller
Step:3 The training data is provided by the two inputs, speed deviation Δω and its derivative d/dtΔω.
Step:4 Use anfisedit to generate ANFIS.fis file. Step:5 The data obtained in step:2 is loaded and generate the
FIS with bell MFs. Step:6 the collected data is trained with the generated FIS around 20 Epochs. Step:7 save
this ANFIS controller in Simulink with DSSC controller
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to evaluate the performance of DSSC controller, the transmission line is adjusted for 55% of
compensation and three-phase to ground fault is set in one of the lines at time 3 s and removed after 0.0168s. In
the first case, the simulation results and FFT analysis of rotor speed and torque between generator and low-pressure
turbine are shown in figure without any controllers. The FFT analysis for 55% of compensation, mode
1 oscillations are dominant at Subsynchronous frequency of 26 Hz.
(a) (b)
Figure:8 simulation results without any controller (a) rotor speed in Rad/s (b) the electrical torque
between generator and low pressure turbine in p.u.
Figure:9 FFT analysis on generator rotor shaft in order to validate the dominate mode.
In second case DSSC controller is provided first with conventional controller, later with a fuzzy logic based
damping controller. The Fuzzy logic based damping controller results are compared with conventional
23
7. Application Distributed static series controller (DSSC) Modified with fuzzy logic and anifscontroll…
controllers. The conventional damping controller used here is PSO based damping controller provided with the
optimal solution [35]. The FFT analysis shown in the figure below is for fuzzy logic controller based Damping
controller.
(a) (b)
Figure:10 Simulation results comparison between FLBDC and CDC based DSSC controllers (a) speed in
rad/s (b) the electrical torque between generator and low pressure turbine in p.u.
Observing the FFT analysis, it can be observed that the magnitude (% magnitude of the fundamental) is reduced
at dominating mode 1 oscillations at 26 Hz.
Figure:11 FFT analysis of generator rotor speed when DSSC is enhanced with FLBDC.
In the third case DSSC is provided with ANFIS controller, the performance of the controller is
improved further with significant improvement. The results were compared with the FLBDC controller as
shown in fig:12 below.
12(a) 12(b)
Figure:12 Simulation results of DSSC controller enhanced with ANFIS controller (a) speed in rad/s (b)
the electrical torque between generator and low pressure turbine in p.u.
24
8. Application Distributed static series controller (DSSC) Modified with fuzzy logic and anifscontroll…
13(a) 13(b)
Figure:13 Simulation results comparison between ANFIS controller and FLBDC based DSSC controllers(a) speed in rad/s (b) the
electrical torque between generator and low pressure turbine in p.u.
The FFT analysis provides support to the ANFIS proposal in this paper which enhances the
performance of the DSSC in mitigating subsynchronous resonance.
Figure: FFT analysis on generator rotor speed when DSSC is enhanced with ANFIS.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper, from the simulation results and discussions show that the performance of the DSSC
controller alone is not well. When the DSSC controller is provided with any of the auxiliary controllers like
conventional damping controller (CDC), FLBDC and ANFIS then there is an improvement in the performance
of the controller. CDC fails to provide alleviation of Low frequency oscillation besides SSR damping. Superior
performance is provided by the ANFIS controller compared to FLBDC and CDC. ANFIS and FLBDC not only
improve the performance in damp SSR but also LFO alleviation. Hence it can be said that DSSC enhanced with
Fuzzy and ANFIS controller is the best choice in damp Subsynchronous resonance and LFO in the power
system.
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