The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
SRF CONTROLLED DVR FOR COMPENSATION OF BALANCED AND UNBALANCED VOLTAGE DISTUR...IAEME Publication
The growth of power electronictechnology in the field of electric power sector has caused a greater awarenesson the power quality of distribution systems. With the re-structuring of powersystems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation,the issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. The presentresearch is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence themeasures that can enhance the quality of power. This paper investigates theproblems of voltage sag, swell and its severe impact on nonlinear loads,sensitive loads.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
This document summarizes a study that compares the effectiveness of load tap-changing transformers (LTCT) and shunt capacitors for enhancing voltage profiles on Nigeria's 330kV, 24-bus transmission system. Load flow analysis was performed with and without each device. Results showed that with shunt capacitors, the algorithm converged in 5 iterations and total losses reduced by 4.1%, while with LTCT, convergence was in 4 iterations and losses reduced by 4.8%. Incorporating LTCT provided a better improvement to the voltage profile than shunt capacitors alone. The document provides background on voltage stability, LTCTs, shunt capacitors, the Newton-Raphson load flow technique, and how LTCT
Transient Stability of Power System using Facts Device-UPFCijsrd.com
This paper is based on Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power.. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the rotor angle and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their oscillation in rotor angle and change in speed occurred in the two machine system considered in this work. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. A MATLAB simulation has been carried out to demonstrate the performance of the UPFC in achieving transient stability of the two-machine five-bus system.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
SRF CONTROLLED DVR FOR COMPENSATION OF BALANCED AND UNBALANCED VOLTAGE DISTUR...IAEME Publication
The growth of power electronictechnology in the field of electric power sector has caused a greater awarenesson the power quality of distribution systems. With the re-structuring of powersystems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation,the issue of power quality is going to take newer dimensions. The presentresearch is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence themeasures that can enhance the quality of power. This paper investigates theproblems of voltage sag, swell and its severe impact on nonlinear loads,sensitive loads.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
This document summarizes a study that compares the effectiveness of load tap-changing transformers (LTCT) and shunt capacitors for enhancing voltage profiles on Nigeria's 330kV, 24-bus transmission system. Load flow analysis was performed with and without each device. Results showed that with shunt capacitors, the algorithm converged in 5 iterations and total losses reduced by 4.1%, while with LTCT, convergence was in 4 iterations and losses reduced by 4.8%. Incorporating LTCT provided a better improvement to the voltage profile than shunt capacitors alone. The document provides background on voltage stability, LTCTs, shunt capacitors, the Newton-Raphson load flow technique, and how LTCT
Transient Stability of Power System using Facts Device-UPFCijsrd.com
This paper is based on Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power.. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the rotor angle and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their oscillation in rotor angle and change in speed occurred in the two machine system considered in this work. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. A MATLAB simulation has been carried out to demonstrate the performance of the UPFC in achieving transient stability of the two-machine five-bus system.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
IRJET- Automatic Load Sharing of TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for automatic load sharing of transformers using a microcontroller. The system would share the load of one transformer, called the main transformer, to another secondary transformer, called a slave transformer, during times of peak load or faulty conditions to prevent overloading of the main transformer. It discusses transformers, LCD displays, power supplies, and other components that could be used to build such a load sharing system and monitors conditions at consumer sites. The system aims to improve reliability, efficiency and flexibility of the power distribution system while reducing costs and risks of equipment damage from overloading.
Adaptive Modified Minimally Switched Hysteresis Controlled Shunt Active Power...idescitation
The main focus of this article is to investigate the
effects of Adaptive control on the switching frequency and
Total Harmonic Distortion of a modified, minimally switched
hysteresis controlled shunt active power filter. Reference
current generation was done using Instantaneous real and
reactive power algorithm. Pulses to the minimally switched
grid interactive inverter in which only two switches are
controlled at a time, had been generated using a modified
hysteresis current controller. Use of Modified Hysteresis
controller results in reducing the switching loses to one-third
but results in increase in current THD than the conventional
hysteresis controller. To overcome this, pulses to the modified
hysteresis controller were generated employing adaptive
control by modifying pulses from a conventional hysteresis
controller. Using adaptive control instantaneous switching
frequency was reduced and maintained nearly constant and
THD was brought to the limits specified by the standards,
thus overcoming the disadvantage of conventional and modified
hysteresis controller which has variable switching frequency.
A comparison of Modified Hysteresis controller with and
without Adaptive control has been made, to show the reduction
in THD. The system was simulated using MATLAB-
SIMULINK.
Performance Comparison of VSI Based DSTATCOM and ZSI Based DSTATCOM in A Dist...ruban8
Performance Comparison of VSI Based DSTATCOM and ZSI Based DSTATCOM in A Distribution System Network---D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) is a shunt device which is generally used to improve power quality of distribution systems. It is a device applied for correcting power factor, maintaining constant distribution voltage and mitigating current harmonics in a distribution network. In this paper, effort has been made to use ZSI based D-STATCOM in distribution system and its performance has been compared to VSI based DSTATCOM. The MATLAB/SIMULINK models have been developed to draw the conclusions.
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jeee/Papers/Vol9-issue6/Version-3/E09633035.pdf
IRJET- Power Saver for Industrial and Commercial Establishments by Power Fact...IRJET Journal
This document discusses power factor compensation through the use of shunt capacitors to improve power factor and reduce power losses in industrial and commercial establishments. It describes how inductive loads cause low power factor which decreases efficiency. The proposed system uses a microcontroller and relays to monitor power loss and actuate shunt capacitors to bring the power factor close to 1. This compensates for the inductive loads and results in zero power loss. Keywords discussed include power saver, shunt capacitors, power factor compensation, and thyristor control switches.
This document presents a new control scheme for a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. A STATCOM equipped with a battery energy storage system is connected at the point of common coupling between the wind farm and the grid. The STATCOM control scheme uses a hysteresis current control technique to inject compensating current and regulate the grid voltage. Simulation results show the STATCOM can mitigate reactive power demand and harmonics, as well as respond quickly to changes in load to help regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of connection to the grid.
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
Power Flow Control using Quadrature Boostersbalasubu2k
This document discusses using quadrature boosters (QBs) to control real power flows on transmission lines. QBs are similar to phase shifters but allow control of both voltage magnitude and angle. The author proposes modifying power flow equations to include the voltage injected by QBs. Simulations on 5-bus, 30-bus, and 115-bus test systems showed the calculated QB voltages achieved desired real power flows. Optimal power flow control using QBs is also discussed to meet thermal limits and scheduled loads while maintaining voltages.
Performance, Modelling & Simulation of Frequency Relays for Distributed Gener...Niraj Solanki
The document discusses modeling and simulation of an adaptive frequency relay for distributed generation protection. It presents:
1) Performance curves showing the islanding detection capability of frequency relays depends on active power imbalance.
2) A model for an adaptive frequency relay that can automatically change settings based on whether the microgrid is connected to or isolated from the main grid.
3) Simulation results demonstrating the relay detecting over and under frequency conditions within allowed limits for both grid-connected and island modes of operation.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Enhancement of power quality in distribution system by using D-STATCOMEng Ahmed Salad Osman
The document is a thesis submitted by three students for their Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses enhancing power quality in a distribution system using a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator). The thesis is classified as confidential and contains restricted information as specified by the University of Hormuud. The students declare the work as their own, and acknowledge the university's rights over the thesis.
This document discusses reactive power compensation techniques using FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It provides an overview of reactive power and why compensation is needed to regulate voltages and improve stability. Several FACTS devices for reactive power compensation are described, including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC. The document compares these devices based on their ability to control load flow, voltage, and stability. UPFC is found to be most effective for higher load flow control and voltage regulation, while STATCOM is suitable for smaller distribution systems. Reactive power compensation using FACTS devices can enhance power transfer capability and stability.
Concepts of Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability Methods in Power Sys...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes concepts of reactive power control and voltage stability methods in power system networks. It begins with an overview of reactive power and voltage stability issues in transmission and distribution systems. It then describes various reactive power control devices like SVCs, STATCOMs, and hybrid systems. The importance of reactive power control for maintaining voltage stability and preventing voltage collapse is discussed. Different reactive power control methods are outlined, including distribution system voltage control using volt/var control. The aim of power factor correction for economic benefits is also summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation and Analysis of a D-STATCOM for Load Compensation and Power Facto...IJMER
Power Generation and Transmission is a complex process, requiring the working of many
components of the power system in tandem to maximize the output. One of the main components to form
a major part is the reactive power in the system. It is required to maintain the voltage to deliver the
active power through the lines. Loads like motor loads and other loads require reactive power for their
operation. To improve the performance of ac power systems, we need to manage this reactive power in
an efficient way and this is known as reactive power compensation. In developing countries like India,
where the variation of power frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are
themselves a serious question, it is very vital to take positive steps in this direction.
The work presented here illustrates a method to compensate for the load reactive power using a
DSTATCOM
A DSTATCOM injects a current into the system to provide for the reactive component of the load
current. The validity of proposed method and achievement of desired compensation are confirmed by
the results of the simulation in MATLAB/ Simulink.
Pe 2010 25-10-a facts device distributed power flow controllerSudeepthg Sudeepth
The document describes a new type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device called the Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) by eliminating the common DC link between converters and distributing multiple single-phase series converters along the transmission line. This allows active power exchange between converters through the line using third harmonic frequencies instead of a DC link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC but offers improved reliability due to redundancy of series converters and lower cost due to smaller, isolated converters without high voltage insulation requirements. Experimental results from a scaled DPFC prototype are also presented.
A Review On Voltage Regulators Placement In Unbalanced Radial Distribution Sy...paperpublications3
This document summarizes research on optimally placing voltage regulators in unbalanced radial distribution systems. It discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to select voltage regulator locations and tap settings to minimize power losses while maintaining voltage levels. The document reviews several related works that use techniques like PSO, genetic algorithms, and tabu search to determine capacitor and voltage regulator placements. It also presents the methodology of using power loss indices to initially select candidate locations before applying PSO to finalize placements and tap settings. The goal is to improve the voltage profile and reduce losses in distribution systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Design of UPQC with Minimization of DC Link voltage for the Improvement of Po...IDES Editor
This document describes a proposed design for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) that uses fuzzy logic control to minimize DC link voltage fluctuations and improve power quality. The UPQC combines series and shunt inverters to compensate for voltage sags/swells, unbalanced voltages, harmonics, and reactive power. Fuzzy logic controllers are used to stabilize the DC link voltage and balance active power between the inverters. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic control provides better DC link voltage regulation compared to PI control, improving the UPQC's ability to compensate for power quality issues.
The document describes a proposed 127-level hybrid multilevel inverter topology. Multilevel inverters are useful for medium-voltage high-power applications as they can generate stepped voltage waveforms to reduce harmonic distortion. The proposed topology uses a bypass diode technique and H-bridge configuration to produce 31 voltage levels with only 8 switches and 4 diodes, reducing components compared to other multilevel inverter topologies. The performance of the 31-level inverter is studied using MATLAB/Simulink simulation. A 1 kW hardware prototype is developed to experimentally verify the concept. The proposed topology aims to reduce switching losses and total harmonic distortion in the output waveform.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates a novel interleaved ZCS boost DC-DC converter topology for photovoltaic interfaces. The converter uses two quasi-resonant switch blocks and lossless snubbers to achieve soft switching. Simulation results show the converter achieves reduced voltage and current ripple compared to conventional designs. A dual loop control scheme with an outer voltage loop and inner current loop is used to regulate the output. Coupling inductors between converter cells further improve transient response and reduce ripple. The proposed converter design and control scheme effectively interfaces photovoltaic systems with loads.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
IRJET- Automatic Load Sharing of TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for automatic load sharing of transformers using a microcontroller. The system would share the load of one transformer, called the main transformer, to another secondary transformer, called a slave transformer, during times of peak load or faulty conditions to prevent overloading of the main transformer. It discusses transformers, LCD displays, power supplies, and other components that could be used to build such a load sharing system and monitors conditions at consumer sites. The system aims to improve reliability, efficiency and flexibility of the power distribution system while reducing costs and risks of equipment damage from overloading.
Adaptive Modified Minimally Switched Hysteresis Controlled Shunt Active Power...idescitation
The main focus of this article is to investigate the
effects of Adaptive control on the switching frequency and
Total Harmonic Distortion of a modified, minimally switched
hysteresis controlled shunt active power filter. Reference
current generation was done using Instantaneous real and
reactive power algorithm. Pulses to the minimally switched
grid interactive inverter in which only two switches are
controlled at a time, had been generated using a modified
hysteresis current controller. Use of Modified Hysteresis
controller results in reducing the switching loses to one-third
but results in increase in current THD than the conventional
hysteresis controller. To overcome this, pulses to the modified
hysteresis controller were generated employing adaptive
control by modifying pulses from a conventional hysteresis
controller. Using adaptive control instantaneous switching
frequency was reduced and maintained nearly constant and
THD was brought to the limits specified by the standards,
thus overcoming the disadvantage of conventional and modified
hysteresis controller which has variable switching frequency.
A comparison of Modified Hysteresis controller with and
without Adaptive control has been made, to show the reduction
in THD. The system was simulated using MATLAB-
SIMULINK.
Performance Comparison of VSI Based DSTATCOM and ZSI Based DSTATCOM in A Dist...ruban8
Performance Comparison of VSI Based DSTATCOM and ZSI Based DSTATCOM in A Distribution System Network---D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) is a shunt device which is generally used to improve power quality of distribution systems. It is a device applied for correcting power factor, maintaining constant distribution voltage and mitigating current harmonics in a distribution network. In this paper, effort has been made to use ZSI based D-STATCOM in distribution system and its performance has been compared to VSI based DSTATCOM. The MATLAB/SIMULINK models have been developed to draw the conclusions.
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jeee/Papers/Vol9-issue6/Version-3/E09633035.pdf
IRJET- Power Saver for Industrial and Commercial Establishments by Power Fact...IRJET Journal
This document discusses power factor compensation through the use of shunt capacitors to improve power factor and reduce power losses in industrial and commercial establishments. It describes how inductive loads cause low power factor which decreases efficiency. The proposed system uses a microcontroller and relays to monitor power loss and actuate shunt capacitors to bring the power factor close to 1. This compensates for the inductive loads and results in zero power loss. Keywords discussed include power saver, shunt capacitors, power factor compensation, and thyristor control switches.
This document presents a new control scheme for a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. A STATCOM equipped with a battery energy storage system is connected at the point of common coupling between the wind farm and the grid. The STATCOM control scheme uses a hysteresis current control technique to inject compensating current and regulate the grid voltage. Simulation results show the STATCOM can mitigate reactive power demand and harmonics, as well as respond quickly to changes in load to help regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of connection to the grid.
LOW VOLTAGE RIDE - THROUGH CAPABILITY OF WIND FARMSEditor IJMTER
Nowadays wind turbines are generally required to offer ancillary services similar to those
provided by conventional generators. One of the most important services wind turbines must offer is
to stay connected to the grid in fault situations delivering the reactive current specified in the recent
grid codes. In this paper, FACTS solutions for fixed speed wind farms such as DVR (Dynamic
Voltage Restorer) are presented as well as classic control and crowbar solutions for variable speed
wind turbines.
Power Flow Control using Quadrature Boostersbalasubu2k
This document discusses using quadrature boosters (QBs) to control real power flows on transmission lines. QBs are similar to phase shifters but allow control of both voltage magnitude and angle. The author proposes modifying power flow equations to include the voltage injected by QBs. Simulations on 5-bus, 30-bus, and 115-bus test systems showed the calculated QB voltages achieved desired real power flows. Optimal power flow control using QBs is also discussed to meet thermal limits and scheduled loads while maintaining voltages.
Performance, Modelling & Simulation of Frequency Relays for Distributed Gener...Niraj Solanki
The document discusses modeling and simulation of an adaptive frequency relay for distributed generation protection. It presents:
1) Performance curves showing the islanding detection capability of frequency relays depends on active power imbalance.
2) A model for an adaptive frequency relay that can automatically change settings based on whether the microgrid is connected to or isolated from the main grid.
3) Simulation results demonstrating the relay detecting over and under frequency conditions within allowed limits for both grid-connected and island modes of operation.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Enhancement of power quality in distribution system by using D-STATCOMEng Ahmed Salad Osman
The document is a thesis submitted by three students for their Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses enhancing power quality in a distribution system using a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator). The thesis is classified as confidential and contains restricted information as specified by the University of Hormuud. The students declare the work as their own, and acknowledge the university's rights over the thesis.
This document discusses reactive power compensation techniques using FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It provides an overview of reactive power and why compensation is needed to regulate voltages and improve stability. Several FACTS devices for reactive power compensation are described, including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC. The document compares these devices based on their ability to control load flow, voltage, and stability. UPFC is found to be most effective for higher load flow control and voltage regulation, while STATCOM is suitable for smaller distribution systems. Reactive power compensation using FACTS devices can enhance power transfer capability and stability.
Concepts of Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability Methods in Power Sys...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes concepts of reactive power control and voltage stability methods in power system networks. It begins with an overview of reactive power and voltage stability issues in transmission and distribution systems. It then describes various reactive power control devices like SVCs, STATCOMs, and hybrid systems. The importance of reactive power control for maintaining voltage stability and preventing voltage collapse is discussed. Different reactive power control methods are outlined, including distribution system voltage control using volt/var control. The aim of power factor correction for economic benefits is also summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation and Analysis of a D-STATCOM for Load Compensation and Power Facto...IJMER
Power Generation and Transmission is a complex process, requiring the working of many
components of the power system in tandem to maximize the output. One of the main components to form
a major part is the reactive power in the system. It is required to maintain the voltage to deliver the
active power through the lines. Loads like motor loads and other loads require reactive power for their
operation. To improve the performance of ac power systems, we need to manage this reactive power in
an efficient way and this is known as reactive power compensation. In developing countries like India,
where the variation of power frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are
themselves a serious question, it is very vital to take positive steps in this direction.
The work presented here illustrates a method to compensate for the load reactive power using a
DSTATCOM
A DSTATCOM injects a current into the system to provide for the reactive component of the load
current. The validity of proposed method and achievement of desired compensation are confirmed by
the results of the simulation in MATLAB/ Simulink.
Pe 2010 25-10-a facts device distributed power flow controllerSudeepthg Sudeepth
The document describes a new type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device called the Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) by eliminating the common DC link between converters and distributing multiple single-phase series converters along the transmission line. This allows active power exchange between converters through the line using third harmonic frequencies instead of a DC link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC but offers improved reliability due to redundancy of series converters and lower cost due to smaller, isolated converters without high voltage insulation requirements. Experimental results from a scaled DPFC prototype are also presented.
A Review On Voltage Regulators Placement In Unbalanced Radial Distribution Sy...paperpublications3
This document summarizes research on optimally placing voltage regulators in unbalanced radial distribution systems. It discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to select voltage regulator locations and tap settings to minimize power losses while maintaining voltage levels. The document reviews several related works that use techniques like PSO, genetic algorithms, and tabu search to determine capacitor and voltage regulator placements. It also presents the methodology of using power loss indices to initially select candidate locations before applying PSO to finalize placements and tap settings. The goal is to improve the voltage profile and reduce losses in distribution systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Design of UPQC with Minimization of DC Link voltage for the Improvement of Po...IDES Editor
This document describes a proposed design for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) that uses fuzzy logic control to minimize DC link voltage fluctuations and improve power quality. The UPQC combines series and shunt inverters to compensate for voltage sags/swells, unbalanced voltages, harmonics, and reactive power. Fuzzy logic controllers are used to stabilize the DC link voltage and balance active power between the inverters. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic control provides better DC link voltage regulation compared to PI control, improving the UPQC's ability to compensate for power quality issues.
The document describes a proposed 127-level hybrid multilevel inverter topology. Multilevel inverters are useful for medium-voltage high-power applications as they can generate stepped voltage waveforms to reduce harmonic distortion. The proposed topology uses a bypass diode technique and H-bridge configuration to produce 31 voltage levels with only 8 switches and 4 diodes, reducing components compared to other multilevel inverter topologies. The performance of the 31-level inverter is studied using MATLAB/Simulink simulation. A 1 kW hardware prototype is developed to experimentally verify the concept. The proposed topology aims to reduce switching losses and total harmonic distortion in the output waveform.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and evaluates a novel interleaved ZCS boost DC-DC converter topology for photovoltaic interfaces. The converter uses two quasi-resonant switch blocks and lossless snubbers to achieve soft switching. Simulation results show the converter achieves reduced voltage and current ripple compared to conventional designs. A dual loop control scheme with an outer voltage loop and inner current loop is used to regulate the output. Coupling inductors between converter cells further improve transient response and reduce ripple. The proposed converter design and control scheme effectively interfaces photovoltaic systems with loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
High step up boost converter based micro inverter with mppt and current controlIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a high step-up boost converter-based micro inverter system for grid-connected photovoltaic power generation. A high step-up boost converter is used to efficiently transfer maximum power from the solar panel to the grid. An incremental conductance maximum power point tracking algorithm controls the converter to extract maximum power. A single-phase inverter with current control is also implemented for grid synchronization. The proposed system was modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the design of the high step-up converter and maximum power point tracking approach.
ZVZCS Based High Frequency Link Grid Connected SVM Applied Three Phase Three ...IAES-IJPEDS
This article proposes a newly proposed highly effective Zero Voltage and Zero Current switching based Front end converter with a High Frequency Transformer with a Three Phase Three Level Diode Clamped Inverter in photovoltaic applications. The switching scheme is implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink condition. ZVZCS condition is achieved. This type of converter shows high efficiency and very negligible switching loss. Finally ZVZCS based High Frequency Link Diode Clamped Inverter is connected to Grid. An MCI optimized Current controller is used with SVM switching technique. In This article, responses with three types of controllers (I, PI, PID) have been examined and compared. Simulation results show the effectiveness, and validity of this technique.
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current ...IJPEDS-IAES
Importance and demand of using renewable energy is dramatically escalated globally. Hence, the use of renewable energy is going to touch in peak. This demand is varying according to the site choosing. For instance, Wind is preferable where air is following highly as well as solar recommended place is high sun ray reducing places. Especially, the renewable system is highly recommended for electrification issues where it’s possible to produce the electricity for fulfilling rural and remote areas electricity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) panel of connecting with transformer based system is popular where some limitations are occurred especially cost and weight. In contrast, in this paper is focusing these issues where the transformer-less inverter system is used. Here will discuss some transformer-based and transformer-less inverter topologies and the leakage current issue which is occurred when transformer-less inverter system is used. Moreover, here is proposed a topology for reducing the leakage current after doing switching technique in both 50% and 75% duty cycle where output voltage remains quite same.
The document describes an extended-phase-shift (EPS) control method for isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters used in power distribution for microgrids. EPS control adds an inner phase-shift ratio between switch driving signals in addition to the outer phase-shift ratio of traditional phase-shift control. This decreases the backflow power effect seen in traditional control, expanding the power regulating range and reducing current stress compared to traditional control. The document analyzes the operation principle and eight modes of the converter under EPS control through circuit diagrams and mathematical equations.
Voltage Regulation with Hybrid RES based Distributed Generation in the for Ac...IJMTST Journal
In this paper adaptive zone-based Volt/VAR management is proposed, which coordinates active
participation of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment. To achieve a flexible and scalable
solution while minimizing complexity and requirements for data-handling capability, DG management
systems are integrated with decentralized parts of the Volt/VAR management system in smaller
geographical zones. Coordination of DGs with conventional voltage regulation equipment is based on
predefined control hierarchies. However, to reduce requirements for data handling capability, the distribution
grid is divided into zones with individual voltage regulation and reactive support schemes. To add flexibility
and scalability, these zones can be combined into larger zones with a common Volt/VAR management
scheme. This is referred to as adaptive zoning. The results indicate that the control schemes successfully
restore voltage to within limits after disturbance of grid conditions. Adaptive zoning effectively reduces
system complexity and requirements for data handling capability, while still ensuring a grid-wide solution.
The proposed concept is implemented to hybrid RES method the simulation results are presented by using
Matlab/Simulink platform.
Simulation of a 13-Level Inverter with Facts Capability for Distributed Energ...IJMTST Journal
This Paper Presents A whole New resonant twin active bridge(DAB) topology, that uses a tuned inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL) network. As compared to ancient DAB topologies, the planned topologies significantly reduced the bridge current, lowering every physical phenomenon and alter losses and conjointly VA rating associated with the bridges. The performance of the DAB is investigated using a mathematical model at a lower place varied operational conditions. Experiment results of a model is reduced the outflow current of the circuit. are presented with discussion to demonstrate the improved performance of the LCL DAB topology. Result clearly that the planned DAB Topology provide higher efficiency over an oversized vary of every input voltage and as compared to ancient DAB topology
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes power quality in a stand-alone microgrid system using an Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) multilevel inverter sourced by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The document provides background on multilevel inverters and their benefits over traditional inverters. It then describes the proposed ANPC 5-level inverter topology and the simulation of the system in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the ANPC multilevel inverter produces lower harmonic distortion than a conventional inverter when used in the microgrid system. Key aspects like switching states, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and total harmonic distortion are also discussed.
Power Quality Analysis Using Active NPC Multilevel inverter in PV sourced sta...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes power quality in a stand-alone microgrid system using an Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) multilevel inverter sourced by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The document provides background on multilevel inverters and their benefits over traditional inverters. It then describes the proposed ANPC 5-level inverter topology and the simulation of the system in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the ANPC multilevel inverter produces lower harmonic distortion than a conventional inverter when used in the microgrid system. Key aspects like switching states, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, and total harmonic distortion are also discussed.
1. The document describes a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter used as a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) to compensate for reactive power and harmonics in a power system.
2. A DSTATCOM is connected in shunt with the distribution system and uses a voltage source converter to generate a set of three-phase output voltages that can be adjusted to control the exchange of active and reactive power with the system.
3. The five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter topology reduces device voltage stress and output harmonics. Level shifted pulse width modulation and phase shifted pulse width modulation techniques are investigated for controlling the DSTATCOM.
This document discusses predictive direct power control (PDPC) of a grid-connected dual-active bridge multilevel inverter (DABMI) for renewable energy integration. A DABMI topology is proposed that uses two cascaded inverters to generate multilevel output voltages. A PDPC control strategy is adopted to control the real and reactive power injected into the grid. Simulation results show that the proposed DABMI produces lower power ripple and achieves currents with low total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards using PDPC control.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a solid-state transformer (S2T) using a single phase matrix converter (SPMC). The S2T aims to address limitations of conventional transformers such as size, weight, environmental issues. The proposed S2T design uses two SPMCs - one operating at 1 kHz to generate high frequency current on the primary side, and the other at 50 Hz to produce low frequency voltage on the secondary side. A switching algorithm is presented to address commutation problems when using inductive loads. The S2T design and switching control are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the S2T design can help minimize size and losses while achieving optimal efficiency compared to conventional approaches
DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BI - DIRECTIONAL ISOLATED FULL BRIDGE CONVERTEREditor IJMTER
In the renewable energy systems, the exchange of power from the source to the load and
vice-versa have conventionally been implemented with two uni-directional converters; each
processing the power in one direction. To improve the energy quality in such systems, bidirectional
DC-DC converters are used to charge/discharge the energy storage systems. This paper proposes the
bidirectional DC-DC converter which employs the two full single phase bridge converter
configuration on the both sides of the isolating transformer. The high side converter is controlled as
step down and the low side converter is controlled as step up. At a given instant of time, only one
converter is controlled and other acts as diode bridge converter. The proposed system is
characterized by good dynamic properties and high efficiency because of low switching losses.
Using the same power components for achieving bidirectional flow of power in the symmetrical
circuit topology provides a simple, efficient and galvanic ally isolated that is especially attractive for
use in battery charging/discharging circuits.High frequency isolation transformer plays an important
role in achieving galvanic isolation and also for reducing the system size, weight and cost. Power
MOSFET switches, provided with snubber circuit and PI filter at the output side are employed to
reduce the ripple and for voltage regulation in this proposed thesis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
1) The document describes modeling and simulation of a DSTATCOM (distribution static synchronous compensator) to improve power quality in a distribution system feeding both linear and non-linear loads.
2) A MATLAB/Simulink model of a DSTATCOM power circuit and control system is developed. Simulation results under different load conditions are presented to demonstrate the DSTATCOM's ability to provide power factor correction, harmonic compensation, and reactive power support.
3) Key findings include that the DSTATCOM can balance unbalanced loads, improve the source power factor to unity, and regulate voltages under transient conditions like load changes within one cycle.
This document describes an electronic doorbell system that uses a keypad and GSM for home security. The system consists of a doorbell connected to a microcontroller that triggers a GSM module to send an SMS to the homeowner when the doorbell is pressed. The homeowner can then respond via button press to open the door, or a message will be displayed if they do not respond. An authorized person can enter a password on the keypad, and if multiple wrong passwords are entered, a message will be sent to the homeowner about a potential burglary attempt. The system aims to provide notification to homeowners and prevent unauthorized access through use of passwords and messaging capabilities.
Augmented reality, the new age technology, has widespread applications in every field imaginable. This technology has proven to be an inflection point in numerous verticals, improving lives and improving performance. In this paper, we explore the various possible applications of Augmented Reality (AR) in the field of Medicine. The objective of using AR in medicine or generally in any field is the fact that, AR helps in motivating the user, making sessions interactive and assist in faster learning. In this paper, we discuss about the applicability of AR in the field of medical diagnosis. Augmented reality technology reinforces remote collaboration, allowing doctors to diagnose patients from a different locality. Additionally, we believe that a much more pronounced effect can be achieved by bringing together the cutting edge technology of AR and the lifesaving field of Medical sciences. AR is a mechanism that could be applied in the learning process too. Similarly, virtual reality could be used in the field where more of practical experience is needed such as driving, sports, neonatal care training.
Image fusion is a sub field of image processing in which more than one images are fused to create an image where all the objects are in focus. The process of image fusion is performed for multi-sensor and multi-focus images of the same scene. Multi-sensor images of the same scene are captured by different sensors whereas multi-focus images are captured by the same sensor. In multi-focus images, the objects in the scene which are closer to the camera are in focus and the farther objects get blurred. Contrary to it, when the farther objects are focused then closer objects get blurred in the image. To achieve an image where all the objects are in focus, the process of images fusion is performed either in spatial domain or in transformed domain. In recent times, the applications of image processing have grown immensely. Usually due to limited depth of field of optical lenses especially with greater focal length, it becomes impossible to obtain an image where all the objects are in focus. Thus, it plays an important role to perform other tasks of image processing such as image segmentation, edge detection, stereo matching and image enhancement. Hence, a novel feature-level multi-focus image fusion technique has been proposed which fuses multi-focus images. Thus, the results of extensive experimentation performed to highlight the efficiency and utility of the proposed technique is presented. The proposed work further explores comparison between fuzzy based image fusion and neuro fuzzy fusion technique along with quality evaluation indices.
Graphs have become the dominant life-form of many tasks as they advance a
structure to represent many tasks and the corresponding relations. A powerful
role of networks/graphs is to bridge local feats that exist in vertices as they
blossom into patterns that help explain how nodal relations and their edges
impacts a complex effect that ripple via a graph. User cluster are formed as a
result of interactions between entities. Many users can hardly categorize their
contact into groups today such as “family”, “friends”, “colleagues” etc. Thus,
the need to analyze such user social graph via implicit clusters, enables the
dynamism in contact management. Study seeks to implement this dynamism
via a comparative study of deep neural network and friend suggest algorithm.
We analyze a user’s implicit social graph and seek to automatically create
custom contact groups using metrics that classify such contacts based on a
user’s affinity to contacts. Experimental results demonstrate the importance
of both the implicit group relationships and the interaction-based affinity in
suggesting friends.
This paper projects Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. Proposed GOA approach is based on the chirping characteristics of Gryllidae. In common, male Gryllidae chirp, on the other hand some female Gryllidae also do as well. Male Gryllidae draw the females by this sound which they produce. Moreover, they caution the other Gryllidae against dangers with this sound. The hearing organs of the Gryllidae are housed in an expansion of their forelegs. Through this, they bias to the produced fluttering sounds. Proposed Gryllidae Optimization Algorithm (GOA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show that the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss considerably.
In the wake of the sudden replacement of wood and kerosene by gas cookers for several purposes in Nigeria, gas leakage has caused several damages in our homes, Laboratories among others. installation of a gas leakage detection device was globally inspired to eliminate accidents related to gas leakage. We present an alternative approach to developing a device that can automatically detect and control gas leakages and also monitor temperature. The system detects the leakage of the LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) using a gas sensor, then triggred the control system response which employs ventilator system, Mobile phone alert and alarm when the LPG concentration in the air exceeds a certain level. The performance of two gas sensors (MQ5 and MQ6) were tested for a guided decision. Also, when the temperature of the environment poses a danger, LED (indicator), buzzer and LCD (16x2) display was used to indicate temperature and gas leakage status in degree Celsius and PPM respectively. Attension was given to the response time of the control system, which was ascertained that this system significantly increases the chances and efficiency of eliminating gas leakage related accident.
Feature selection problem is one of the main important problems in the text and data mining domain. This paper presents a comparative study of feature selection methods for Arabic text classification. Five of the feature selection methods were selected: ICHI square, CHI square, Information Gain, Mutual Information and Wrapper. It was tested with five classification algorithms: Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree and Artificial Neural Networks. In addition, Data Collection was used in Arabic consisting of 9055 documents, which were compared by four criteria: Precision, Recall, F-measure and Time to build model. The results showed that the improved ICHI feature selection got almost all the best results in comparison with other methods.
The document proposes the Gentoo Penguin Algorithm (GPA) to solve the optimal reactive power problem. The goal is to minimize real power loss. GPA is inspired by the natural behaviors of Gentoo penguins. In GPA, penguin positions represent potential solutions. Penguins move toward other penguins with lower "cost" or higher heat concentration, representing better solutions. Cost is defined by heat concentration and distance between penguins. Heat radiation decreases with distance. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 57 bus system and reduces real power loss effectively compared to other methods.
08 20272 academic insight on applicationIAESIJEECS
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.There was an expressive quantitative-qualitative research, which a common investigation form was used in.The dialogue item was also applied to discover if the contributors asserted the media-based attitude supplements their learning of academic English writing classes or not.Data recounted academic” insights toward using Skype as a sustaining implement for lessons releasing based on chosen variables: their occupation, year of education, and knowledge with Skype discovered that there were no important statistical differences in the use of Skype units because of medical academics major knowledge. There are statistically important differences in using Skype units. The findings also, disclosed that there are statistically significant differences in using Skype units due to the practice with Skype variable, in favors of academics with no Skype use practice. Skype instrument as an instructive media is a positive medium to be employed to supply academic medical writing data and assist education. Academics who do not have enough time to contribute in classes believe comfortable using the Skype-based attitude in scientific writing. They who took part in the course claimed that their approval of this media is due to learning academic innovative medical writing.
Cloud computing has sweeping impact on the human productivity. Today it’s used for Computing, Storage, Predictions and Intelligent Decision Making, among others. Intelligent Decision-Making using Machine Learning has pushed for the Cloud Services to be even more fast, robust and accurate. Security remains one of the major concerns which affect the cloud computing growth however there exist various research challenges in cloud computing adoption such as lack of well managed service level agreement (SLA), frequent disconnections, resource scarcity, interoperability, privacy, and reliability. Tremendous amount of work still needs to be done to explore the security challenges arising due to widespread usage of cloud deployment using Containers. We also discuss Impact of Cloud Computing and Cloud Standards. Hence in this research paper, a detailed survey of cloud computing, concepts, architectural principles, key services, and implementation, design and deployment challenges of cloud computing are discussed in detail and important future research directions in the era of Machine Learning and Data Science have been identified.
Notary is an official authorized to make an authentic deed regarding all deeds, agreements and stipulations required by a general rule. Activities carried out at the notary office such as recording client data and file data still use traditional systems that tend to be manual. The problem that occurs is the inefficiency in data processing and providing information to clients. Clients have difficulty getting information related to the progress of documents that are being taken care of at the notary's office. The client must take the time to arrive to the notary's office repeatedly to check the progress of the work of the document file. The purpose of this study is to facilitate clients in obtaining information about the progress of the work in progress, and make it easier for employees to process incoming documents by implementing an administrative system. This system was developed with the waterfall system development method and uses the Multi-Channel Access Technology integrated in the website to simplify the process of delivering information and requesting information from clients and to clients with Telegram and SMS Gateway. Clients will come to the office only when there is a notification from the system via Telegram or SMS notifying that the client must come directly to the notary's office, thus leading to an efficient time and avoiding excessive transportation costs. The overall functional system can function properly based on the results of alpha testing. The results of beta testing conducted by distributing the system feasibility test questionnaire to end users, get a percentage of 96% of users agree the system is feasible to be implemented.
In this work Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) is proposed to solve the optimal reactive power problem. In the projected Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) in order to avoid the searching agents from trapping into the local optimal the converging towards global optimal is divided based on two different conditions. In the proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) omega tundra wolf has been taken as searching agent as an alternative of indebted to pursue the first three most excellent candidates. Escalating the searching agents’ numbers will perk up the exploration capability of the Tundra wolf wolves in an extensive range. Proposed Tundra wolf algorithm (TWA) has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30 bus test systems and simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduced the real power loss effectively.
In this work Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm has been applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. PPS algorithm has been modeled based on the motion of the particles in the exploration space. Normally the movement of the particle is based on gradient and swarming motion. Particles are permitted to progress in steady velocity in gradient-based progress, but when the outcome is poor when compared to previous upshot, immediately particle rapidity will be upturned with semi of the magnitude and it will help to reach local optimal solution and it is expressed as wavering movement. In standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus systems Proposed Predestination of Particles Wavering Search (PPS) algorithm is evaluated and simulation results show the PPS reduced the power loss efficiently.
In this paper, Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) has been intermingled with Harmony Search (HS) algorithm for solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem. MBA is based on explosion of landmines and HS is based on Creativeness progression of musicians-both are hybridized to solve the problem. In MBA Initial distance of shrapnel pieces are reduced gradually to allow the mine bombs search the probable global minimum location in order to amplify the global explore capability. Harmony search (HS) imitates the music creativity process where the musicians supervise their instruments’ pitch by searching for a best state of harmony. Hybridization of Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) improves the search effectively in the solution space. Mine blast algorithm improves the exploration and harmony search algorithm augments the exploitation. At first the proposed algorithm starts with exploration & gradually it moves to the phase of exploitation. Proposed Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) has been tested on standard IEEE 14, 300 bus test systems. Real power loss has been reduced considerably by the proposed algorithm. Then Hybridized Mine Blast Algorithm with Harmony Search algorithm (MH) tested in IEEE 30, bus system (with considering voltage stability index)- real power loss minimization, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability index enhancement has been attained.
Artificial Neural Networks have proved their efficiency in a large number of research domains. In this paper, we have applied Artificial Neural Networks on Arabic text to prove correct language modeling, text generation, and missing text prediction. In one hand, we have adapted Recurrent Neural Networks architectures to model Arabic language in order to generate correct Arabic sequences. In the other hand, Convolutional Neural Networks have been parameterized, basing on some specific features of Arabic, to predict missing text in Arabic documents. We have demonstrated the power of our adapted models in generating and predicting correct Arabic text comparing to the standard model. The model had been trained and tested on known free Arabic datasets. Results have been promising with sufficient accuracy.
In the present-day communications speech signals get contaminated due to
various sorts of noises that degrade the speech quality and adversely impacts
speech recognition performance. To overcome these issues, a novel approach
for speech enhancement using Modified Wiener filtering is developed and
power spectrum computation is applied for degraded signal to obtain the
noise characteristics from a noisy spectrum. In next phase, MMSE technique
is applied where Gaussian distribution of each signal i.e. original and noisy
signal is analyzed. The Gaussian distribution provides spectrum estimation
and spectral coefficient parameters which can be used for probabilistic model
formulation. Moreover, a-priori-SNR computation is also incorporated for
coefficient updation and noise presence estimation which operates similar to
the conventional VAD. However, conventional VAD scheme is based on the
hard threshold which is not capable to derive satisfactory performance and a
soft-decision based threshold is developed for improving the performance of
speech enhancement. An extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB simulation tool on NOIZEUS speech database and a comparative
study is presented where proposed approach is proved better in comparison
with existing technique.
Previous research work has highlighted that neuro-signals of Alzheimer’s disease patients are least complex and have low synchronization as compared to that of healthy and normal subjects. The changes in EEG signals of Alzheimer’s subjects start at early stage but are not clinically observed and detected. To detect these abnormalities, three synchrony measures and wavelet-based features have been computed and studied on experimental database. After computing these synchrony measures and wavelet features, it is observed that Phase Synchrony and Coherence based features are able to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine classifier is used for classification giving 94% accuracy on experimental database used. Combining, these synchrony features and other such relevant features can yield a reliable system for diagnosing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Attenuation correction designed for PET/MR hybrid imaging frameworks along with portion making arrangements used for MR-based radiation treatment remain testing because of lacking high-energy photon weakening data. We present a new method so as to uses the learned nonlinear neighborhood descriptors also highlight coordinating toward foresee pseudo-CT pictures starting T1w along with T2w MRI information. The nonlinear neighborhood descriptors are acquired through anticipating the direct descriptors interested in the nonlinear high-dimensional space utilizing an unequivocal constituent guide also low-position guess through regulated complex regularization. The nearby neighbors of every near descriptor inside the data MR pictures are looked during an obliged spatial extent of the MR pictures among the training dataset. By that point, the pseudo-CT patches are evaluated through k-closest neighbor relapse. The planned procedure designed for pseudo-CT forecast is quantitatively broke downward on top of a dataset comprising of coordinated mind MRI along with CT pictures on or after 13 subjects.
The cognitive radio prototype performance is to alleviate the scarcity of spectral resources for wireless communication through intelligent sensing and quick resource allocation techniques. Secondary users (SU’s) actively obtain the spectrum access opportunity by supporting primary users (PU’s) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In present generation, spectrum access is endowed through cooperative communication-based link-level frame-based cooperative (LLC) principle. In this SUs independently act as conveyors for PUs to achieve spectrum access opportunities. Unfortunately, this LLC approach cannot fully exploit spectrum access opportunities to enhance the throughput of CRNs and fails to motivate PUs to join the spectrum sharing processes. Therefore, to overcome this con, network level cooperative (NLC) principle was used, where SUs are integrated mutually to collaborate with PUs session by session, instead of frame based cooperation for spectrum access opportunities. NLC approach has justified the challenges facing in LLC approach. In this paper we make a survey of some models that have been proposed to tackle the problem of LLC. We show the relevant aspects of each model, in order to characterize the parameters that we should take in account to achieve a spectrum access opportunity.
In this paper, the author provides insights and lessons that can be learned from colleagues at American universities about their online education experiences. The literature review and previous studies of online educations gains are explored and summarized in this research. Emerging trends in online education are discussed in detail, and strategies to implement these trends are explained. The author provides several tools and strategies that enable universities to ensure the quality of online education. At the end of this research paper, the researcher provides examples from Arab universities who have successfully implemented online education and expanded their impact on the society. This research provides a strategy and a model that can be used by universities in the Middle East as a roadmap to implement online education in their regions.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
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operation is preferred although synchronous generators are capable of controlling voltage at the
point of connection point of DG. The selection of DG size and location is important since
otherwise, adverse effects, such as voltage rise, mis-operation of protection relays may occur
[12].The purpose of this paper is to examine the change in feeder voltage profile depending on
the size and location of DG in the system.
2. Research Method
Most developing countries have experienced progressing demand on their power
system network [13]. Therefore DGs are employed to cater for these demands. The most
common type of voltage control method is by using on-load tap changer transformer [5]. For
operating the tap changer of a power transformer, the automatic voltage control (AVC) relay
initiates a signal to bring the controlled voltage back within the specified limits. When automatic
load-tap-changing transformers operating in parallel are located remotely from each other,
interconnecting control wires are impractical and a modification of the line-drop compensator
setting is necessary to obtain satisfactory operation. This type of control is sometimes referred
to as the "reduced" or "reversed" reactance method. This method serves to distinguish between
circulating current and load current and does this by virtue of a difference in power factor
between these currents. A compensator which employs normal resistance and reverse
reactance results in a characteristic such that high power-factor currents cause the transformer
to increase the voltage and low power-factor currents cause it to decrease. Thus, it is possible
to set compensators so that load currents will cause a boosting operation and circulating
currents will cause a slight bucking operation of transformers with no intervening impedance.
These are the two methods from which we can control the AVC relay namely the negative
reactance compounding (NRC) and LDC. The negative reactance compounding (NRC) method
helps to maintain similar tap positions for paralleled transformers by changing the polarity of
reactance of LDC setting – XLDC.
In NRC operation, transformer T1 has much higher tap position compared to
transformer T2. Due to the difference in tap position, a circulating current will flow between
transformer T1 and transformer T2. The circulating current causes current IT1 to be shifted in
clockwise direction and current IT2 in anti-clockwise direction. Both current IT1 and IT2 which
passes through the ZNRC setting create a voltage drop IT ∙ZNRC. The AVC relay uses this voltage
drop to determine the proper tap position. Since the voltage at transformer T1 is higher than the
target voltage therefore the AVC relay initiates a tap down operation. Similarly the AVC relay of
transformer T2 initiates a tap up operation. The action stops with a similar tap position of both
the parallel transformers when the circulating current is eliminated and target voltage is
achieved. The advantage of NRC scheme is that it can operate with transformers at different
positions in the networks and it does not need to be identical anymore due to the independent
action of each transformer. However, the NRC fails to operate satisfactorily when the power
factor changes from a set point. Integration of irregular DG into the network effects the NRC
operation. Apart from that, negative value of XLDC setting could cause poor performance of LDC.
An increased value of RLDC is needed in order to maintain the performance of LDC.
The aim of line-drop compensation is to keep the voltage constant, not at the local bus
bar on the transformer secondary, but at some remote load center. Normal practice is to sense
the load current (local to the transformer) and from this to simulate the voltage drop in the line to
the remote load center. Modern voltage-control relays include line-drop compensation as
standard. OLTC consist of two fixed windings and a third tap winding (regulation winding)
connected in series with either winding 1or winding 2. A +30° or - 30° phase shift is introduced
when winding 1 or winding 2 are connected in delta. In automatic mode voltage regulator on
and the signal applied at the Vm inputs is monitored and the voltage regulator asked for tap
change. The three-phase two-winding transformer or autotransformer uses an on-load tap
changer (OLTC) for regulating voltage on a transmission or distribution system. Controlling
voltage on a transmission system will affect primarily flow of reactive power, which, in turn, will
affect the power transfer limits. Although the regulating transformer does not provide as much
flexibility and speed as power-electronics based FACTS, it can be considered as a basic power
flow controller.
To overcome frequent tap operation due to DG interconnection, several artificial
intelligence methods are introduced for AVC relay operation. Fuzzy logic systems are much
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preferred compared to other artificial intelligent systems because the control rules can be
implemented using simple “IF-THEN” relations [5].
1) Fuzzy Membership Function
a. Secondary voltage of the OLTC transformer: very high (VH), high (H), normal (N), low (L),
very low (LV)
b. Phase angle of current through the OLTC transformer: high (H), normal (N), low (L)
c. Change of current: negative (N), zero (Z), positive (P)
d. Tap position: low (L), normal (N), high (H)
e. AVC relay voltage: high (H), normal (N), low (L)
2) Fuzzy Control Rules
a. If voltage is very low, then AVC relay voltage is low.
b. If voltage is low, tap position is normal and power angle is normal, then AVC relay voltage
is normal.
c. If voltage is low, tap position is low and power angle is normal, then AVC relay voltage is
low.
d. If voltage is normal and power angle is low, then AVC relay voltage is low.
e. If voltage is normal and power angle is normal, then AVC relay voltage is normal.
f. If voltage is normal and power angle is high, then AVC relay voltage is low.
g. If voltage is high, tap position is normal and power angle is normal, then AVC relay voltage
is normal.
h. If voltage is high, tap position is high, then AVC relay voltage is high.
i. If voltage is very high, then AVC relay voltage is high.
j. If voltage is normal and power angle is low, then AVC relay voltage is normal.
k. If voltage is normal and power angle is normal, then AVC relay voltage is normal.
l. If voltage is normal and power angle is high, then AVC relay voltage is high.
The other advantages of these systems are that they are simpler and able to simplify
design complexity and lessen the hardware cost .Fuzzy logic systems are beneficial because
they allow the usage of fuzzy rules which are more expressive than crisp values [14]. The fuzzy
logic systems also requires less computation time.
2.1. Case Study
Small scale DG of less than 10MW is normally connected directly to the utility system at
the sub transmission and distribution level [15]. In this study, a radial distribution test system
operating at nominal voltage level of 11kV is modelled using PSCAD/EMTDC software for
simulation purpose. The radial test system used in the simulation is shown in Figure 1. Different
operating scenarios of DG connections were considered as follows:
a. Case 1, a DG unit consisting of a 4.0 MW, 5.5 MW, 6.5 MW and 7.0 MW synchronous
generators each is connected at bus 4.
b. Case 2, a DG unit consisting of a 4.0 MW, 5.5 MW, 6.5 MW and 7.0 MW synchronous
generators each is connected at bus 3.
c. Case 3, a DG unit consisting of a 4.0 MW, 5.5 MW, 6.5 MW and 7.0 MW synchronous
generators each is connected at bus 2.
d. Case 4, a DG unit consisting of a 4.0 MW, 5.5 MW, 6.5 MW and 7.0 MW synchronous
generators each is connected at bus 1.
Figure 1. 11 kV radial type test system
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2.2. The Simulation Process
First, the simulation is carried out without inserting the DG into the network. The voltage
at each bus and the active and reactive power feed by the distribution substation are measured.
Second, the simulation is run with implementing the DG into the network (at bus 4). Again, the
voltage at each bus and the active and reactive power feed by the distribution substation and
the installed DG are measured. Third, repeat the second step two times and at each time vary
the location and size of DG at several buses (bus 3, bus 2 and bus 1). The output power of the
DG is kept constant at all cases. The summary of the simulated cases are shown in Table 1. No
tap operation is initiated to study the effect of DG on the feeder voltage profile.
Table 1. The comparison between each case
Test Case Description
No DG connection
1 (a) The distribution system operates with 4.0 MW DG connected at bus 4.
(b) The distribution system operates with 5.5 MW DG connected at bus 4.
(c) The distribution system operates with 6.5 MW DG connected at bus 4.
(d) The distribution system operates with 7.0 MW DG connected at bus 4.
2 (a) The distribution system operates with 4.0 MW DG connected at bus 3.
(b) The distribution system operates with 5.5 MW DG connected at bus 3.
(c) The distribution system operates with 6.5 MW DG connected at bus 3.
(d) The distribution system operates with 7.0 MW DG connected at bus 3.
3 (a) The distribution system operates with 4.0 MW DG connected at bus 2.
(b) The distribution system operates with 5.5 MW DG connected at bus 2.
(c) The distribution system operates with 6.5 MW DG connected at bus 2.
(d) The distribution system operates with 7.0 MW DG connected at bus 2.
4 (a) The distribution system operates with 4.0 MW DG connected at bus 1.
(b) The distribution system operates with 5.5 MW DG connected at bus 1.
(c) The distribution system operates with 6.5 MW DG connected at bus 1.
(d) The distribution system operates with 7.0 MW DG connected at bus 1.
3. Results and Analysis
Figure 2 shows the voltage profile through the whole system’s buses under study
without DG connection. It is observed that the voltage drops linearly starting from the distribution
substation to the far-end load in the distribution network under study.
Figure 2. The distribution’s network voltage profile without DG
From Figure 4 it is obvious that the voltage level at bus 4 increases when DG is
connected (at bus 4). DG’s function of providing part of the required demand in the distribution
network improves the voltage at the point of DG connection.
1.02
1.00
0.98 0.96
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1 2 3 4
Voltageinper
unit
Bus Number
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Figure 3. 11 kV radial type test system for case 1
Figure 4. The distribution’s network voltage profile for case 1
Figure 4 shows that the DG is able to further improve the voltage profile along the
feeder when its capability is increased. Larger DG size contributes to increased source of active
power which improves the voltage profile throughout the distribution network. It is observed that
a more uniform voltage profile along the distribution feeder is achievable if the DG is supplying a
large percentage of the required demand. However, generation exceeding the feeder load could
cause DG saturation to occur. DG saturation refers to the point at which large DGs are installed
such that it becomes technically infeasible to operate on a single distribution feeder.
Figure 5. 11 kV radial type test system for case 2
Figure 6. The distribution’s network voltage profile for case 2
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
Voltageinperunit
case 1 (a)
case 1 (b)
case 1 (c)
case 1 (d)
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
Vltageinperunit
case 2 (a)
case 2 (b)
case 2 (c)
case 2 (d)
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Figure 6 shows that the voltage level at bus 3 increases when DG is connected (at
bus 3). Based on simulation results, it is also observed that DG connection at bus 3 reduces the
distribution substation required capabilities all over the distribution network. The results shows
that a more improved voltage profile along the feeder is achievable if the DG is capable of
providing a larger percentage of the required demand in the distribution network.
Figure 7. 11 kV radial type test system for case 3
Figure 8. The distribution’s network voltage profile for case 3
Figure 8 proves that DG output power supplying for a larger part of required demand is
able to improve the overall voltage profile along the distribution feeder. It is observed that higher
voltage level of the far-end load side of the distribution network is achievable when the DG
capability is increased.
Figure 9. 11 kV radial type test system for case 4
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
Voltageinperunit
case 3 (a)
case 3 (b)
case 3 (c)
case 3 (d)
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Figure 10. The distribution’s network voltage profile for case 4
Figure 10 shows that the voltage drops linearly starting from the substation to the far-
end load in the distribution network when DG is connected at bus 1. However, the voltage level
at all the buses is higher compared to without DG connection into the system. Simulation result
proves that the connected DG shares the responsibility of supplying the required demand with
the substation. It is observed that a larger capacity of DG contributes to a larger part of required
demand therefore increasing the voltage level in each bus compared to the scenario without DG
connection.
The summary of the simulation results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Simulation result for each case
Test Case Voltage Level (in per unit value)
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
No DG 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96
1 (a) 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97
(b) 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99
(c) 1.05 1.02 1.01 1.00
(d) 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.00
2 (a) 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97
(b) 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99
(c) 1.05 1.02 1.01 0.99
(d) 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.00
3 (a) 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97
(b) 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98
(c) 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.99
(d) 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.99
4 (a) 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.98
(b) 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98
(c) 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.99
(d) 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.99
The siting of DGs at various locations shows positive impact on voltage profile.
However there is a possibility of voltage rise if the DG penetration level is too high [16]. The rise
in voltage could cause misoperation of protective devices and therefore adjustment or changes
of protective devices are required. In order to accommodate more DGs, the voltage profile along
the feeder should be kept within statutory limits (voltage between ± 10% of the base voltage)
and there is a need to employ intelligent devices for this purpose. Development of smart grid
allows for the use of intelligent devices and thus helps to keep the voltage level within statutory
limits.
4. Conclusion
A number of cases are simulated while changing the size and location of DG in the
system. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study.
a. DG mainly provides part of the required demand in the distribution network.
b. DG implementation as a source of active power has a great positive impact on improving
the voltage profile through the entire distribution network.
c. DG reduces the distribution substation required capacities all over the distribution system.
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
Voltageinper
unit
case 4 (a)
case 4 (b)
case 4 (c)
case 4 (d)
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Acknowledgement
This work is supported by Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Taylor’s University and
University of Malaya, Malaysia.
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