This document summarizes a study on the air permeability of knitted fabrics made from regenerated cellulosic fibers like viscose and modal. Sixteen knitted fabric samples were produced from viscose and modal yarns in two different counts spun at the same twist, knitted into pique structures at four tightness levels. Testing showed that air permeability decreased with increasing fabric thickness and tightness factor. Finer yarn counts and looser structures increased air permeability. Viscose fabrics showed a stronger correlation between air permeability and thickness than modal fabrics. Overall, the study found that air permeability of these knitted fabrics is influenced by yarn count, fabric thickness, tightness, and porosity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
1) The study investigated the effect of short coir fiber reinforcement on the flexural properties of polymer composites at varying fiber weight percentages (5-25%) and thicknesses (3-5mm).
2) Testing found that flexural strength and elongation increased with fiber content up to 20% reinforcement, but then decreased at 25%. The 20% reinforced 4mm thick composite exhibited the highest flexural strength and elongation.
3) Increasing fiber content improved bonding between the coir and polymer matrix, while higher contents led to more porosity and weaker properties. Coir was shown to be an effective and lightweight reinforcement for polymer composites.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Comparison of some of Denim Fabric Properties produced with different Weftijsrd.com
The aim of this study was to asses and compares the some of denim fabric properties using three different weft yarns. Threads per inch and weft type are some of the most important parameters that affect both weaving performance and fabric property. Experimental studies were conducted by weaving fabrics with same warp yarn i.e. 9'OE Rotor yarn. Three different weft yarns are (1) Excel (2) Cotton (3) Polyester. These all are same count. Denim fabrics was woven in three different twill weave (1) 2/1 (2) 3/1 (3) 2/2. It was found the weave type and weft type affects fabric properties. The weave and weft yarn has great impact on the some of comfort related properties also i.e. air permeability, tensile strength, tear strength, and seam slippage, bursting strength.
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Thermal Bonded Nonwoven Composi...Shaharia Ahmed
The document summarizes an investigation into the mechanical properties of thermal bonded nonwoven composite materials made from blends of sustainable fibers like jute and polypropylene. Various tests were conducted to analyze the thickness, weight, tear strength, and tensile strength of the nonwoven composites according to standardized methods. The composites were produced by thermal molding of woven fabrics made from jute and polypropylene yarns. The research aimed to study how the mechanical properties of the composites were affected by the blended sustainable fibers.
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim Quality by A K Choudhary in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
For an end consumer of denim garments, the most important factors are performance and comfort after few aesthetic factors such as appearance and fashion appeal. For stretchable denim fabric, the fit related comfort lies in ability of the fabric to be stretched and recover when a repeated load is applied due to body movements without any permanent set called bagging. In this study, the interactive effect of twist multiplier of weft yarn, denier elastane fibre and fabric areal density on performance of denim fabric was investigated. The denier of elastane fibre used with weft yarn of three different twist multiplier- 4.9, 5.2 and 5.5, is changed as 40D, 55D and 70D. The areal density of fabric is changed through change in picks per inch as 50, 55 and 60. Performance was analysed on the basis of results of breaking strength, breaking elongation and cyclic loading stretch properties. The test results revealed that the tensile strength and breaking elongation properties of denim fabric, for both before and after cyclic loading are in the same trend, but after cyclic loading due to fatigue behaviour, tensile strength and breaking elongation was reduced. The breaking elongation increased as lycra content increases in the fabric and with increase in lycra content percentage, tensile strength was decreased slightly.
IRJET - Mechanical Characterisation of Glass Fibre Composites by using Recycl...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using recycled plastics to produce glass fiber composites. Plastics are widely used but not biodegradable, leading to pollution. They can be recycled mechanically by grinding into chips, heating to form yarn, and weaving into fabric. Glass fiber composites are strong but expensive. The study produced composites using epoxy resin with layers of recycled plastic fabric and glass fiber. Testing found the composites had densities from 0.94-1.17 g/cm3, tensile strengths around 50 MPa similar to thermoplastics, hardness increased with more fiber, and impact absorption increased up to 40% fiber content. The composites showed mechanical properties comparable to virgin glass
Crimson Publishers- Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and Pique Knits by Usha Chowdhary*, Mohammed Maruf Adnan and Chin-I Cheng in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
1) The study investigated the effect of short coir fiber reinforcement on the flexural properties of polymer composites at varying fiber weight percentages (5-25%) and thicknesses (3-5mm).
2) Testing found that flexural strength and elongation increased with fiber content up to 20% reinforcement, but then decreased at 25%. The 20% reinforced 4mm thick composite exhibited the highest flexural strength and elongation.
3) Increasing fiber content improved bonding between the coir and polymer matrix, while higher contents led to more porosity and weaker properties. Coir was shown to be an effective and lightweight reinforcement for polymer composites.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Comparison of some of Denim Fabric Properties produced with different Weftijsrd.com
The aim of this study was to asses and compares the some of denim fabric properties using three different weft yarns. Threads per inch and weft type are some of the most important parameters that affect both weaving performance and fabric property. Experimental studies were conducted by weaving fabrics with same warp yarn i.e. 9'OE Rotor yarn. Three different weft yarns are (1) Excel (2) Cotton (3) Polyester. These all are same count. Denim fabrics was woven in three different twill weave (1) 2/1 (2) 3/1 (3) 2/2. It was found the weave type and weft type affects fabric properties. The weave and weft yarn has great impact on the some of comfort related properties also i.e. air permeability, tensile strength, tear strength, and seam slippage, bursting strength.
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Thermal Bonded Nonwoven Composi...Shaharia Ahmed
The document summarizes an investigation into the mechanical properties of thermal bonded nonwoven composite materials made from blends of sustainable fibers like jute and polypropylene. Various tests were conducted to analyze the thickness, weight, tear strength, and tensile strength of the nonwoven composites according to standardized methods. The composites were produced by thermal molding of woven fabrics made from jute and polypropylene yarns. The research aimed to study how the mechanical properties of the composites were affected by the blended sustainable fibers.
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
The Effect of Twist Multiplier, Elastane Percentage and Pick Density on Denim Quality by A K Choudhary in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
For an end consumer of denim garments, the most important factors are performance and comfort after few aesthetic factors such as appearance and fashion appeal. For stretchable denim fabric, the fit related comfort lies in ability of the fabric to be stretched and recover when a repeated load is applied due to body movements without any permanent set called bagging. In this study, the interactive effect of twist multiplier of weft yarn, denier elastane fibre and fabric areal density on performance of denim fabric was investigated. The denier of elastane fibre used with weft yarn of three different twist multiplier- 4.9, 5.2 and 5.5, is changed as 40D, 55D and 70D. The areal density of fabric is changed through change in picks per inch as 50, 55 and 60. Performance was analysed on the basis of results of breaking strength, breaking elongation and cyclic loading stretch properties. The test results revealed that the tensile strength and breaking elongation properties of denim fabric, for both before and after cyclic loading are in the same trend, but after cyclic loading due to fatigue behaviour, tensile strength and breaking elongation was reduced. The breaking elongation increased as lycra content increases in the fabric and with increase in lycra content percentage, tensile strength was decreased slightly.
IRJET - Mechanical Characterisation of Glass Fibre Composites by using Recycl...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using recycled plastics to produce glass fiber composites. Plastics are widely used but not biodegradable, leading to pollution. They can be recycled mechanically by grinding into chips, heating to form yarn, and weaving into fabric. Glass fiber composites are strong but expensive. The study produced composites using epoxy resin with layers of recycled plastic fabric and glass fiber. Testing found the composites had densities from 0.94-1.17 g/cm3, tensile strengths around 50 MPa similar to thermoplastics, hardness increased with more fiber, and impact absorption increased up to 40% fiber content. The composites showed mechanical properties comparable to virgin glass
Crimson Publishers- Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Bursting Strength and Extension for Jersey, Interlock and Pique Knits by Usha Chowdhary*, Mohammed Maruf Adnan and Chin-I Cheng in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
Investigation on the Changes of Areal Density of Knit Fabric with Stitch Leng...iosrjce
Stitch length and GSM (gram per square meter) are the two major parameters for making a knit
fabric. The relationship between stitch length (S.L) and GSM is inversely proportional if the other parameter
remain constant. Again the presence of tuck loop in knit fabric structure make the fabric heavier than the plain
single jersey fabric having all knit loop because of the accumulation of yarn in the tucking place. In this study,
an experimental work was offered to understand the influence of different stitch length on the GSM of knit fabric
with respect to the change of tuck loop percentage in the knit fabric structure. Here three fabric (single jersey,
single lacoste and polo pique) having different tuck loops percentage with five different stitch lengths were
selected where the other parameters were constant. With the increment of tuck loop percentage and descending
of stitch length, a measurable increase in areal density was observed, where the GSM increment percentage was
maximum at 2.70 mm stitch length for every tuck loop percentage. After that the gradual reduction of stitch
length resulted in the lower rate of GSM increment.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The document investigates the mechanical and morphological properties of composites made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with leather waste. Composites were produced by melt mixing HDPE with 0-60% leather waste and compression molding. Testing found that tensile strength and yield stress increased up to an optimum waste content but decreased with more filler. Hardness was higher than HDPE alone. Adding additives to a formulation of HDPE90/leather waste10 increased tensile, yield, and impact strengths by over 50% compared to unmodified HDPE. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ductile fracture surfaces and improved thermal stability compared to pure HDPE.
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics IJERA Editor
In this study, “An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics”, some sample fabrics were produced with plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end satin weave structure using four different weft counts. By means of regression, the correlation coefficient and correlation between different properties of fabrics were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that the crease recovery angle and the bending length are inversely proportional to each other. It was also found that with the increasing of weft yarn counts lead to a decreasing in stiffness, abrasion resistance and increasing in crease recovery angle. The pilling and wrinkle recovery affected very low by the increase of weft yarn count and for the variation of weave structure. Plain weave was superior to other structures in stiffness where as twill weave showed higher crease recovery.
2014 bamboo a functionally graded composite material dr. pannipa chaowanaTheerawat Thananthaisong
1. Bamboo is a natural composite material made of long cellulose fibers embedded in a lignin matrix. Bamboo's microstructure and properties vary along its length and thickness, making it a functionally graded composite.
2. The study characterized the microstructure of Dendrocalamus asper bamboo through image analysis. Fiber volume fraction and vascular bundle concentration increased from bottom to top and inner to outer parts of the culm.
3. Specific gravity, bending strength and elasticity also increased from bottom to top due to higher fiber content and density. These properties correlated with fiber volume fraction, making bamboo grading useful for design.
This document summarizes a study on the functional properties of silk and polyester/lyocell mixed fabric. The study analyzed fabrics made of 100% silk as well as fabrics with silk as the warp and a 50/50 blend of polyester and lyocell as the weft. The fabrics were dyed with natural dyes like indigo and kumkum as well as synthetic dyes. Tests were conducted to analyze properties like absorbency, water retention, wicking, water vapor permeability, air permeability, colorfastness, and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the silk mixed fabric performed comparably to 100% silk fabric for many properties relevant in applications like sarees.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute f...iaemedu
1) The document studies the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites.
2) It finds that the tensile strength of the composites increases with the addition of jute fiber, while the percentage elongation at break decreases.
3) Thermal analysis shows the degradation of PVC starts before jute fiber and the composites degrade in two stages. The degradation peaks correspond to stages involving dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of PVC and lighter and heavier materials of jute fiber.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBR...IAEME Publication
This paper includes the study of basic mechanical properties of polymer composites prepared for polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Hemp long fiber and Hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions of 10%, 20% and 30% reinforcement used for patellar implant material. Over the past centuries, there is lot of research works carried out in the medical field and materials science in development of biomaterials for implant applications. So, many different materials are used as implants for replacing of damaged parts
The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition because
of their non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics with the increasingly important requirements for textile
manufactures to reduce pollution in textile production. Furthermore, the use of enzymes results in reduced
process times, energy and water savings, improved product quality and potential process integration. Variation
of knit fabric and enzyme concentration is taken to do this project. The aim is to know the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of knit garments of various constructions. In this project 0.4 g/l and 0.5
g/l enzyme concentration is taken to wash Single Jersey and Rib fabric. Then to see the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric some tests like GSM, Bursting strength,
Dimensional Stability and Pilling are done. The results of before and after enzyme wash is compared to know
the effect of concentration of enzyme on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric. After enzyme
wash GSM of the fabric increases, Dimensional Stability and Bursting strength decreases and pilling formation
on the fabric surface also decreases.
Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shi...IJERA Editor
This work presents the investigation results of physical-mechanical properties of fibrous hemp composite specimens produced from hemp shives and starch used as a binding material. For this purpose specimens with different amount of binding material, density and granulometric composition were used. Experimental results show that strength properties of composites linearly depend on the density of the material, as well as the density of hemp composites in all cases has the influence on change in thermal conductivity. During the research of mechanical properties it was determined that specimens with greater density and quantity of binding material had the greatest strength
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Journals
The document summarizes research that examined the effect of different shade percentages (1%, 3%, 5%) on properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes. It was found that increasing the shade percentage increased the GSM, CPI, WPI, and shrinkage of fabrics. It also decreased the color fastness of the fabrics. The research analyzed properties like structural parameters, shrinkage, and color fastness like wash fastness, water fastness and light fastness. It was concluded that shade percentage significantly impacts the technical properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes."
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Effect of Fabric Construction Parameters and Scouring on the Moisture Tra...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of knit fabric construction parameters and scouring on moisture transmission properties. Three blend compositions were tested: 50/50 polyester/cotton, 50/50 polyester/viscose, and 50/50 polyester/modal. Fabric samples were assessed for properties like stitch density, loop length, porosity, and tightness factor before and after scouring. Testing showed the 50/50 polyester/modal fabric had the best air permeability and moisture transfer capabilities. Scouring improved the vertical wicking performance of all fabric samples. The 50/50 polyester/modal knit fabric performed best in terms of comfort and moisture management.
This document describes a research study on the pilling resistance and extensibility of single jersey jacquard knitted fabrics made from different stitch lengths and yarn types. Samples will be produced using 100% polyester, 60/40 cotton/polyester blend, and 20/80 cotton/polyester blend yarns at different stitch lengths. The samples will be tested for properties like pilling resistance, extensibility, air permeability, abrasion resistance, and thickness. The results will help identify which yarn type and stitch length combination provides the best balance of pilling resistance and extensibility.
This study examined the effect of fabric softener on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering. It found that fabric softener treatment significantly decreased the air permeability and wickability of cotton fabrics but did not affect polyester fabrics. The softener treatment increased the thermal insulation value of both cotton and polyester fabrics to a similar degree. Statistical analysis showed the results were significant for air permeability, thermal insulation value, and wickability of the fabrics. The chemical finishing had a significant influence on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering cycles.
IRJET- Pile Height and Terry Fabric - A StudyIRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of pile height on various properties of terry fabrics, finding that increasing pile height significantly increases fabric thickness, GSM, tensile strength, and moisture absorption, while decreasing air permeability and water absorbency time. Three terry fabrics were produced with pile heights of 3.5 mm, 4.2 mm, and 4.6 mm using cotton yarn, and their properties were analyzed and compared. In general, properties correlated positively with increased pile height due to the greater amount of yarn and loop surface area available.
Investigation on the Changes of Areal Density of Knit Fabric with Stitch Leng...iosrjce
Stitch length and GSM (gram per square meter) are the two major parameters for making a knit
fabric. The relationship between stitch length (S.L) and GSM is inversely proportional if the other parameter
remain constant. Again the presence of tuck loop in knit fabric structure make the fabric heavier than the plain
single jersey fabric having all knit loop because of the accumulation of yarn in the tucking place. In this study,
an experimental work was offered to understand the influence of different stitch length on the GSM of knit fabric
with respect to the change of tuck loop percentage in the knit fabric structure. Here three fabric (single jersey,
single lacoste and polo pique) having different tuck loops percentage with five different stitch lengths were
selected where the other parameters were constant. With the increment of tuck loop percentage and descending
of stitch length, a measurable increase in areal density was observed, where the GSM increment percentage was
maximum at 2.70 mm stitch length for every tuck loop percentage. After that the gradual reduction of stitch
length resulted in the lower rate of GSM increment.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The document investigates the mechanical and morphological properties of composites made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with leather waste. Composites were produced by melt mixing HDPE with 0-60% leather waste and compression molding. Testing found that tensile strength and yield stress increased up to an optimum waste content but decreased with more filler. Hardness was higher than HDPE alone. Adding additives to a formulation of HDPE90/leather waste10 increased tensile, yield, and impact strengths by over 50% compared to unmodified HDPE. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ductile fracture surfaces and improved thermal stability compared to pure HDPE.
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics IJERA Editor
In this study, “An Investigation on Different Physical Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics”, some sample fabrics were produced with plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill and 4-end satin weave structure using four different weft counts. By means of regression, the correlation coefficient and correlation between different properties of fabrics were investigated. The findings of this study revealed that the crease recovery angle and the bending length are inversely proportional to each other. It was also found that with the increasing of weft yarn counts lead to a decreasing in stiffness, abrasion resistance and increasing in crease recovery angle. The pilling and wrinkle recovery affected very low by the increase of weft yarn count and for the variation of weave structure. Plain weave was superior to other structures in stiffness where as twill weave showed higher crease recovery.
2014 bamboo a functionally graded composite material dr. pannipa chaowanaTheerawat Thananthaisong
1. Bamboo is a natural composite material made of long cellulose fibers embedded in a lignin matrix. Bamboo's microstructure and properties vary along its length and thickness, making it a functionally graded composite.
2. The study characterized the microstructure of Dendrocalamus asper bamboo through image analysis. Fiber volume fraction and vascular bundle concentration increased from bottom to top and inner to outer parts of the culm.
3. Specific gravity, bending strength and elasticity also increased from bottom to top due to higher fiber content and density. These properties correlated with fiber volume fraction, making bamboo grading useful for design.
This document summarizes a study on the functional properties of silk and polyester/lyocell mixed fabric. The study analyzed fabrics made of 100% silk as well as fabrics with silk as the warp and a 50/50 blend of polyester and lyocell as the weft. The fabrics were dyed with natural dyes like indigo and kumkum as well as synthetic dyes. Tests were conducted to analyze properties like absorbency, water retention, wicking, water vapor permeability, air permeability, colorfastness, and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the silk mixed fabric performed comparably to 100% silk fabric for many properties relevant in applications like sarees.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute f...iaemedu
1) The document studies the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites.
2) It finds that the tensile strength of the composites increases with the addition of jute fiber, while the percentage elongation at break decreases.
3) Thermal analysis shows the degradation of PVC starts before jute fiber and the composites degrade in two stages. The degradation peaks correspond to stages involving dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of PVC and lighter and heavier materials of jute fiber.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBR...IAEME Publication
This paper includes the study of basic mechanical properties of polymer composites prepared for polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Hemp long fiber and Hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions of 10%, 20% and 30% reinforcement used for patellar implant material. Over the past centuries, there is lot of research works carried out in the medical field and materials science in development of biomaterials for implant applications. So, many different materials are used as implants for replacing of damaged parts
The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition because
of their non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics with the increasingly important requirements for textile
manufactures to reduce pollution in textile production. Furthermore, the use of enzymes results in reduced
process times, energy and water savings, improved product quality and potential process integration. Variation
of knit fabric and enzyme concentration is taken to do this project. The aim is to know the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of knit garments of various constructions. In this project 0.4 g/l and 0.5
g/l enzyme concentration is taken to wash Single Jersey and Rib fabric. Then to see the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric some tests like GSM, Bursting strength,
Dimensional Stability and Pilling are done. The results of before and after enzyme wash is compared to know
the effect of concentration of enzyme on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric. After enzyme
wash GSM of the fabric increases, Dimensional Stability and Bursting strength decreases and pilling formation
on the fabric surface also decreases.
Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shi...IJERA Editor
This work presents the investigation results of physical-mechanical properties of fibrous hemp composite specimens produced from hemp shives and starch used as a binding material. For this purpose specimens with different amount of binding material, density and granulometric composition were used. Experimental results show that strength properties of composites linearly depend on the density of the material, as well as the density of hemp composites in all cases has the influence on change in thermal conductivity. During the research of mechanical properties it was determined that specimens with greater density and quantity of binding material had the greatest strength
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Journals
The document summarizes research that examined the effect of different shade percentages (1%, 3%, 5%) on properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes. It was found that increasing the shade percentage increased the GSM, CPI, WPI, and shrinkage of fabrics. It also decreased the color fastness of the fabrics. The research analyzed properties like structural parameters, shrinkage, and color fastness like wash fastness, water fastness and light fastness. It was concluded that shade percentage significantly impacts the technical properties of cotton knitted fabrics dyed with reactive dyes."
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Effect of Fabric Construction Parameters and Scouring on the Moisture Tra...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of knit fabric construction parameters and scouring on moisture transmission properties. Three blend compositions were tested: 50/50 polyester/cotton, 50/50 polyester/viscose, and 50/50 polyester/modal. Fabric samples were assessed for properties like stitch density, loop length, porosity, and tightness factor before and after scouring. Testing showed the 50/50 polyester/modal fabric had the best air permeability and moisture transfer capabilities. Scouring improved the vertical wicking performance of all fabric samples. The 50/50 polyester/modal knit fabric performed best in terms of comfort and moisture management.
This document describes a research study on the pilling resistance and extensibility of single jersey jacquard knitted fabrics made from different stitch lengths and yarn types. Samples will be produced using 100% polyester, 60/40 cotton/polyester blend, and 20/80 cotton/polyester blend yarns at different stitch lengths. The samples will be tested for properties like pilling resistance, extensibility, air permeability, abrasion resistance, and thickness. The results will help identify which yarn type and stitch length combination provides the best balance of pilling resistance and extensibility.
This study examined the effect of fabric softener on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering. It found that fabric softener treatment significantly decreased the air permeability and wickability of cotton fabrics but did not affect polyester fabrics. The softener treatment increased the thermal insulation value of both cotton and polyester fabrics to a similar degree. Statistical analysis showed the results were significant for air permeability, thermal insulation value, and wickability of the fabrics. The chemical finishing had a significant influence on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering cycles.
IRJET- Pile Height and Terry Fabric - A StudyIRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of pile height on various properties of terry fabrics, finding that increasing pile height significantly increases fabric thickness, GSM, tensile strength, and moisture absorption, while decreasing air permeability and water absorbency time. Three terry fabrics were produced with pile heights of 3.5 mm, 4.2 mm, and 4.6 mm using cotton yarn, and their properties were analyzed and compared. In general, properties correlated positively with increased pile height due to the greater amount of yarn and loop surface area available.
Effect of stitch length on physical and mechanical properties of single jerse...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn
(ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, stitch length / loop length, structural geometry, fiber composition of yarn etc. This study
focused on the various stitch length effect of grey single jersey. With an increase in stitch length, the dimensional properties like CPI,
WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased for all the structures; while comfort properties like air permeability & water
absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased stitch length at grey stage. Other properties
such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased stitch length. Though all the tests for fabric
properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is
mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done
according to desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of
fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOCKSIRJET Journal
This document compares the thermal behavior of three types of socks (A, B, C). It finds that sock C has higher thermal conductivity, absorbity, and resistance compared to socks A and B. This is due to sock C having a higher grammage (GSM), more courses per inch, and more wales per inch. Sock A has higher thermal diffusion than socks B and C due to its lower GSM and fewer courses/wales per inch. In summary, the thermal properties of socks are influenced by their construction characteristics like GSM, courses/inch, and wales/inch.
Crimson Publishers - Certain Properties of Needle Punched Nonwoven Fabrics Ma...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Certain Properties of Needle Punched Nonwoven Fabrics Made from Silk and Wool Fibers by Rajkumar Govindaraju* and Srinivasan Jagannathan in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
Effect of loop size on compressive load comfort of elastic knitted fabricsMinh Tuan Nguyen
1) The study investigated how knitted elastic fabric compressive load is affected by loop size and penetration depth to determine fabric comfort levels.
2) Fabric samples were produced with three different loop sizes and tested at three penetration depths, with compressive load measured using an Instron tensile tester.
3) Statistical analysis showed that loop size and penetration depth had significant influence on compressive load, which could be modeled with high accuracy using a third order equation. This allows comfort levels to be predicted based on loop size and penetration depth.
The comfort properties of two differential shrinkageFabia Ribeiro
The document presents research on the comfort properties of two warp knitted fabrics made from differential-shrinkage polyester yarns. The polyester yarn was constructed from two components with different shrinkage properties, resulting in a bulkier yarn and fabric after heat treatment. Various objective and subjective evaluations were conducted to compare the performance and handle of the warp knitted polyester fabrics to a 100% cotton warp knitted fabric. Testing found the polyester fabrics had better abrasion resistance but worse pilling resistance than cotton. They also had lower air permeability and water vapor permeability due to their denser structure after yarn shrinkage. Subjective evaluations indicated the polyester fabrics had a similar handle to cotton in terms of properties like
Handle of cotton: wool knitted khadi fabriciosrjce
Hand of cotton: woolhand knitted fabrics has been reported in this study. Indian crossbred wool
(Rambouillet and Chokla) was blended with cotton (Mech I) in three different ratios (10-90%, 20-80% and 30-
70%) and yarns were prepared on hand spinning system.Knitted fabric samples were constructed on 10-12
gauge, flat bed hand knitting machine. Fabric handle was objectively assessed by SiroFAST.
The Effect of Plasma and Enzyme Treatment on the Comfort Properties of Organi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the effect of plasma and enzyme treatment on the comfort properties of organic cotton woven fabric. Plasma treatment with atmospheric air and treatment with the cellulase enzyme were performed on plain woven organic cotton fabric. The comfort properties of air permeability, water vapour permeability, and wickability were evaluated. The plasma treated fabric showed better air permeability and wickability compared to the enzyme treated and untreated fabrics. However, the enzyme treated fabric demonstrated better water vapour permeability characteristics. The research helps understand how the surface modifications impact the comfort properties of organic cotton fabric.
Noval Method for Fabrication of 3-D Spacer Fabric Composite and Investigatio...IJMER
The paper deals with the fabrication and flexural property studies of 3D Spacer fabrics with
three different stiffener height, i.e., 5mm, 10mm and 15mm. The specimens were fabricated over two
bidirectional woven fabric surfaces of glass fiber reinforced composite face sheet which were
mechanically connected with vertical threads. An innovative stitching technique was used. The flexural
strength and deflection of fabricated specimens were determined through three point bending test (ASTM
C 393-62). A significant increase in flexural rigidity was observed when it compared with other panels,
and found it is highest for 3D Spacer fabric with stiffener height 3415mm. Also, the results proved that
flexural strength of 3D Spacer fabric increases with respect to the height of the stiffener. Also the results
were compared with simply glued sandwich composite of thickness 15mm and found a significant
improvement in flexural strength of 3D spacer fabric composite compared to glued composite.
Recent development in needle punching nonwoven manufacturingVijay Prakash
This document provides details on the production and testing of nonwoven fabrics made from reclaimed fibers using needle punching. It describes the methodology used, including refiberizing textile waste into fibers, forming a web through carding or air laying, needle punching the web to bond the fibers, and optionally calendering the fabric. It discusses how machine parameters like needle density and punching speed influence fabric properties. The properties tested include thickness, strength, bonding strength between layers, and air permeability. The goal is to compare nonwovens made from reclaimed fibers to ordinary nonwovens and evaluate their potential use in filtration applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses air permeability, which is a measure of how well a fabric allows the passage of air through it. It defines air permeability and lists common units of measurement. The standard test method used is the Shirley air permeability tester, which measures the volume of air passing through a fabric under a pressure differential. The document outlines factors that influence air permeability, such as fiber properties, yarn structure, weave, finishing treatments, and environmental conditions.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract
The following paper focuses on change in spirality due to stitch length and count variation .This work was carried out with 12 samples of single jersey knit fabrics which were scoured and bleached with NaOH and H2O2 (35% strength), dyed with reactive dye (Remazol Yellow RR reactive class) and were finished as standard procedure . After finishing the samples were tested for spirality and compared between different stitch length and count. The result obtained in this research indicated that spirality increases strongly due to increase of stitch length when count of yarn is fixed and on fixed stitch length spirality increases with the increment of count.
Keywords: Spirality, Count, Stitch length.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Publishing House
This study examined the effect of yarn count and stitch length on spirality in single jersey knit fabrics. 12 fabric samples were produced with variations in count (30-40 Ne) and stitch length (2.6-2.95 mm). The samples were tested for spirality after scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. The results showed that spirality increased as stitch length increased due to more yarn twisting. Spirality also increased with higher yarn counts due to less fabric compactness and more loops available for twisting. In conclusion, using lower yarn counts and stitch lengths can help manufacturers reduce spirality issues in knitted fabrics.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
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C1071622
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP.16-22
Air Permeability of Knitted fabrics made from
Regenerated Cellulosic fibres
S.S.Bhattacharya1 and J.R.Ajmeri2
1Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology M.S.University, Baroda, India
2Textile Technology Department, Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat, India;
Abstract:- The aim of this paper is to evaluate the air permeability property of the knitted structures made from
viscose and modal yarns for sportswear. Viscose and modal yarns spun in different counts ( Ne 30s, Ne 40s )
with the same twist coefficient of αe =3.3 were knitted as pique fabrics in the same production conditions with
four tightness factors and air permeabililty property of fabrics were measured. Result indicate that air
permeability is a function of the thickness, tightness factor and porosity of the knitted fabrics and for summer
wear or sportswear modal pique structure could be used.
Keywords:- : Knitted fabric, Air permeability, Viscose, Modal, Porosity, Tightness factor
I. INTRODUCTION
Sportswear textiles belong to a category called sporttech, which is one of the mainstream technical
textiles. This rising interest is due to a number of social factors that include increased leisure time, increased
considerations of wellbeing and good health, growth of indoor and outdoor sports facilities and the ever-increasing
pursuit of the adult population of activities outside the home or workplace. More healthy lifestyles
are leading to greater sports participation, more sports have been invented and many old sports have become
popular.
The active wear and sportswear sector of the textiles industry is extremely broad. It can range from
specialist sports apparel worn by professional athletes, to sportswear worn by everyday consumers for its
fashion value. In active and endurance sports, the performance of a sportswear is synonymous with its comfort
characteristics. The wear comfort of sportswear is an important quality criterion that affects performance,
efficiency and well-being. (e.g.[1]). Knitted fabrics are the preferred structures in sports wear in which demand
for comfort is a key requirement. As the possibilities to expand cotton fibre production are limited, there is
considerable potential for a further increase in production of „cellulosics‟ especially viscose rayon fibre. It is
known that viscose is made from wood pulp, a naturally occurring, cellulose based raw material. As a result, it‟s
properties are more similar to those of the natural cellulosic fibres, such as cotton fibre and has good comfort
properties. Like other types of rayon, originally marketed as "artificial silk," modal is soft, smooth and breathes
well. Its texture is similar to that of cotton or silk. It is cool to the touch and very absorbent due to the largest
contact angle compared with viscose and excel.
16
A. Porosity
Heat and liquid sweat generation during sports activities must be transported out and dissipated to the
atmosphere. A key property influencing such behaviors is porosity. The yarn diameter, knitting structure, course
and wale density, yarn linear density, pore size and pore volume are the main factors affecting the porosity of
knitted fabrics (e.g.[2]). It was determined that the loop length of a knitted jersey has more influence on porosity
than the stitch density and the thickness (e.g.[3]). Dias and Delkumburewatte, ( e.g.[4]) created a theoretical
model to predict the porosity of a knitted structure and determined that porosity depended on fabric parameters
and relaxation progression (e.g. [5]). The most commonly used methods to evaluate the porosity of textile
fabrics are: air permeability; geometrical modelling and image processing (e.g.[6]).
B. Air Permeability
Air permeability is defined as the volume of air in millilitres which is passed in one second through
100mm2 of the fabric at a pressure difference of 10mm head of water. The air permeability of a fabric is a
measure of how well it allows the passage of air through it (e.g.[7], [8]). In outdoor clothing it is important to
have air permeability as low as possible for achieving better wind protection (e.g.[9], [10]).
Generally, the air permeability of a fabric can influence its comfort behaviours in several ways. In the
first case, a material that is permeable to air is, in general, likely to be permeable to water in either the vapour or
the liquid phase. Thus, the moisture-vapour permeability and the liquid-moisture transmission are normally
2. Air Permeability of Knitted fabrics made from Regenerated Cellulosic fibres
related to air permeability. In the second case, the thermal resistance of a fabric is strongly dependent on the
enclosed still air, and this factor is in turn influenced by the fabric structure.
It was noted that the stitch length, porosity and air permeability increase and the thermal retaining
property decreases for dry relaxed cotton 1 x 1 rib knitted fabrics. Thermal properties and thermal behavior of
cellulosic textile fabrics, air permeability, porosity were investigated previously and found that air permeability
and heat transfer through fabrics is closely related to both the capillary structure and surface characteristics of
yarns (e.g.[11]). The effect of fibre composition and yarn type on the wickability, air permeability and thermal
insulation of knitted fabrics was studied previously and found that the air permeability of fabrics decreases with
the increase in cotton content. The air permeability of a fabric is affected by the fabrics material such as fibre
fineness, structural properties such as shape and value of pores of the fabric and the yarn and fabric thickness.
(e.g. [12], [13], [14]).
Most of the previous studies investigated the relationship between the air permeability and structural
characteristics of plain knitted fabrics. The effect of the some of parameters on air permeability of viscose and
modal knitted structures has not been researched systematically yet. In the present study, the effect of fabric
tightness factor, fabric weight, fabric thickness and porosity on the air permeability of viscose and modal knitted
fabric is determined and an attempt is been made to explore whether the natural hydrophilic properties of
viscose and modal fibre could be used to enhance the comfort properties of sportswear fabrics improving the
aesthetics.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
For the research, viscose and modal fibres made from a natural polymer – cellulose were selected as
the basic material and the yarns were produced in two different yarn counts ( Ne 30, Ne 40 ) with a twist
coefficient of αe = 3.3.
17
A. Production of knitted fabric
A 24-gauge Single Jersey Circular Knitting Machine of 30-inch diameter of Mayer & Cie, Model: S4-
3.2, Germany was used for manufacturing the samples. By adjusting the stitch cams the rate of yarn feeding to
knitting needles was adjusted. The amount of yarn feeding in one revolution was varied in order to produce
fabrics with different loop length values ( ℓ ) : 2.7, 2.9, 3.1 and 3.3 mm to knit samples in four different
tightness factor. Combining two fibres, two yarn counts, and four tightness levels, sixteen different samples of
pique fabric were prepared in all.
B. Fabric Relaxation
Full relaxation was carried out of the samples by wet relaxing them in an automatic front loading
machine followed by rinsing, spinning and tumble drying and finally conditioning for 24 hours in standard
atmospheric condition as per Standard wash procedure - IS 1299:1984.
C. Fabric Testing
1) Fabric weight per unit area : Standard procedure for measuring GSM as per ASTM – D 3776-1996,
IS:1964-2001 was followed using Mettler make measuring balance, model PB 602-5 capable of weighing to an
accuracy of 0.1 gm.
2) Fabric thickness : The thickness of fabric samples was measured as the distance between the reference plate
and parallel presser foot of the thickness tester under a load of 20 gm / cm2. Standard procedure using Baker
make J02 thickness tester as per ASTM – D 1777:197, IS:7702:1975 was used.
3) Air permeability : Air permeability was tested according to ASTM standard D737-1996 on the Air
Permeability Tester Model : MO21A (SDL Atlas). The measurements were performed at a constant pressure
drop of 196 Pa ( 20 cm2 test area ). Measurements of the fabrics were carried out 10 times, and the average
expressed as cm3/cm2/s and standard deviations were calculated.
4) Porosity :The porosity was determined using construction parameters of the knit fabric (Benltoufa et al.
2007) using „Eq. (1)‟
ε= 1-Пd2ℓcw
2t
Where:
t : sample‟s thickness (cm) ;
ℓ : elementary loop length (cm) ;
d : yarn diameter (cm) ;
c : number of Courses per cm ;
w: number of Wales per cm.
3. Air Permeability of Knitted fabrics made from Regenerated Cellulosic fibres
5) Fabric tightness factor : The tightness factor of the knitted fabrics was determined by the equation (2):
K = √T / ℓ (2)
Where T is the yarn count in tex and ℓ is loop length in cm or mm.
To determine the statistical importance of the variations, correlation tests were applied.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All tests were performed under standard atmospheric conditions (20oC, 65% RH).The basic
dimensional properties of both types of knitted fabrics are enumerated in (Table 1). It may be clear from the data
in Table1 that thickness increases with the fabric tightness for both structures, but not linearly in the case of
modal.
18
A. Porosity
Porosity is one of the key properties influencing thermo-physiological comfort of the wearer. The
thickness and mass per square meter of the fabrics reduces as the yarn becomes finer, which is quite obvious.
For viscose pique knitted fabrics the mass per square meter of the fabrics reduced from 160.6 g/m2 to 85.40 g/m2
i.e. by 46.82% (Table 1),
Table 1. Dimensional Properties of Viscose and Modal Pique Fabric
Fabric Code Tightness factor, K Thickness, mm Weight, g/m2
V1PT1 1.64 0.740 160.6
V1PT2 1.53 0.712 145.74
V1PT3 1.43 0.716 128.76
V1PT4 1.34 0.669 115.47
V2PT1 1.42 0.628 107.98
V2PT2 1.33 0.592 108.57
V2PT3 1.24 0.580 88.35
V2PT4 1.16 0.575 85.40
M1PT1 1.64 0.641 151.16
M1PT2 1.53 0.64 145.75
M1PT3 1.43 0.658 129.66
M1PT4 1.34 0.644 124.63
M2PT1 1.42 0.575 114.64
M2PT2 1.33 0.598 105.64
M2PT3 1.24 0.557 97
M2PT4 1.16 0.595 88.31
(V: Viscose ; M: Modal; 1:Ne 30s; 2:Ne 40s; P: Pique structure; T: Tightness factor)
However, the corresponding reduction in terms of fabric thickness was from 0.740 mm to 0.575 mm,
i.e., by 22.3 % . For Modal pique knitted fabrics the mass per square meter of the fabrics reduced from 151.16
g/m2 to 88.31 g/m2 i.e. by 41.58%. However, the corresponding reduction in terms of fabric thickness was from
0.658 mm to 0.557 mm, i.e., by 6.1 %. This analysis bolsters the fact that when yarn is becoming finer, mass per
square meter is reducing at a faster rate as compared to that of fabric thickness. Therefore, the porosity of the
fabric increases. (Figure 1) shows the porosity of viscose and modal pique fabrics.
Figure1: The values of porosity for different variants of viscose and modal fabrics
4. Air Permeability of Knitted fabrics made from Regenerated Cellulosic fibres
19
B. Air permeability:
(Table 2) present the research results of air permeability. The range of values obtained is significant,
ranging from 469.9 to 729.2 cm3/cm2/s for viscose and 412.1 to 801.8 cm3/cm2/s for modal fabrics. The
porosity determines the variation of air permeability. Fabrics having low porosity values shows the lowest value
for air permeability. Increasing fabric tightness by machine setting decreased the air permeability in both
fabrics. Coarser yarn produce fabrics with more intra-yarn air spaces but with fewer inter-yarn air spaces
resulting in lower air permeability. Air permeability increases for the fabrics made from finer yarns as expected.
The lower thickness and mass per square meter also facilitate the passage of air through the fabric. The lower
hairiness of the finer yarn may be another contributing factor towards the better air permeability. As the loop
length increases, the air permeability value also increases porosity of knitted fabrics.
Table 2. Air permeability results
Fabric Code Air permeability cm3/cm2/s
Average Standard Deviation (S)
V1PT1 469.9 24.06681
V1PT2 469.9 24.06681
V1PT3 487.8 25.38941
V1PT4 553.5 35.2018
V2PT1 596.5 15.70739
V2PT2 609.3 50.53063
V2PT3 575.1 17.55278
V2PT4 729.2 25.07677
M1PT1 412.1 11.79878
M1PT2 482.3 13.48291
M1PT3 556.5 9.868581
M1PT4 613.2 20.15385
M2PT1 585.4 21.49522
M2PT2 649.5 16.55462
M2PT3 681.2 24.89444
M2PT4 801.8 31.96456
(V: Viscose; M: Modal; 1:Ne 30s; 2:Ne 40s; P: Pique structure; T: Tightness factor)
From the (Tables 1), it reveals that as for the same yarn linear density the thickness was increased by
increasing the fabric tightness. Thicker yarns increased thickness in both fabrics. The barrierability of knitted
fabrics to the air as fabrics thickness function, is presented in (Figure 2 and 3). It shows that Viscose Pique Ne
30s (R= 0.9612) and Ne 40s (R= 0.6269) , Modal Pique Ne 30s (R= 0.46) and Ne 40s (R= 0.33) have negative
correlation between air permeability and thickness. This was expected to some extent as air has to travel a more
complex path and faces higher frictional forces during its passage through the fabric. As R, the correlation is
considered too high which means that the regression equation is reliable for prediction of the air permeability in
the fabric thickness range using the yarn counts Ne 30s in viscose pique structures.
Figure 2: Air permeability in function of thickness of viscose pique knitted fabrics.
5. Air Permeability of Knitted fabrics made from Regenerated Cellulosic fibres
Figure 3: Air permeability in function of thickness of modal pique knitted fabrics.
Air permeability is inversely related with fabric tightness; it decreased with increase of compactness
and decrease of air space. It must be emphasized that tightness factor correlates more with air permeability than
knitted fabric thickness. This is documented by the test results and statistical analysis presented in (Figure 4. and
5), where the estimated value of correlation index between air permeability and the tightness factor of knitted
fabric is R = 0.98 for Ne 40s and 0.83 for Ne 30s for the viscose pique fabrics and 0.96 for Ne 40s and 0.99 for
Ne 30s for the modal pique fabrics. As R, the correlation is considered too high which means that the regression
equation is reliable for prediction of the air permeability in the tightness factor range using both the yarn counts
and fibre types.
Figure 4: Air permeability in function of tightness factor of viscose pique knitted fabrics.
Figure 5: Air permeability in function of tightness factor of modal pique knitted fabrics.
20
6. Air Permeability of Knitted fabrics made from Regenerated Cellulosic fibres
(Figure 6 and 7) shows the influence of the fabric porosity on air permeability. Better correlation
observed in case of viscose fabrics compared to modal pique fabrics. Previous research also showed that air
permeability of fabrics was mainly affected by the porosity of the fabrics.
Figure 6: The relation between air permeability and surface porosity for viscose pique knitted fabrics.
Figure 7: The relation between air permeability and surface porosity for modal pique knitted fabrics.
The results (expressed as means/standard deviation) of all assays were compared using ANOVA in
order to investigate the effect of fibre type and yarn count on air permeability. ANOVA for air permeability
indicated that there was not much impact of fibre type and yarn count on air permeability. Together, fibre type
and yarn count accounted for only 57.76% of the variance in air permeability.
Table 3.: ANOVA Test for Fibre type and Yarn Count
21
Source Dependent
variable
Sum of
Squares
Df Mean
Square
F Sig.
Fibre Type Air permeability 5285 1 5285.3 1.01 0.333
Yarn Count Air permeability 87438 1 87438.5 16.76 0.001
Error 67822 13 5217.1
Total 160546 15
IV. CONCLUSION
We may see from the above test results that the air permeability of fabric knitted with Ne 40s is
determined higher. Air permeability has a direct relationship with the count of the yarn. Increase in yarn
fineness and more open structure of the knitted fabric improved air permeability. Air permeability, is a function
of knitted fabric thickness, tightness factor and porosity. Air permeability showed a negative correlation with
7. Air Permeability of Knitted fabrics made from Regenerated Cellulosic fibres
fabric thickness and tightness factor. Tightness factor can be used for fabric air permeability forecasting. The
high correlation between the permeability to air and tightness factor confirms that. Porosity is affected by yarn
number or yarn count number. The effect of the loop length has more influence on porosity than the stitch
density and the thickness. Increasing loop length, looser the structure and so the values of air permeability
increases. Air permeability is a good indicator of how a textile material will behave towards heat-loss as a
thermo-physiological property. The higher air permeability rate the quickest heat-loss obtained from a textile
material. For summer wear or sportswear modal pique structure could be used as it is characterized by higher
air permeability, creating a cool feeling to the wearer by allowing more cold air to penetrate through to bring the
heat away from the body and accelerate the sweat evaporation at the skin and fabric surface.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Researchers acknowledge the support of Textile Research Application and Development Centre
(TRADC), Birla Cellulosic, Kosamba ( A unit of Grasim Industries Limited ), Gujarat, India.
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