The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by (0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics (30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.

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EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS
(30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION
STRENGTH OF RUBBER COMPOSITE
Ali I. Al-Mosawi 1*
, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada 2
, Ali Amer A.Hadi 3
1
Free Consultation, Babylon, Hilla, IRAQ
2,3
College of Engineering, Materials Department, Kufa University, IRAQ
*
aliibrahim76@yahoo.com
Abstract
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Keywords: Immersion, Rubber composite, Compression strength.
1. INTRODUCTION
Rubber parts exposed to heavy working conditions when used in operating machines, where in
addition to the weights are to be turned out by the contact with the cutting fluids used during the
operation [1]. This making the properties change when exposed to them for long periods [2]. The
level of alteration in the attributes of the user depending on the character of the pieces means, as in
some species cause a slow change in other types of fast depending on the viability of the
penetration of the liquid inside the structure of the rubber [3]. One solution to alleviate the change
in the properties of rubber is mixing with other compounds in order to give new properties most
suitable for such working conditions [4]. Mixing of rubber and resin to make a novel composite
material with distinct characteristics which is an effective and approach to achieve a desired
combination of properties compared to synthesizing new elastomers [5]. On that point are a great
deal of possible benefits of rubber mixtures which qualifies them to exercise in harsh conditions,
and most significant of these advantages: (1) improved solvent resistance; (2) improved
processability; (3) better product uniformity; (4) quick formulation changes and manufacture
flexibility and (5) improved productivity; (6) Resist the penetration of liquids [6]. In general,
rubber and resins immiscible together and phase separates into their constituent parts. For most
applications, the homogeneity is important and is ideal for the performance of more than one
molecular miscibility. Normally, the heterogeneity desirable to maintain the individual features of
rubber compounds [7].

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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS.
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
Styrene-butadiene rubber is a copolymer composed of 1,3-butadiene and styrene which is mixed
together with 3:1 ratio respectively [2].Figure 1 represent Styrene-butadiene rubber molecule.
Figure 1. Styrene-butadiene rubber molecule [10]
2.1.2. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a polymer made by the catalytic polymerization of vinyl chloride, and
also includes copolymers that contain at least 50% vinyl chloride. The features of neat
homopolymer are hard, brittle and difficult to process, but it becomes flexible when plasticized [9].
Figure 2 represent Polyvinyl Chloride molecule.
Figure 2. Polyvinyl Chloride [11]
2.1.3. Semi synthetics (30% petroleum oil)
It is a combination of hybrid of soluble oils and synthetics, which also refers to the semi-chemical
fluids. They contain small dispersions of mineral oil, typically 2 to 30 percent, in a water-dilutable
concentrate. The remaining portion of a semi synthetic concentrate consists mainly of emulsifiers
and water. Wetting agents, corrosion inhibitors and biocide additives are also present. Semi
synthetics are often referred to as chemical emulsions or preformed chemical emulsions since the
concentrate already contains water and the emulsification of oil and water occurs during its
production [12].
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Preparation of composites
The batch was made from Styrene-butadiene rubber which mixing with the addition of some of the
materials given in Table 1. Polyvinyl chloride was added with 0,5,10,15,20, and 25 pphr. Samples
of compression strength were Preparing according to ASTM D 1229 specifications.
2.2.2 Compression test
Compression strength was defined by using compression instrument shown in Figure 3. In this
test, a (1000pa) pressure was projected for 72 hours on cylindrical samples after calculating the

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value of the diameter and height for each primary sample. And so, allowing the sample to settle for
half an hour and get dimensions after shedding load in order to draw out a longitudinal line.
Table 1. The materials weight fraction% in the master batch
Compounding ingredients pphr
SBR 100
PVC 0-25
Carbon black 0-40
Zinc oxide 3
Stearic acid 1
Dop 1
TMTD 1.5
Antioxidant 1.5
Sulfur 1.5
Figure 3. Compression instrument
3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figures 4, 5,6,7 and 8 shows the relation between the compression strength of rubber composite
and the immersion period in Semi synthetics (30% petroleum oil) as a function to PVC additions.
Equally we understand from the numbers, the rubber composite is having higher compression
strength property than pure rubber, where compression strength will increase with increasing PVC
pphr ,because the thermoplastic polymers subjected to a permanent deformation higher than
elastic deformation after removing the load, it is opposite of an elastomeric materials. But after
immersion in oil, compression strength will decrease with exponential relation during the
immersion period in the oil, because of the penetration of oil particles which increase the covering
between the primary chains and make the weakening in secondary forces of (Vander walls) and
traversing so that the Brownian motion of molecular chains will increase. Figure 9 represent a
comparison of all the curves.

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Figure 4. Compression strength of rubber composite before immersion in oil
Figure 5. Compression strength vs. 1 week immersion in oil

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Figure 6. Compression strength vs. 2 weeks immersion in oil
Figure 7. Compression strength vs. 3 weeks immersion in oil

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Figure 8. Compression strength vs. 4 weeks immersion in oil
Figure 9. A comparison of all the curves

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4. CONCLUSION
The compression strength of rubber will enhance by adding PVC and continue increasing with
increasing PVC pphr additions, because of the thermoplastics show a permanent deformation
higher than elastic deformation. The compression strength of rubber composite before immersion
better than for blend after immersion in oil, where the compression strength will decrease with
each immersion period, because of the penetration of oil molecules which increase the crossing
between the principal chains of rubber composite.
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