This work presents the investigation results of physical-mechanical properties of fibrous hemp composite specimens produced from hemp shives and starch used as a binding material. For this purpose specimens with different amount of binding material, density and granulometric composition were used. Experimental results show that strength properties of composites linearly depend on the density of the material, as well as the density of hemp composites in all cases has the influence on change in thermal conductivity. During the research of mechanical properties it was determined that specimens with greater density and quantity of binding material had the greatest strength
Physical and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating industrial and a...eSAT Journals
Abstract To reduce the impact on the environment, industrial and agricultural waste products such as carpet waste, sisal and flax have been added to the concrete. Usage of these materials in concrete does not only improve the strength of concrete but also leads to the proper disposal of these materials that leads to reduce the impact on environment. Fiber admixture can effectively improve the mechanical and physical properties of concrete. Utilization of recycled fibers from post-consumer, industrial waste and agricultural waste offer some benefits such as waste reduction, resource conservation, also low-cost materials and reduced need for land filling. Concrete is a tension weak building material, which is often cracked not ridden in plastic and hardened states, drying shrinkage and so on, low tensile strength limited ductility and resistance to cracking. In order to improve attempt has been made to study the effect of these materials on ordinary Portland cement concrete. In the experimental work, glass fibers, sisal, flax and waste carpet waste in different percentage (0.5%, 1% and 2 %) has been added by volume of concrete volume. The hardened concrete properties compressive strength, dry Shrinkage, Impact stress, The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete) were carried out. A total of Thirteen concrete mixtures were performed with cement content of 350 Kg/m3 at water - cement ratio = 0.525 , The amount of water was adjusted according to cement content, The super plasticizer dosage varied from 0.8% to 2.5% of cement content to achieve the required level of workability defined by a slump value of 10± 2cm. KEYWORDS: Percentages added, concrete mixes, (sisal, flax, glass fiber and Carpet wastes fiber), Coarse Aggregate (CA), Fine Aggregate (FA), compressive strength test, dry Shrinkage, Impact energy , The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete test.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition because
of their non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics with the increasingly important requirements for textile
manufactures to reduce pollution in textile production. Furthermore, the use of enzymes results in reduced
process times, energy and water savings, improved product quality and potential process integration. Variation
of knit fabric and enzyme concentration is taken to do this project. The aim is to know the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of knit garments of various constructions. In this project 0.4 g/l and 0.5
g/l enzyme concentration is taken to wash Single Jersey and Rib fabric. Then to see the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric some tests like GSM, Bursting strength,
Dimensional Stability and Pilling are done. The results of before and after enzyme wash is compared to know
the effect of concentration of enzyme on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric. After enzyme
wash GSM of the fabric increases, Dimensional Stability and Bursting strength decreases and pilling formation
on the fabric surface also decreases.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Physical and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating industrial and a...eSAT Journals
Abstract To reduce the impact on the environment, industrial and agricultural waste products such as carpet waste, sisal and flax have been added to the concrete. Usage of these materials in concrete does not only improve the strength of concrete but also leads to the proper disposal of these materials that leads to reduce the impact on environment. Fiber admixture can effectively improve the mechanical and physical properties of concrete. Utilization of recycled fibers from post-consumer, industrial waste and agricultural waste offer some benefits such as waste reduction, resource conservation, also low-cost materials and reduced need for land filling. Concrete is a tension weak building material, which is often cracked not ridden in plastic and hardened states, drying shrinkage and so on, low tensile strength limited ductility and resistance to cracking. In order to improve attempt has been made to study the effect of these materials on ordinary Portland cement concrete. In the experimental work, glass fibers, sisal, flax and waste carpet waste in different percentage (0.5%, 1% and 2 %) has been added by volume of concrete volume. The hardened concrete properties compressive strength, dry Shrinkage, Impact stress, The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete) were carried out. A total of Thirteen concrete mixtures were performed with cement content of 350 Kg/m3 at water - cement ratio = 0.525 , The amount of water was adjusted according to cement content, The super plasticizer dosage varied from 0.8% to 2.5% of cement content to achieve the required level of workability defined by a slump value of 10± 2cm. KEYWORDS: Percentages added, concrete mixes, (sisal, flax, glass fiber and Carpet wastes fiber), Coarse Aggregate (CA), Fine Aggregate (FA), compressive strength test, dry Shrinkage, Impact energy , The effect of temperature and Thermal conductivity of Concrete test.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
The use of enzymes in the textile chemical processing is rapidly gaining globally recognition because
of their non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics with the increasingly important requirements for textile
manufactures to reduce pollution in textile production. Furthermore, the use of enzymes results in reduced
process times, energy and water savings, improved product quality and potential process integration. Variation
of knit fabric and enzyme concentration is taken to do this project. The aim is to know the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of knit garments of various constructions. In this project 0.4 g/l and 0.5
g/l enzyme concentration is taken to wash Single Jersey and Rib fabric. Then to see the effect of enzyme
concentration on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric some tests like GSM, Bursting strength,
Dimensional Stability and Pilling are done. The results of before and after enzyme wash is compared to know
the effect of concentration of enzyme on the physical properties of Single Jersey and Rib fabric. After enzyme
wash GSM of the fabric increases, Dimensional Stability and Bursting strength decreases and pilling formation
on the fabric surface also decreases.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Properties of Glass ...IJERA Editor
The use of glass fiber polymer composite materials are on the rise due to their special properties like high specific strength and stiffness, excellent corrosion resistant, high damping, low thermal expansion high factor toughness. Majorly it is used in the fields of aerospace and automobiles especially in defense use. Though, manufacturing of these of these laminates are easy to their required shapes but obtaining a drilling in the laminate poses difficulty, due to its anisotropic non homogeneous nature. The rate of rejection at the final stage due to non selection of right machining drill parameters which makes the researchers to find the optimal solution effectively. Sometimes rejection rate accounts up-to 60% and hole drilling being one of the last operations creates many problems, mainly delamination stress concentration and improper hole quality with impounding higher cost factor. This paper presents an investigation on aspects of various mechanical properties and drilling of Glass fibre Mat Composite. Drilling experiments was conducted to study the delamination factor and hole quality on GFRP composites. Also the study carried out for Tensile Strength, Hardness and Flexural Strength of Glass Fibre Composite
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Journals
Abstract Shade percentage is an important factor which has various impacts on cotton knitted fabric. The technical factors GSM, CPI (Course per Inch), WPI (Wales per inch), shrinkage percentage, color fastness of cotton knitted fabric are influenced by various shade percentage. The main objective of this paper was to find out that various technical factors. The cotton knitted bleached fabric (plain single jersey, single lacoste, three thread fleece & rib) which were dyed by reactive dye using auxiliaries, then measured various GSM, CPI, WPI & their fastness properties of above fabric. It was observed that after increasing the shade percentage on cotton knitted fabric, GSM, CPI, WPI and shrinkage were increased, both lengthwise and widthwise shrinkage of all fabrics were occurred. It was also observed that, with the increase of shade amount decrease the color fastness of cotton knitted fabric. Keywords: Shade, Knitted fabric, Cotton, Reactive dye, GSM (Gram per Square meter).
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tensile strength of fiber for some type bananas (ambon, kepok, susu)eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of alcohol soaking treatment on the fiber surface in the physical and mechanical properties of banana fibers and to determine the effect of fiber tensile load when mixed with an epoxy resin with a volume fraction in the form of pull. The results obtained from this study was the influence of alcohol soaking treatment on the surface of banana fiber on the physical properties and mechanical properties of banana fiber are not suitable, because it just makes banana fiber strength becomes strong or fragile. The influence of tensile load of fiber when mixed with an epoxy resin with a volume fraction of 50: 50 in the form of pull sufficient effect on the tensile strength of the composite, as it makes the tensile strength of the composite itself to be increased or stronger. Keywords: Key word1, Key word2, Key word3, and Key word4 etc…
An Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Treated Bamboo Reinfor...ijtsrd
Recently, in the attention in response to global warming issues and sustainable society, the manufacturing using natural materials has become actively. Bamboo, low cost, fast growing, and broad distribution of growth, is expected to contribute significantly to earthquake resistant construction and seismic retrofit technology in the developing countries. This paper investigates the mechanical properties of bamboo reinforced concrete beams. It compares these experimental results of bamboo reinforced concrete beams with the experimental ones of reinforced concrete beams and the mechanical property of the bamboo reinforced concrete beams is studied. From these experimental works, the possibility of effective using of ‘Bamboo is discussed. Gowtham M | A. Alex Rajesh "An Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Treated Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42316.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/42316/an-experimental-study-on-mechanical-characteristics-of-treated-bamboo-reinforced-concrete-beams/gowtham-m
Improvement in Strength of Concrete with Natural Fibers (Coir) & Artificial F...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper reports on a comprehensive study on the strength of concrete containing coir and steel fibers. Properties studied Include workability of fresh concrete, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity for hardened concrete. To improve the strength of concrete steel fibers were added and fiber volume fraction was 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% in weight basis. Coir fibers have higher tensile strength as compared to other natural fibers, as the coir does not break easily with hand. To improve the strength of concrete coir fibers were added and fiber weight fraction was 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 4.0% in volume basis The laboratory results shown that steel fiber addition into Portland cement concrete Improve the tensile strength properties. However, it reduced workability. In case of coir fibers though the workability reduces both tensile and compressive strength increases.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Effect of coconut fibre ash on strength properties of concreteIJERA Editor
Concrete is the construction material which is obtained by mixing of cement, water and aggregate in required proportions. The day by day the cost of cement is increasing, yet the need for building and other construction requiring this material keep growing with an increase in the population, thus the need to find alternative binding materials that can be used solely or in partial replacement of cement. Agricultural waste material, In this case coconut fibre ash, which is an environmental pollutant. Coconut fibres are collected and the fibre are properly dried and burnt in the open air with a temperature range of 6000 c to 7000 c. when the fibres turned into ash. The ash was collected and made to pass through 150 micron sieve. This work presents the results of laboratory test carried out using coconut fibre ash (CFA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production. Concrete cubes are cast and tested at curing aging of 7, 28, 60, & 90 days using 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, & 25 percent replacement levels. The slump test results show that the workability of the concrete decreased as the CFA content increased & the compressive strength of CFA concrete increased with curing aging but decrease with increasing the percentage of coconut fibre ash. The percentage strength gained at 90 days for 5% and 10% for the control of 0% is 96.22% & 86.12% respectively. The optimum compressive strength of 59.25N/mm2 was obtained at 5% replacement at 90 days of ages. The percentage strength at this optimum point of the control is 96.22%.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Properties of Glass ...IJERA Editor
The use of glass fiber polymer composite materials are on the rise due to their special properties like high specific strength and stiffness, excellent corrosion resistant, high damping, low thermal expansion high factor toughness. Majorly it is used in the fields of aerospace and automobiles especially in defense use. Though, manufacturing of these of these laminates are easy to their required shapes but obtaining a drilling in the laminate poses difficulty, due to its anisotropic non homogeneous nature. The rate of rejection at the final stage due to non selection of right machining drill parameters which makes the researchers to find the optimal solution effectively. Sometimes rejection rate accounts up-to 60% and hole drilling being one of the last operations creates many problems, mainly delamination stress concentration and improper hole quality with impounding higher cost factor. This paper presents an investigation on aspects of various mechanical properties and drilling of Glass fibre Mat Composite. Drilling experiments was conducted to study the delamination factor and hole quality on GFRP composites. Also the study carried out for Tensile Strength, Hardness and Flexural Strength of Glass Fibre Composite
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Journals
Abstract Shade percentage is an important factor which has various impacts on cotton knitted fabric. The technical factors GSM, CPI (Course per Inch), WPI (Wales per inch), shrinkage percentage, color fastness of cotton knitted fabric are influenced by various shade percentage. The main objective of this paper was to find out that various technical factors. The cotton knitted bleached fabric (plain single jersey, single lacoste, three thread fleece & rib) which were dyed by reactive dye using auxiliaries, then measured various GSM, CPI, WPI & their fastness properties of above fabric. It was observed that after increasing the shade percentage on cotton knitted fabric, GSM, CPI, WPI and shrinkage were increased, both lengthwise and widthwise shrinkage of all fabrics were occurred. It was also observed that, with the increase of shade amount decrease the color fastness of cotton knitted fabric. Keywords: Shade, Knitted fabric, Cotton, Reactive dye, GSM (Gram per Square meter).
Effect of shade percentage on various properties of cotton knitted fabric dye...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tensile strength of fiber for some type bananas (ambon, kepok, susu)eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of alcohol soaking treatment on the fiber surface in the physical and mechanical properties of banana fibers and to determine the effect of fiber tensile load when mixed with an epoxy resin with a volume fraction in the form of pull. The results obtained from this study was the influence of alcohol soaking treatment on the surface of banana fiber on the physical properties and mechanical properties of banana fiber are not suitable, because it just makes banana fiber strength becomes strong or fragile. The influence of tensile load of fiber when mixed with an epoxy resin with a volume fraction of 50: 50 in the form of pull sufficient effect on the tensile strength of the composite, as it makes the tensile strength of the composite itself to be increased or stronger. Keywords: Key word1, Key word2, Key word3, and Key word4 etc…
An Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Treated Bamboo Reinfor...ijtsrd
Recently, in the attention in response to global warming issues and sustainable society, the manufacturing using natural materials has become actively. Bamboo, low cost, fast growing, and broad distribution of growth, is expected to contribute significantly to earthquake resistant construction and seismic retrofit technology in the developing countries. This paper investigates the mechanical properties of bamboo reinforced concrete beams. It compares these experimental results of bamboo reinforced concrete beams with the experimental ones of reinforced concrete beams and the mechanical property of the bamboo reinforced concrete beams is studied. From these experimental works, the possibility of effective using of ‘Bamboo is discussed. Gowtham M | A. Alex Rajesh "An Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Treated Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beams" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42316.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/42316/an-experimental-study-on-mechanical-characteristics-of-treated-bamboo-reinforced-concrete-beams/gowtham-m
Improvement in Strength of Concrete with Natural Fibers (Coir) & Artificial F...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper reports on a comprehensive study on the strength of concrete containing coir and steel fibers. Properties studied Include workability of fresh concrete, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity for hardened concrete. To improve the strength of concrete steel fibers were added and fiber volume fraction was 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% in weight basis. Coir fibers have higher tensile strength as compared to other natural fibers, as the coir does not break easily with hand. To improve the strength of concrete coir fibers were added and fiber weight fraction was 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 4.0% in volume basis The laboratory results shown that steel fiber addition into Portland cement concrete Improve the tensile strength properties. However, it reduced workability. In case of coir fibers though the workability reduces both tensile and compressive strength increases.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Effect of coconut fibre ash on strength properties of concreteIJERA Editor
Concrete is the construction material which is obtained by mixing of cement, water and aggregate in required proportions. The day by day the cost of cement is increasing, yet the need for building and other construction requiring this material keep growing with an increase in the population, thus the need to find alternative binding materials that can be used solely or in partial replacement of cement. Agricultural waste material, In this case coconut fibre ash, which is an environmental pollutant. Coconut fibres are collected and the fibre are properly dried and burnt in the open air with a temperature range of 6000 c to 7000 c. when the fibres turned into ash. The ash was collected and made to pass through 150 micron sieve. This work presents the results of laboratory test carried out using coconut fibre ash (CFA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production. Concrete cubes are cast and tested at curing aging of 7, 28, 60, & 90 days using 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, & 25 percent replacement levels. The slump test results show that the workability of the concrete decreased as the CFA content increased & the compressive strength of CFA concrete increased with curing aging but decrease with increasing the percentage of coconut fibre ash. The percentage strength gained at 90 days for 5% and 10% for the control of 0% is 96.22% & 86.12% respectively. The optimum compressive strength of 59.25N/mm2 was obtained at 5% replacement at 90 days of ages. The percentage strength at this optimum point of the control is 96.22%.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Effects of Varying Particle Size On Mechanical and Combustion Characteristics...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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a prediction of thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine appl...Ijripublishers Ijri
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Predicting the engineering properties of concrete using acanthus montanus fibreinventionjournals
Acanthus montanus (Natural Sponge) fibre is abundant in Ghanaian forest. The Density, Compressive, Tensile strengths and Toughness of concrete reinforced with Acanthus montanus fibre were evaluated. A basic mix ratio of 1:1.5:3.0/0.5 (cement: sand: stones/wc) was used for the concrete with/without fibre. Fibre weight fraction of 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% was added to concrete with varying wc ratios of 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55. The specimens were prepared, cured and tested in accordance with BS1881: 1982. Specimen with 0.75% fibre and 0.50 wc ratio had tensile strength of 4.09N/mm2 , 18% over the plain concrete. There was improvement of toughness by about 6% over the plain concrete with 0.75% fibre addition and 0.5 wc ratio. However, the addition of fibre did not improve the compressive strength. The specimen with 0.25% of fibre content and w/c of 0.5 had the highest compressive strength of 38 N/mm2 , among the fibre enhanced concrete, which is 5% lower than the plain concrete. The results of the study support the conclusion that addition of Natural Sponge fibre up to 0.75% (by weight of cement) is suitable enhancement of concrete where the Tensile strength and ductility of the concrete is emphasized for engineering purposes.
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
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chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
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investigation on thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine app...Ijripublishers Ijri
he present paper deals with the effect of volume fraction of fillers on the thermal Properties of polymer composites. This work sees an opportunity of enhancement on insulation capability of a typical fiber reinforced polymer composite. To validate this mathematical model, a set of epoxy based composites, with fiber content ranging 4.38 to 20.10% of volume fractions have been prepared by simple hand lay-up technique. For preparing the composite, natural fiber i.e. Pine apple leaf fibers are incorporated in Epoxy Resin. Thermal conductivities of these composite samples are measured as per ASTM standard E-1530 by using the Unitherm™ Model 2022 tester, which operates on the double guarded heat flow principle at the temperature ranging from 30˚C to 150˚C. And also the Specific Heat of the powdered samples are measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). By using the MATLAB the numerical analysis is carried out to find the value of Thermal Diffusivity with varying temperatures. It was observed that the thermal diffusivity varies with fiber concentration, but the variation of thermal diffusivity with varying temperature was not so significant.
KEYWORDS: Pine Apple Leaf fiber, Epoxy Composites, Volume Fraction, Thermal Properties.
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
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NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 6|| June 2017 || PP. 20-27
www.ijesi.org 20 | Page
Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites
from Hemp Shives and Starch
Arūnas Kremensas, Saulius Vaitkus, Sigitas Vėjelis, Agnė Kairytė, Giedrius
Balčiūnas
Scientific Institute of Thermal Insulation, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų st. 28, LT-08217
Vilnius, Lithuania
Abstract : This work presents the investigation results of physical-mechanical properties of fibrous hemp
composite specimens produced from hemp shives and starch used as a binding material. For this purpose
specimens with different amount of binding material, density and granulometric composition were used.
Experimental results show that strength properties of composites linearly depend on the density of the material,
as well as the density of hemp composites in all cases has the influence on change in thermal conductivity.
During the research of mechanical properties it was determined that specimens with greater density and
quantity of binding material had the greatest strength..
Keywords : hemp shives, starch, composite, thermal insulating – structural materials, compression, thermal
conductivity.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years due to increasing prices of energy resources, production of classic building materials
becomes increasingly difficult due to their expensiveness because prime cost of energy, which is necessary to
produce a product, is ~ 40 %. One of the most dynamic industries in the world – materials produced from
recycled wastes or renewable resources without harmful additives for health and environment. The greatest
energy consumption for heating of buildings depends on energy efficiency of building envelopes. Energy
consumption, which is necessary for heating of buildings, comprises of ~ 50 % of all energy use [1]. In order to
build environmental friendly and energy efficient contemporary buildings it is appropriate to use renewable
resources [2, 3]. Currently, renewable resources such as hemp, flax, jute, straw, different types of wood are
increasingly used for production of thermal insulating – structural materials [4-11].
These materials may be used as loose-fill materials to fill the carcass or with various binders (lime,
clay, starch, gypsum and etc.) or their compositions. Such materials must have low thermal conductivity and
sufficient strength properties to be suitable for usage in building envelopes and compete with contemporary
efficient thermal insulating – structural materials [2, 4-11]. Fibrous hemp is a Canabissativa plant species which
has low quantity of tetrahydrocannabinol [12]. Fibrous hemp is a plant which easily adapts to new growth
conditions and is characterizedby high speciesdiversity[13]. It is one of the rational plants because all its parts
may be used in industry.
Two types of raw materials which may be used in construction are produced from fibrous hemp: hemp
shives which are produced by chopping woody core of the stem and hemp fibres which are obtained by
separating fibres from stem[14]. Performed investigations showed that fibrous hemp shives are suitable for
production of thermal insulating – structural composite materials because of its cellular structure. Fibrous hemp
shives are loose material which has two types of porosity: internal shives porosity and porosity which forms
between the shives[15]. It was determined that internal porosity of hemp shives reaches 57 % [16] and size of
pores between the shives depends on shives granulometric composition and it is approximately 1 mm.
Respectively, internal porosity of hemp shives consists of 15 % pores with a size of 70 μm and 85 % pores with
a size of 400 μm[15]. Due to porous structure of hemp shives and high internal capillarity it is difficult to choose
water content (hemps may absorb high content of water – up to five times by mass). Another issue is formation,
since hemp shives are light enough (density ranges from 50 kg/m3
to 100 kg/m3
), they cannot be pressed
because such process causes destruction of porous structure. Therefore, the most effective formation process is
projection. Conducted literature analysis showed that physical-mechanical properties of hemp composites are
sufficient and this material may be used as thermal insulating-structural material for building envelopes. The
aim of this work was to investigate physical-mechanical properties of organic thermal insulating-structural
composite specimens produced from fibrous hemp and starch as a binding material. The specimens samples of
thermal insulating – structural composites were produced and their short-term compression and thermal
conductivity dependences on density and etc. were examined.
2. Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
www.ijesi.org 21 | Page
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Hemp shives grown in a Lithuania used as raw materials for use of in a composite. For production of
composites, hemp stems as a general filler were used two different hemp compositions (Fig. 1). Hemp shives were
prepared from dry hemp stems by manually separating long fibres. After eliminating long fibres hemp stems were
milled by rotary mill. Then, from obtained hemp shives short fibres were separated and the rest hemp shives of
various sizes were sieved through laboratory sieves. For this work the fractions of hemp stem shives used in this work
varied from 2.5÷5.0÷10.0 mm and chopped hemp shives (mix varied from: 0.10 – 0.16 mm (partial residue 0.13%);
0.16 – 0.315 mm (3.19%); 0.315 – 1.25 mm (44.55%); 1.25 – 3.15 mm (51.29%); 3.15 -5.6 mm (0.84%)) .
Fig. 1. Hemp shives slices: a) long and short hemp shives; b) chopped hemp shives
The mechanical and thermal insulation properties of hemp composites depended on micro and
macrostructure. The cellular structures of representative hemp shives are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Fig. 2. The cellular structures of hemp shives (magnification x200): a) parallel; b) perpendicularly
Fig. 3. The hemp shives: a) shives slices typical (fractions 2.5÷5.0÷10.0 mm, magnification x200); b) chopped
hemp shives (fraction 3.15 – 5.6 mm, x50); c) chopped hemp shives (1.25 – 3.15 mm, x50); d) chopped hemp
shives (0.315 – 1.25 mm, x50); e) chopped hemp shives (0.16 – 0.315 mm, x50); f) chopped hemp shives
(0.10 – 0.16 mm, x50)
3. Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
www.ijesi.org 22 | Page
The bulk density of hemp shives were ~100 kg/m3
and chopped hemp shives ~128 kg/m3
, the amount
of hemp materials were constant – 500 g. Density was determined by weighting (200±1) g of hemp materials
which were put in cylinder (internal diameter was of 205 mm, height – 110 mm) which was placed on a metal
plate. The metal thickness gauge, which disc mass formed the load 250±5 Pa, was inserted into cylinder. The
needle was drawn down vertically to pierce the hemp materials specimen till the needle reached the surface of
metal plate. The corps with disc of thickness gauge was drawn down on the specimen. The height of hemp
materials specimens was determined after 5 min. Before the formation of hemp composite specimens, hemp
materials were conditioned at 23±2 °C ambient temperature and 50±5 % relative air humidity.
Corn starch (C6H10O5)n was used as a binding material. Physical properties of starch: specific gravity
~1.5 g/cm3
; specific surface ~2840 cm2
/g; moisture ~12.3 %; quantity of ashes <0.10 %; pH ~5.3; quantity of
proteins (Nx6.25) < 0.40 %. Part of the specimens was produced using kaolin as an additive for binding
material, which increases the strength of the composite. The amount of kaolin was 10 %; 25 %; 50 % of the
starch amount. Physical properties of kaolin: moisture ~ 1.0 %; bulk density ~ 600 kg/m3
; density 2650 kg/m3
;
pH ~ 8.0. Hemp composite specimens were formed by multiplexing them in the metal forms. Semi-finished
specimens were dried for a day in the power rack (150±5) °C until they reached the constant mass. In
accordance with experimental results density variation interval ~ 183÷543 kg/m3
of hemp composite specimens
was determined. Compression tests were carried out using hemp composite specimens in a form of which the
size of (shives with starch, hemp shives with starch and kaolin 100x100x100 mm and chopped hemp shives with
starch 50x50x10 mm) have been prepared. Conventional compressive strength m
or %10
, initial modulus of
elasticity E were calculated for every tested hemp composite specimen. For compression tests computerized
testing machine H50KS (Hounsfield, England) was used, loading speed was d1.0 mm/min. (where d -
thickness of the specimen) [17], error of load gauge varied from 1 to 11 N. Compression tests and conditioning
were conducted at 23±2 °C ambient temperature and 50±5 % relative air humidity.
Thermal conductivity of hemp composites was determined in accordance with [18] by measuring heat
flux and temperature difference between specimen surfaces. All hemp composite specimens were conducted at
23±2 °C ambient temperature and 50±5 % relative air humidity for at least 24 hours. Temperature difference
between measuring plates was 10 °C. Thermal conductivity was determined at the mean temperature of 10°C.
Computerized thermal conductivity apparatus FOX-304 LaserComp is employed. Specimens for thermal
conductivity tests had size of 300x300x(from 10 to 75) mm. Mathematical-statistical methods [19] were used
for evaluation of experimental data of hemp composites physical properties.
This work presents linear regression dependences which are characterized by the simplicity of
calculations and possibility to determine quantitative values of hemp composites physical properties:
XbbYx
10
, (1.0)
where: x
Y - resultative indicator of the mean value; X - factorial indicator; 10
; bb - constant coefficients
obtained by experimental data using least square method [20-23].
In the case of linear dependence relationship degree of two variables in regression scheme is defined by
correlation coefficient yx
R
. For the treatment of its values so called determination coefficient was used, it shows
what variation part of tested indicator forms variations of controlled factors. When the relation is linear,
determination coefficient is equal to the square of the correlation coefficient 2
xy
R
.
Indicator of observed scatter of the results around empirical regression line is standard deviation r
S :
mn
YY
S
ii
r
2
, (1.1)
where: ii
YY ; - experimental and computational i-th indicator value (Eq (1.0)); n - number of tests; m -
number of constant assessed parameters in empirical equation ( 2m , when the equation is linear).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The efficient use of most thermal insulating-structural materials mostly depends on such properties as
strength, deformability and thermal conductivity [24, 25]. The values of these parameters are very important
indicators when dealing with their usage for one or another use in construction. The compressive strength of
hemp composite is an important indicator because this material may be used as thermal insulating-structural
material which should withstand enlarged compressive loadings. Compressive strength and deformability of
hemp composite depend on uniformity of structure of the materials and various technological parameters
(quality of fillers, pressure, hardening temperature and etc.). Fig. 4 shows ultimate compressive stress m
and
%10
of hemp composite dependence on specimens’ density. The comparison of the experimental results
showed that the composition of the first and second group of samples can be combined into a single array. At
4. Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
www.ijesi.org 23 | Page
the same time, the chopped hemp shives and starch composition comprises a separate array of experimental
results. On the basis of experimental results, relation between ultimate compressive stress m
and %10
, MPa,
and specimens’ density , kg/m3
, which may be approximated by the regression equation, is of the form (see
Table 1).
100 200 300 400 500 600
Density, kg/m3
0
1.25
2.50
3.75
5.00
Compressivestress,MPa
%10
m
Fig. 4. The dependence of ultimate compressive stress m
and %10
of hemp shives composite
specimens on their density. ○ – experimental data of hemp shives with starch; ● – experimental data
of hemp shives with starch and kaolin; ◊ – experimental data of chopped hemp shives ── empirical
line of regression dependence of specimens’ ultimate compressive stress m
on their density
Table. 1. Statistical data results for compressive stress of hemp composite
Regressive equation
No.
The number of
test series n
Values of constant coefficients of
equation r
S ,
MPa
2
R
b0 b1 b2
1.2
10
bbm
(1.2)*
65 -0.951 0.00639 - 0.122 0.866
1.3
2
210%10
bbb (1.3)**
18 -23.64 0.132 -0.00016 0.227 0.643
*
(hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and kaolin),**
(chopped hemp shives)
The results of the statistical analysis of the data are given in Table 1. The columns labeled (1.2)–(1.3)
define the empirical relations. It should be noted that the 2
R values range from 0.643 to 0.866. Therefore, the
empirical relations (determined by the regression analysis) may be used in predicting the stress values m
and
%10
, of hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and kaolinspecimens under short-term compression
loads.Ultimate compressive strength of specimens when the density is ranging from 183 kg/m3
to 543 kg/m3
may be determined in accordance with empirical equations (1.2-1.3). Analysis of experimental data of short-
term compression showed that destruction of specimens with low density is brittle. Plastic destruction of the
specimen occurs when the density increases. It may be stated that the value of ultimate strength linearly
proportionally increases with the increase of density of the material. Investigations of other authors showed
similar results of hemp shives with different compositions of binding materials (lime mixture and cement) [7-
10]. The investigation of composite from fibrous hemps and lime as binding material was presented in the
article [7-10]. Hemp composite specimens with a density ranging from ~ 417 kg/m3
to ~ 551 kg/m3
were made,
and their compressive strength varied from ~ 0.18 MPa to 0.80 MPa. Investigations of strength properties made
by other authors showed similar values of hemp composites with binder from lime [7]. Hemp composites with
various compositions of binder (lime and cement mixture) were investigated when the density was ranging from
~587 kg/m3
to ~733 kg/m3
and the compressive strength varying from ~ 0.15 MPa to 0.83 MPa [2]. Comparison
5. Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
www.ijesi.org 24 | Page
of our and other authors' results showed that hemp composites with a starch binder have higher compressive
strength. The initial modulus of elasticity of hemp composite is one of the most important deformability
properties which characterize the suitability for usage as a thermal insulating-structural material in building
envelopes where enlarged loadings occur. Fig. 5 shows initial modulus of elasticity E of hemp composite
dependence on specimens’ density. On the basis of experimental results, relation between initial modulus of
elasticity E , kPa, and specimens’ density , kg/m3
, was determined and its empirical regression equation may
be expressed as follows (see Table 2).
100 200 300 400 500 600
Density, kg/m3
0
30
60
90
120
150
Initialofelasticitymodulus,MPa
320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
32
36
40
44
48
Fig. 5. The dependence of initial modulus of elasticity E of hemp shives composite specimens on their density.
○ – experimental data of hemp shives with starch; ● – experimental data of hemp shives with starch and kaolin;
◊ – experimental data of chopped hemp shives; ── empirical line of regression dependence of specimens’ initial
modulus of elasticity E on their density
The results of the statistical analysis of the data are given in Table 2. The columns labeled (1.4)–(1.5)
define the empirical relations. It should be noted that the 2
E
R values range from 0.394 to 0.759. Ultimate initial
modulus of elasticity E of hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and kaolin specimens when the
density is ranging from 220 kg/m3
to 543 kg/m3
may be determined in accordance with empirical equations
(1.4).
Table. 2. Statistical data results for initial of elasticity modulus of hemp composite
Regressive equation
No.
The number of
test series n
Values of constant coefficients of
equation r
S ,
MPa
2
E
R
b0 b1 b2
1.
10
bbE (1.4)*
65 -89.88 0.413 - 18.1 0.759
2.
2
210
bbbE (1.5)**
18 -274.1 1.598 -0.00202 3.37 0.394
*
(hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and kaolin),**
(chopped hemp shives)
Fig. 6 shows the hemp composite experimental data relation between initial modulus of elasticity E
and ultimate compressive stress m
which is expressed by regression equation (see Table 3).
6. Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
www.ijesi.org 25 | Page
0 1 2 3 4 5
Compressive stress, MPa
0
40
80
120
Initialmodulusofelasticity,MPa
%10E
mE
2,60 2,95 3,30 3,65 4,00
32
36
40
44
48
Fig. 6. The dependence of initial modulus of elasticity E of hemp shives composite specimens on ultimate
compressive stress m
or %10
. ○ – experimental data of hemp shives with starch; ● – experimental data of hemp
shives with starch and kaolin; ◊ – experimental data of chopped hemp shives; ── empirical line of regression
dependence of specimens’ initial modulus of elasticity E on ultimate compressive stress m
or %10
Table. 3. Statistical data results for compressive stress of hemp composite
Regressive equation
No.
The number of
test series n
Values of constant coefficients
of equation r
S , MPa
2
E
R
b0 b1
1. m
bbE 10
(1.6)*
65 -28.01 64.34 13.37 0.869
2. %1010
bbE (1.7)**
18 14.80 6.84 3.35 0.365
*
(hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and kaolin),**
(chopped hemp shives)
The results of the statistical analysis of the data are given in Table 3. The columns labeled (1.6)–(1.7)
define the empirical relations. It should be noted that the 2
E
R values range from 0.365 to 0.869.
Ultimate initial modulus of elasticity E of hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and
kaolinspecimens when the compressive stress m
may be determined in accordance with empirical equations
(1.6).
The work [7] presents the hemp shives composite with a binder initial modulus of elasticity value,
which is formulated by power-law empirical equation. Obtained values are 2-3 times lower than the value of
initial modulus of elasticity E calculated by us. Initial modulus of elasticity E of hemp composite was
determined by us in accordance with the whole quasi-elastic area of stress-strain curve. Thus, it can be stated
that deformability characteristics are more realistically described by our investigations. Results of initial
modulus of elasticity of hemp composite with a binder obtained by other authors [9] showed similar values in
comparison with our results. Experimental analysis of the results showed that change in physical-mechanical
properties of hemp composite is very complicated process which depends on many parameters such as structure,
thickness of the specimens and other characteristics. Density of a material is a key indicator which describes
thermal conductivity of certain materials. Thermal conductivity of hemp composite specimens varies depending
on specimens’ density. When hemp composite density increases thermal conductivity linearly increases as well
due to heat transfer by solid skeleton (Fig. 7). Properly chosen composition may lead to a production of efficient
thermal insulating-structural material for building envelopes.
Fig. 7 shows initial thermal conductivity C
10
, W/(m·K), of hemp composite dependence on
specimens’ density , kg/m3
. On the basis of experimental results, relation between thermal conductivity and
specimens’ density which may be approximated by regression equation (see Table 4).
7. Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
www.ijesi.org 26 | Page
Table. 5. Statistical data results for thermal conductivity of hemp composite
Regressive equation
No.
The number of
test series n
Values of constant coefficients of
equation r
S , MPa
2
10 C
R
b0 b1 b2
1. 1010 bbC (1.8)*
21 0.0257 0.00019 - 0.00331 0.970
2.
2
21010 bbbC (1.9)**
18 37.80 -0.194 0.00025 1.20 0.994
*
(hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and kaolin),**
(chopped hemp shives)
The columns labeled (1.8)–(1.9) define the empirical relations. It should be noted that the 2
E
R values
range from 0.970 to 0.994. Therefore, the empirical relations (determined by the regression analysis) may be
used in predicting the thermal conductivity (hemp shives with starch + hemp shives with starch and kaolin and
chopped hemp shives).The determination coefficient 970.0
2
R and 994.0
2
R which shows that variation
of mean value of thermal conductivity is 97.0 % and 99.4 % dependent on hemp composite specimens’ density
and only 3 % and 0.6 on other factors (uniformity of structure, technological parameters and etc.).
Other scientists [7] have studied fibrous hemp composites with a lime as and the hemp specimens with
a density ranging from 417 kg/m3
to 551 kg/m3
, thermal conductivity ranging from 0.179 W/(m·K) to
0.485 W/(m·K). The analysis shows that increase in thermal conductivity of hemp composite specimens is
directly proportional to its density increase. When the density of hemp composite varies from 260 kg/m3
to 444
kg/m3
the value of thermal conductivity changes respectively from 0.074 W/(m·K) to 0.112 W/(m·K). During
the experimental investigation of hemp shives with MgO-cement as a binding material following results were
obtained: when the density varied from 1040 kg/m3
to 1150 kg/m3
the value of thermal conductivity changed
respectively from 0.110 W/(m·K) to 0.115 W/(m·K) [26].
200 270 340 410 480 550
Density, kg/m3
0.0600
0.0755
0.0950
0.1125
0.1300
Thermalconductivity,W/m·K
340 360 380 400 420 440
0.0650
0.0654
0.0658
0.0662
0.0666
Fig. 7. The dependence of thermal conductivity C
10
of hemp shives composite specimens on their density. ○ –
experimental data of hemp shives with starch; ● – experimental data of hemp shives with starch and kaolin; ◊ –
experimental data of chopped hemp shives; ─── − empirical line of regression dependence of specimens’
It was also determined that thermal conductivity of materials from renewable resources depends not
only on density but also on the structure of the material, i.e. composition of formation mixture and technological
parameters as well as orientation of the shives [25]. These statements are proved by investigations of other
authors [24, 26]. They have concluded that nature of mechanical destruction of hemp composite depends on
various parameters – structure, hardening temperature, relative air humidity and etc. It can be assumed that
8. Investigation of Energy Efficient Thermal Insulating Composites from Hemp Shives and Starch
www.ijesi.org 27 | Page
density of hemp composite is one of the most important indicators which indirectly define the relation of solid
and gaseous phases in the material.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the experimental results it was determined that compressive strength of hemp
composite is defined by ultimate stress m
or %10
. Ultimate stress m
of hemp composite is dependent on
materials density and may be calculated in accordance with obtained regression equations when density varies
from 183 kg/m3
to 543 kg/m3
. The relation between initial modulus of elasticity E and density and compressive
stress m
of the hemp composite specimens was also determined. The relation between hemp composite thermal
conductivity and density, from 210 to 510 kg/m3
, was determined and the value of thermal conductivity varied
from 0.063 W/(m·K) to 0.12 W/(m·K). To evaluate this relation the regression equation was obtained.
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