INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION

http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 154 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 154-163, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_016
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=1
Journal Impact Factor (2016): 9.2286 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG
FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR
IMPLANT APPLICATION
Chennabasappa Hampali
Sr. Associate Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering,
REVA University, Bangalore,
Chandrashekhar Bendigeri
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore
ABSTRACT
This paper includes the study of basic mechanical properties of polymer
composites prepared for polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Hemp long
fiber and Hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions
of 10%, 20% and 30% reinforcement used for patellar implant material. Over
the past centuries, there is lot of research works carried out in the medical
field and materials science in development of biomaterials for implant
applications. So, many different materials are used as implants for replacing
of damaged parts. Over the years, SS316L and UHMWPE have established as
the best available patellar implant materials. In advancing field of material
science, metallurgy and designing, still there is scope for development for
more advanced bio-materials with better properties. It has been observed that
the mechanical properties of Polyester reinforced with Hemp fibre (long fibres
and mat) show better properties than UHMWPE. These properties of
composites are found to be suitable for the patellar implant material.
Key words: PMC, Hemp, Long fibre, Mat fibre, tensile test, Compression test,
bending test
Cite this Article: Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri.
The “Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with
Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016,
pp. 154-163.
http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=1

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long
Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application
1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past centuries there is a considerable development in the medical field. There
is a lot of development in surgery and prosthetic fields. For this purpose a lot of
alternative materials are used for implants while replacing them in place of damaged
parts. These materials are called bio-materials.
All these years SS-316L has established itself as the best available bio-implant
material. With the research and development in the field of material science,
metallurgy and design, bio materials have better properties over SS-316L are
observed.
The strength characteristics of any continuous fiber reinforced composite can be
simulated, as long as the fiber orientation in the composite can be identified. Then
mechanical properties of fibrous composites are predicted.
Through the media and conferences it has been observed that there is wide scope
for bio-materials which encourages the researchers in medical field to invent the
alternate materials with required mechanical properties.
In this paper the mechanical properties study of polymer composites prepared
from polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Jute long fiber, Jute mat fiber, Hemp long
fiber and hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions of
10%,20% and30% reinforcement used for implant material.
2. RAW MATERIALS
Raw materials used in this experimental work are:
Polymer- Polyester resin
Hardener
Natural fiber
Hemp (long fiber)
Hemp (mat)
The physical and mechanical properties of polyester are shown in table 1. In the
present work HY 951(Araldite) hardener is used. This has a viscosity of 10-20 poise
at 250o
C.
Table 1 Properties of Polyester
Material
Density
(Kg/m3
)
Elastic
modulus
(GPa)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
Compressive
Strength
(MPa)
Elongation
(%)
Polyester 1200- 1500 2 - 4.5 40 - 90 90 – 250 2

Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri
 Hemp Fiber (Long Fiber & Mat Type)
Figure 1 Hemp long fiber
Figure 2 Hemp mat fiber
Hemp is the name of the soft, durable fiber that is cultivated from plants of
cannabis genus for industrial and commercial use. The common application of the
hemp fiber is to be blend with polypropylene in a nonwoven mat which through
compression moulding technique turns to a three dimensional part. When the hemp
was compared with glass fiber, it has same value of Young´s modulus, a much lower
density and costs (approximately half the price of glass fiber) and a reduction in
moulding time. Hemp fibers are longer, stronger and more absorbent resistant than
cotton. Hemp can be made into fine quality paper. The Hemp long fiber and mat fiber
are shown in figure 1 & figure 2 respectively.
Natural brightness of Hemp can obviate the need to use chlorine bleach. Hemp
grows well in a variety of climates and soil types. It is naturally resistant to most pests
It grows tightly spaced, out-competing any weeds, so herbicides are not necessary.
Hemp can displace cotton which is usually grown with massive amounts of chemicals
which harmful to people and the environment. The properties of Hemp fiber are as
shown in table 2.0
Table 2 Properties of Hemp fiber
Property
Density
(Kg/m3
)
Elastic
Modulus
(MPa)
Tensile strength
(MPa)
Stiffness
KN/mm2
Elongation
(%)
Hemp 1480 30-60 550-900 70 1.6

Fabrication by Hand Layup Method
Testing of Fabricated composites
Mechanical Properties- Test
Compression Test Bending TestTensile Test
3. CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER COMPOSITES
The usefulness of bio-composites are characterized by their properties. The relevant
properties can be physical, mechanical, chemical, optical, electrical, etc. These
properties must be quantitatively determined through experiments following some
standards. Perhaps the most well known standardization organizations are ISO
(International Standards Organization) and ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials).
3.1. Methodology
Fabrication of polymer composite with Polyester and Hemp (Long fiber and Mat) has
been carried out by Hand Lay-up method. Then the specimens were prepared
according to ASTM standards to test mechanical properties. The layout of
methodology is show in figure.
Figure 3 Layout of Preparation and testing of PMC’s
3.2. Preparation of Composite Materials
The materials used in preparation of composite materials are:
1. Fiber reinforcement material (Hemp long fiber and Hemp mat)
2. Matrix (Polyester)
3. Acetone
4. Roller
5. Gloves
3.3. Compositions of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
The compositions of polymer composites with long fiber and mat are given in the
following table 3.

Table 3 Composites of fiber reinforced polymer
COMPOSITES TYPE
COMPOSITION
POLYESTER
Weight %
HEMP Weight
%
C1 Long fiber 90 10
C2 Long fiber 80 20
C3 Long fiber 70 30
C4 Mat 90 10
C5 Mat 80 20
C6 Mat 70 30
3.4. Rule of Mixtures
'Rules of Mixtures' are mathematical expressions which give some property of the
composite in terms of the properties, quantity and arrangement of its constituents.
They may be based on a number of simplifying assumptions, and their use in design
should be tempered with extreme caution. The theoretical density has been calculated
by applying the rule of mixture to all composites.
3.5. Mould Preparation
First of all the mould for the composite is prepared of size 300 x 300 x 3 mm for the
preparing required composites. A clean smooth surface wooden board is taken and
washed thoroughly. The wooden board is covered with a non-reactive thin plastic
sheet. Then the glass of equal size (thickness 3mm) that of the mould is taken, then
the glass on the wooden board was placed.
3.5.1. Casting
First of all mould release mansion wax was applied on the mould, removal sheet is
spread on the mould then small amount of matrix is poured by placing hemp mat. This
process is repeated till all the mixture of matrix is completed. Then sample test
specimen is left for 72 hr for drying. Weights are placed on the specimens for good
finishing, as shown in figure 4.
Figure 4 Casting process

4. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The following section will elaborate in detail the experimental procedure carried out
during conducting the different tests. The steps involved are:
1. Specimen preparation.
 By Hand Lay-Up method.
 Cutting of Laminates into samples of desired dimensions.
2. Tensile test
3. Bending test
4. Compression test
Tensile Test
Static tensile properties, such as tensile strength, young’s modulus, failure strain, and
Poisson’s ratio of flat composite materials, are determined according to ASTM D
3039 standards and sample was cut into flat shape (250x25x3) mm, in according to
ASTM standards D3039 as shown in figure 5.
Bending Test
Static and fatigue flexural properties, such as flexural strength and modulus are
determined by ASTM D 790 test method. In this test, a composite beam specimen of
rectangular cross-section is loaded in either a three-point mode. In this mode, a large
span (L) to thickness (t) ratio of 16, 32, 40, or 60 is usually recommended to minimize
interlaminar shear deformation. Sample was cut into flat shape (20x150x5) mm, in
accordance with ASTM standards D790 as shown in figure 6.
Compression Test
Unlike metals, properties of a composite in tension and compression are not same in
general. Compression testing is one of the most difficult tests which can be performed
on composites. A number of test methods together with specimen designs have been
proposed, with a primary focus on the avoidance of the specimen buckling or global
instability under a compressive load. In-plane static compressive properties can be
determined using either ASTM D 695 or D 3410 test method sample was cut in to flat
shape (150x25x3) mm, in accordance with ASTM standards D3410 as shown in
figure 7
Figure 5 Macrograph of Tensile test specimen

Figure 6 Macrograph of Bending specimen
Figure 7 Macrograph of Compression specimen
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter comprises with comparison and discussion of obtained results for
considering feasible alternative material for pattellar implant. For different
composition of developed PMC’s, tensile test, compression test and bending tests are
conducted and compared in the bar charts.
Tensile test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%, 20%
and 30 % Hemp LF and MAT. Results for the tensile test are in bar chart as shown in
figure 8. In the tensile test, Polyester with 30% Hemp mat is found better as compared
to other compositions.

Figure 8 Ultimate Tensile Stress v/s PMC’s
Compression test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%,
20% and 30 % Hemp LF and MAT. Results from the compression test is in bar chart
as shown in figure 9. In the compression test, Polyester with 30% Hemp laong fiber is
found better as compared to other composition
Figure 9 Compressive Stress v/s PMC’s
Bending test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%, 20%
and 30 % hemp LF and MAT. Results from the bending test is in bar chart as shown
in fig 10. In the bending test, Polyester with 30% Hemp laong fiber is found slightly
better as compared to other composition
P10HL P20HL P30HL P10HM P20HM P30HM
UTS(MPa) 47 84 96 86 92.3 98.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
UTS(MPa)
P10HL P20HL P30HL
P10H
M
P20H
M
P30H
M
Comp. Strength(MPa) 51 92 133 69 65 61
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Comp.Strength(MPa)

Figure 10 Bending Stress v/s PMC’s
6. CONCLUSION
The following are the observations listed by above results,
 The density of polymer composite materials is approximately 1380 Kg/m3
and it is
similar to the density of bone (1000 to 2000 Kg/m3
).
 The tensile strength of the polymer composite with hemp long fiber is observed to be
more than the polymer composite with hemp mat for both combinations.
 Compressive strength of the polymer composite with hemp long fiber is observed to
be more than the polymer composite with hemp mat.
 Bending strength of the polymer composite with hemp mat is observed to be more
than the polymer composite with hemp long fiber.
 With the above observations we can conclude that the polymer composite material
with long fiber may be used as alternative material for the biomedical applications.
REFERENCES
[1] Magdi El Messiry, Theoretical analysis of natural fiber volume fraction of
reinforced composites, Alexandria Engineering Journal, Production and hosting
by Elsevier, (2013) 52, 301–306
[2] Christopher C. Ihueze et. al, Natural fiber composite design and characterization
for limit stress prediction in multiaxial stress state, Journal of King Saud
University – Engineering Sciences, Production and hosting by Elsevier, (2015)
27, 193–206
[3] Mervi Puska, Allan J. Aho and Pekka Vallittu “Polymer Composites for Bone
Reconstruction, Advances in Composite Materials - Analysis of Natural and
Man-Made Materials,” (2011). 978-953-307-449-8,
[4] Wassamon Sujaritjun et. al., Mechanical property of surface modified natural
fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites, Published by Elsevier, Energy Procedia 34 (
2013 ) 664 – 672
P10HL P20HL P30HL P10HM P20HM P30HM
Bending Strength (MPa) 101 106.3 111.6 109 96.6 84.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
BendingStrength(MPa)

[5] Andressa Cecília Milanese et. al.,Mechanical behavior of natural fiber
composites, Procedia Engineering, Published by Elsevier Ltd, 10 (2011) 2022–
2027
[6] Paul K Chu Xuanyong Liu, “Biomaterials Fabrication and Processing”
Handbook. 2008 by CRC Press.
[7] Fumio Wataria, et. al, “Biocompatibility of materials and development to
functionally graded implant for bio-medical application”, Elseveir journal
Composites Science and Technology, Volume 64, Issue 6, May 2004, 893–908.
[8] “Black J, Hastings GW’’. “Handbook of Biomaterials Properties”. London, UK:
Chapman and Hall, 1998.
[9] Ravishankar. R, Dr.K. Chandrashekara and Rudramurthy. Experimental
Investigation and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Jute and
Glass Fibers Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites, International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 2013, pp. 197-206.
[10] Dr. M. Anandarao, Dr. K.Vijaya Kumar Reddy and T. Seshaiah. Fabrication and
Analysis of Mechanical Properties of FRP Composites, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(8), 2014, pp. 49-56.

INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION

Similar to INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION (20)

More from IAEME Publication

More from IAEME Publication (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION