This document discusses outlining a Bangla word dictionary for the Universal Networking Language (UNL) system. UNL is an artificial language that allows computers to process information across languages. The authors have been working to include Bangla in the UNL system. They describe the format of a UNL dictionary entry, which includes the headword (Bangla word), universal word, and grammatical attributes. Simply searching the UNL knowledge base for universal words is not effective, so they propose finding universal words based on existing translations of Bangla texts to English and their UNL expressions. The goal is to develop a Bangla dictionary to facilitate converting Bangla sentences to UNL format.
Design Analysis Rules to Identify Proper Noun from Bengali Sentence for Univ...Syeful Islam
Abstract—Now-a-days hundreds of millions of people of
almost all levels of education and attitudes from different
country communicate with each other for different
purposes and perform their jobs on internet or other
communication medium using various languages. Not all
people know all language; therefore it is very difficult to
communicate or works on various languages. In this
situation the computer scientist introduce various inter
language translation program (Machine translation). UNL
is such kind of inter language translation program. One of
the major problem of UNL is identified a name from a
sentence, which is relatively simple in English language,
because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla
we do not have concept of small or capital letters. Thus
we find difficulties in understanding whether a word is a
proper noun or not. Here we have proposed analysis rules
to identify proper noun from a sentence and established
post converter which translate the name entity from
Bangla to UNL. The goal is to make possible Bangla
sentence conversion to UNL and vice versa. UNL system
prove that the theoretical analysis of our proposed system
able to identify proper noun from Bangla sentence and
produce relative Universal word for UNL.
Dictionary Entries for Bangla Consonant Ended Roots in Universal Networking L...Waqas Tariq
The Universal Networking Language (UNL) deals with the communication across nations of different languages and involves with many different related discipline such as linguistics, epistemology, computer science etc. It helps to overcome the language barrier among people of different nations to solve problems emerging from current globalization trends and geopolitical interdependence. We are working to include Bangla language in the UNL system so that Bangla language can be converted to UNL expressions. As a part of this process currently we are working on Bangla Consonant Ended Verb Roots and trying to develop lexical or dictionary entries for the Consonant Ended Verb Roots. In this paper, we have presented our work by describing Bangla verb, Verb root, Verbal Inflections and then finally showed the dictionary entries for the consonant ended roots.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Naming Word from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from
different country communicate with each other for different using various languages. Machine
translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web based Communication. One of
the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we
do not have concept of small or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity
available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding whether a word is a naming word
(proper noun) or not. Here we have introduced a new approach to identify naming word from a
Bengali sentence for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is
to make possible Bangla sentence conversion to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in
dictionary.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Proper Noun from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from different country communicate with
each other for different using various languages. Machine translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web
based Communication. One of the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we do not have concept of small
or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding
whether a word is a proper noun or not. Here we have introduce a new approach to identify proper noun from a Bengali sentence
for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is to make possible Bangla sentence conversion
to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in dictionary.
IMPLEMENTATION OF NLIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR VERBS, PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS WIT...ijnlc
The document discusses the implementation of a natural language interface (NLization) framework for Punjabi using the EUGENE system. It focuses on generating Punjabi sentences from UNL representations for verbs, pronouns, and determiners. Rules and dictionaries are added to EUGENE to analyze the UNL syntax and semantics and output corresponding Punjabi sentences without human intervention. Examples are provided to illustrate the NLization process for sentences containing different parts of speech.
Hidden markov model based part of speech tagger for sinhala languageijnlc
In this paper we present a fundamental lexical semantics of Sinhala language and a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based Part of Speech (POS) Tagger for Sinhala language. In any Natural Language processing task, Part of Speech is a very vital topic, which involves analysing of the construction, behaviour and the dynamics of the language, which the knowledge could utilized in computational linguistics analysis and automation applications. Though Sinhala is a morphologically rich and agglutinative language, in which words are inflected with various grammatical features, tagging is very essential for further analysis of the language. Our research is based on statistical based approach, in which the tagging process is done by computing the tag sequence probability and the word-likelihood probability from the given corpus, where the linguistic knowledge is automatically extracted from the annotated corpus. The current tagger could reach more than 90% of accuracy for known words.
This document discusses natural language processing (NLP) and its role in augmentative and alternative communication. It begins with introducing NLP as a field of artificial intelligence that aims to allow computers to understand and process human language. It then describes augmentative and alternative communication as methods of non-verbal communication that are useful for those with speech impairments. The document goes on to discuss the different levels of NLP processing from phonology to pragmatics. It also outlines common approaches to NLP, including symbolic and statistical methods. The role of NLP is seen as enabling computerized communication to support augmentative communication.
People across the globe have access to materials such as journals, articles, adverts etc. via the internet. However
many of these resources come in diverse nature of languages. Although, English language seems most suitable to
most people, some readers do believe that working on materials in one’s native language is more enjoyable than in
other languages. Researches have shown that Arabic language has not been prominent in terms of online materials
and the few existing are most times ignored due to the peculiar nature of its various characters and constructs.
Hence, a proper study of its relationship with English language with a view to bringing people closer to its
understanding becomes necessary. The system scenarios were modeled and implemented using Unified Modeling
Language and Microsoft C# respectively in a way that the expected set of characters of the language of interest was
automatically formed with respect to a given input. The procedural steps were properly followed in the development
and running of the code using Context-Free Rule Based Technique with the availability of hardware required as
clearly described in the design. The system’s workability was tested with different source texts as inputs and in each
case the resulting outputs were very effective with respect to the translation process. The design here is expected to
serve as a tool for assisting beginners in these two languages and so, showcases a one-to-one form of
correspondence, hence, more rules and functions for ensuring a more robust are expected in future works.
Design Analysis Rules to Identify Proper Noun from Bengali Sentence for Univ...Syeful Islam
Abstract—Now-a-days hundreds of millions of people of
almost all levels of education and attitudes from different
country communicate with each other for different
purposes and perform their jobs on internet or other
communication medium using various languages. Not all
people know all language; therefore it is very difficult to
communicate or works on various languages. In this
situation the computer scientist introduce various inter
language translation program (Machine translation). UNL
is such kind of inter language translation program. One of
the major problem of UNL is identified a name from a
sentence, which is relatively simple in English language,
because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla
we do not have concept of small or capital letters. Thus
we find difficulties in understanding whether a word is a
proper noun or not. Here we have proposed analysis rules
to identify proper noun from a sentence and established
post converter which translate the name entity from
Bangla to UNL. The goal is to make possible Bangla
sentence conversion to UNL and vice versa. UNL system
prove that the theoretical analysis of our proposed system
able to identify proper noun from Bangla sentence and
produce relative Universal word for UNL.
Dictionary Entries for Bangla Consonant Ended Roots in Universal Networking L...Waqas Tariq
The Universal Networking Language (UNL) deals with the communication across nations of different languages and involves with many different related discipline such as linguistics, epistemology, computer science etc. It helps to overcome the language barrier among people of different nations to solve problems emerging from current globalization trends and geopolitical interdependence. We are working to include Bangla language in the UNL system so that Bangla language can be converted to UNL expressions. As a part of this process currently we are working on Bangla Consonant Ended Verb Roots and trying to develop lexical or dictionary entries for the Consonant Ended Verb Roots. In this paper, we have presented our work by describing Bangla verb, Verb root, Verbal Inflections and then finally showed the dictionary entries for the consonant ended roots.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Naming Word from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from
different country communicate with each other for different using various languages. Machine
translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web based Communication. One of
the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we
do not have concept of small or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity
available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding whether a word is a naming word
(proper noun) or not. Here we have introduced a new approach to identify naming word from a
Bengali sentence for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is
to make possible Bangla sentence conversion to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in
dictionary.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Proper Noun from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from different country communicate with
each other for different using various languages. Machine translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web
based Communication. One of the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we do not have concept of small
or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding
whether a word is a proper noun or not. Here we have introduce a new approach to identify proper noun from a Bengali sentence
for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is to make possible Bangla sentence conversion
to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in dictionary.
IMPLEMENTATION OF NLIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR VERBS, PRONOUNS AND DETERMINERS WIT...ijnlc
The document discusses the implementation of a natural language interface (NLization) framework for Punjabi using the EUGENE system. It focuses on generating Punjabi sentences from UNL representations for verbs, pronouns, and determiners. Rules and dictionaries are added to EUGENE to analyze the UNL syntax and semantics and output corresponding Punjabi sentences without human intervention. Examples are provided to illustrate the NLization process for sentences containing different parts of speech.
Hidden markov model based part of speech tagger for sinhala languageijnlc
In this paper we present a fundamental lexical semantics of Sinhala language and a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based Part of Speech (POS) Tagger for Sinhala language. In any Natural Language processing task, Part of Speech is a very vital topic, which involves analysing of the construction, behaviour and the dynamics of the language, which the knowledge could utilized in computational linguistics analysis and automation applications. Though Sinhala is a morphologically rich and agglutinative language, in which words are inflected with various grammatical features, tagging is very essential for further analysis of the language. Our research is based on statistical based approach, in which the tagging process is done by computing the tag sequence probability and the word-likelihood probability from the given corpus, where the linguistic knowledge is automatically extracted from the annotated corpus. The current tagger could reach more than 90% of accuracy for known words.
This document discusses natural language processing (NLP) and its role in augmentative and alternative communication. It begins with introducing NLP as a field of artificial intelligence that aims to allow computers to understand and process human language. It then describes augmentative and alternative communication as methods of non-verbal communication that are useful for those with speech impairments. The document goes on to discuss the different levels of NLP processing from phonology to pragmatics. It also outlines common approaches to NLP, including symbolic and statistical methods. The role of NLP is seen as enabling computerized communication to support augmentative communication.
People across the globe have access to materials such as journals, articles, adverts etc. via the internet. However
many of these resources come in diverse nature of languages. Although, English language seems most suitable to
most people, some readers do believe that working on materials in one’s native language is more enjoyable than in
other languages. Researches have shown that Arabic language has not been prominent in terms of online materials
and the few existing are most times ignored due to the peculiar nature of its various characters and constructs.
Hence, a proper study of its relationship with English language with a view to bringing people closer to its
understanding becomes necessary. The system scenarios were modeled and implemented using Unified Modeling
Language and Microsoft C# respectively in a way that the expected set of characters of the language of interest was
automatically formed with respect to a given input. The procedural steps were properly followed in the development
and running of the code using Context-Free Rule Based Technique with the availability of hardware required as
clearly described in the design. The system’s workability was tested with different source texts as inputs and in each
case the resulting outputs were very effective with respect to the translation process. The design here is expected to
serve as a tool for assisting beginners in these two languages and so, showcases a one-to-one form of
correspondence, hence, more rules and functions for ensuring a more robust are expected in future works.
1) Computational linguistics involves using computer science techniques to analyze and process human language both in written and spoken form. The field aims to develop systems that can understand, produce, and have conversations in natural language.
2) Early work in computational linguistics focused on machine translation, but the field grew to include modeling other aspects of language like syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This allowed for developing systems that go beyond translation to process language more like humans.
3) A famous early program was ELIZA from 1966, which was designed to have natural conversations but actually just followed pattern matching routines to generate responses based on keywords. This demonstrated both promise and limitations of early conversational agents.
I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss How to choose variety or code in multilingual society.
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field between linguistics and computer science that deals with computational modeling of human language. It has both theoretical and applied components. Theoretical CL develops formal models of linguistic knowledge and implements them as computer programs to better understand language faculties. Applied CL focuses on practical applications like natural language interfaces and machine translation to improve human-computer interaction. Computational linguistics combines ambitious goals like full language understanding with realistic current applications.
The document discusses the field of computational linguistics, defining it as the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It involves providing computational models of linguistic phenomena and using computational techniques and linguistic theories to solve problems in natural language processing. Computational linguistics aims to automatically process and understand natural language by constructing computer programs. The field has its roots in the 1940s-1950s with the development of code breaking machines and computers. Major conferences and journals in the field are associated with the Association for Computational Linguistics.
The document provides an overview of computational linguistics and its various applications. It defines computational linguistics as the intersection between linguistics and computer science concerned with computational aspects of human language. Some key applications include developing software for tasks like grammar correction, word sense disambiguation, automatic translation, and more. Large linguistic corpora and techniques like part-of-speech tagging, parsing, and machine learning have allowed computational linguistics to make advances in natural language processing.
A ROBUST THREE-STAGE HYBRID FRAMEWORK FOR ENGLISH TO BANGLA TRANSLITERATIONkevig
Phonetic typing using the English alphabet has become widely popular nowadays for social media and chat services. As a result, a text containing various English and Bangla words and phrases has become increasingly common. Existing transliteration tools display poor performance for such texts. This paper proposes a robust Three-stage Hybrid Transliteration (THT) framework that can transliterate both English words and phonetic typed Bangla words satisfactorily. This is achieved by adopting a hybrid approach of dictionary-based and rule-based techniques. Experimental results confirm superiority of THT as it significantly outperforms the benchmark transliteration tool.
EXTRACTING LINGUISTIC SPEECH PATTERNS OF JAPANESE FICTIONAL CHARACTERS USING ...kevig
This study extracted and analyzed the linguistic speech patterns that characterize Japanese anime or game characters. Conventional morphological analyzers, such as MeCab, segment words with high performance, but they are unable to segment broken expressions or utterance endings that are not listed in the dictionary, which often appears in lines of anime or game characters. To overcome this challenge, we propose segmenting lines of Japanese anime or game characters using subword units that were proposed mainly for deep learning, and extracting frequently occurring strings to obtain expressions that characterize their utterances. We analyzed the subword units weighted by TF/IDF according to gender, age, and each anime character and show that they are linguistic speech patterns that are specific for each feature. Additionally, a classification experiment shows that the model with subword units outperformed that with the conventional method.
INTEGRATION OF PHONOTACTIC FEATURES FOR LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION ON CODE-SWITC...kevig
In this paper, phoneme sequences are used as language information to perform code-switched language
identification (LID). With the one-pass recognition system, the spoken sounds are converted into
phonetically arranged sequences of sounds. The acoustic models are robust enough to handle multiple
languages when emulating multiple hidden Markov models (HMMs). To determine the phoneme similarity
among our target languages, we reported two methods of phoneme mapping. Statistical phoneme-based
bigram language models (LM) are integrated into speech decoding to eliminate possible phone
mismatches. The supervised support vector machine (SVM) is used to learn to recognize the phonetic
information of mixed-language speech based on recognized phone sequences. As the back-end decision is
taken by an SVM, the likelihood scores of segments with monolingual phone occurrence are used to
classify language identity. The speech corpus was tested on Sepedi and English languages that are often
mixed. Our system is evaluated by measuring both the ASR performance and the LID performance
separately. The systems have obtained a promising ASR accuracy with data-driven phone merging
approach modelled using 16 Gaussian mixtures per state. In code-switched speech and monolingual
speech segments respectively, the proposed systems achieved an acceptable ASR and LID accuracy.
This document discusses Sanskrit and computational linguistics. It provides an introduction to computational linguistics and discusses how Sanskrit has been used in this field, including for machine translation and knowledge representation. It also outlines some language tools that have been developed for Sanskrit, such as morphological analyzers and part-of-speech taggers. The document discusses how computational linguistics can be used for research in Sanskrit, including corpus-based studies. Finally, it discusses resources available for Sanskrit computational linguistics and potential future directions, such as technological education for Sanskrit scholars.
Computational linguistics originated in the 1950s with a focus on machine translation. It aims to use computers to process and understand human language. There are two main goals - theoretical, to better understand how humans use language; and practical, to build tools like machine translation. It draws from linguistics, computer science, psychology, and logic. Some key applications include spelling/grammar checkers, style checkers, information retrieval systems, and computer-assisted language learning tools. However, natural language processing poses challenges due to issues with phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYZER USING THE BILSTM MODEL ONLY FOR JAPANESE HIRAGANA SENT...kevig
This study proposes a method to develop neural models of the morphological analyzer for Japanese Hiragana sentences using the Bi-LSTM CRF model. Morphological analysis is a technique that divides text data into words and assigns information such as parts of speech. In Japanese natural language processing systems, this technique plays an essential role in downstream applications because the Japanese language does not have word delimiters between words. Hiragana is a type of Japanese phonogramic characters, which is used for texts for children or people who cannot read Chinese characters. Morphological analysis of Hiragana sentences is more difficult than that of ordinary Japanese sentences because there is less information for dividing. For morphological analysis of Hiragana sentences, we demonstrated the effectiveness of fine-tuning using a model based on ordinary Japanese text and examined the influence of training data on texts of various genres.
Corpus linguistics is the analysis of large collections of machine-readable texts called corpora. It utilizes computers to analyze patterns of language use in natural texts. Corpus linguistics is an empirical approach that uses quantitative and qualitative techniques on representative text samples to study topics like lexicography, grammar, dialects and language acquisition. It provides consistent, reliable analyses of complex language patterns not possible through manual analysis alone.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
Students attitude towards teachers code switching code mixingSamar Rukh
This document summarizes a study that examined business students' attitudes toward their teachers' use of code-switching between English and the local language (Urdu) in class, and the impact of this on the students' English language learning. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected through questionnaires given to 100 business students and 6 English teachers at universities in Sargodha, Pakistan. The findings from the student questionnaire showed that most students had a positive attitude toward their teachers' code-switching and believed it helped their understanding and strengthened their English. The teacher questionnaire explored the teachers' views, with most believing code-switching facilitated clearer communication and instruction. In conclusion, the study found that business students generally viewed teachers' code-switch
International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 4, No.2,Apri...ijnlc
Building
dialogues systems
interaction
has recently gained considerable
attention, but most of the
resourc
es and systems built so far are
tailored to
English and other Indo
-
European languages. The need
for designing
systems for
other languages is increasing such as Arabic language.
For this reasons, there
are more int
erest for Arabic dialogue acts classification
task because it
a key player in Arabic language
under
standing
to
bu
ilding this systems
.
This paper surveys
different techniques
for dialogue acts classification
for Arabic.
W
e describe the
main existing techniques for utterances segmentations and
classification, annotation schemas, and
test corpora for Arabic
dialogues understanding
that have introduced
in the literature
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
This document discusses the use of treated wastewater in concrete. It begins by providing background on wastewater treatment in Kuwait and previous research on using treated wastewater in concrete mixing and curing. The document then details the methodology used, which included designing concrete mixes with 100% cement, 80% cement 20% fly ash, and 80% cement 20% GGBS. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed compressive strengths over 28 days were similar or higher when using treated wastewater compared to potable water. The conclusion is that treated wastewater can be used in concrete with similar results to potable water, helping address water scarcity issues.
Extended Study on the Performance Evaluation of ISP MBG based Route Optimiza...IOSR Journals
This document provides an extended study on the performance evaluation of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) Mobile Border Gateway (MBG) based route optimization scheme in Mobile IPv4. The study evaluates the scheme's performance under different system parameters like number of nodes, zones, and points of presence serving each zone. The ISP MBG technique aims to solve the triangle routing problem in conventional Mobile IPv4 by providing a shorter route with lower transmission times between correspondent nodes and mobile nodes. Simulation results presented in the paper prove that the ISP MBG framework successfully addresses triangle routing issues.
This document discusses developing a mobile enrollment system for universities in Nigeria. Currently, most university enrollment processes in Nigeria are done manually, which causes long wait times and errors. The authors propose creating a mobile application that would allow students to complete the enrollment process from any location using a mobile device. They conducted a survey that found undergraduate students would most favor such a system and that the main motivations for using a mobile app would be to save time and costs. The authors conclude a mobile enrollment system could speed up the process, reduce errors and provide users with increased convenience and security.
This document summarizes an artificially intelligent investment risk calculation system based on distributed data mining. The system uses a web-based platform to provide registered users investment recommendations and risk assessments based on their financial transaction history. It analyzes data from financial sectors to guide users on investment decisions. It also models an internal bank loan process, tracking employee credibility and targets to distribute profits/losses. The system was developed using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL, and JSP. It stores user and transaction data in relational databases to power its artificial intelligence algorithms for investment suggestions and risk calculations.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a smart blood bank system as a cloud-based service. The proposed system aims to address issues with conventional blood bank management systems, especially in rural areas, by providing online access and data sharing capabilities. It utilizes a multi-tenant cloud architecture that allows individual blood banks to register and store their data independently, while also linking the databases to provide a unified search portal for users. The system is intended to improve blood availability information and help connect donors with seekers more efficiently.
1) Computational linguistics involves using computer science techniques to analyze and process human language both in written and spoken form. The field aims to develop systems that can understand, produce, and have conversations in natural language.
2) Early work in computational linguistics focused on machine translation, but the field grew to include modeling other aspects of language like syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This allowed for developing systems that go beyond translation to process language more like humans.
3) A famous early program was ELIZA from 1966, which was designed to have natural conversations but actually just followed pattern matching routines to generate responses based on keywords. This demonstrated both promise and limitations of early conversational agents.
I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss How to choose variety or code in multilingual society.
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field between linguistics and computer science that deals with computational modeling of human language. It has both theoretical and applied components. Theoretical CL develops formal models of linguistic knowledge and implements them as computer programs to better understand language faculties. Applied CL focuses on practical applications like natural language interfaces and machine translation to improve human-computer interaction. Computational linguistics combines ambitious goals like full language understanding with realistic current applications.
The document discusses the field of computational linguistics, defining it as the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It involves providing computational models of linguistic phenomena and using computational techniques and linguistic theories to solve problems in natural language processing. Computational linguistics aims to automatically process and understand natural language by constructing computer programs. The field has its roots in the 1940s-1950s with the development of code breaking machines and computers. Major conferences and journals in the field are associated with the Association for Computational Linguistics.
The document provides an overview of computational linguistics and its various applications. It defines computational linguistics as the intersection between linguistics and computer science concerned with computational aspects of human language. Some key applications include developing software for tasks like grammar correction, word sense disambiguation, automatic translation, and more. Large linguistic corpora and techniques like part-of-speech tagging, parsing, and machine learning have allowed computational linguistics to make advances in natural language processing.
A ROBUST THREE-STAGE HYBRID FRAMEWORK FOR ENGLISH TO BANGLA TRANSLITERATIONkevig
Phonetic typing using the English alphabet has become widely popular nowadays for social media and chat services. As a result, a text containing various English and Bangla words and phrases has become increasingly common. Existing transliteration tools display poor performance for such texts. This paper proposes a robust Three-stage Hybrid Transliteration (THT) framework that can transliterate both English words and phonetic typed Bangla words satisfactorily. This is achieved by adopting a hybrid approach of dictionary-based and rule-based techniques. Experimental results confirm superiority of THT as it significantly outperforms the benchmark transliteration tool.
EXTRACTING LINGUISTIC SPEECH PATTERNS OF JAPANESE FICTIONAL CHARACTERS USING ...kevig
This study extracted and analyzed the linguistic speech patterns that characterize Japanese anime or game characters. Conventional morphological analyzers, such as MeCab, segment words with high performance, but they are unable to segment broken expressions or utterance endings that are not listed in the dictionary, which often appears in lines of anime or game characters. To overcome this challenge, we propose segmenting lines of Japanese anime or game characters using subword units that were proposed mainly for deep learning, and extracting frequently occurring strings to obtain expressions that characterize their utterances. We analyzed the subword units weighted by TF/IDF according to gender, age, and each anime character and show that they are linguistic speech patterns that are specific for each feature. Additionally, a classification experiment shows that the model with subword units outperformed that with the conventional method.
INTEGRATION OF PHONOTACTIC FEATURES FOR LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION ON CODE-SWITC...kevig
In this paper, phoneme sequences are used as language information to perform code-switched language
identification (LID). With the one-pass recognition system, the spoken sounds are converted into
phonetically arranged sequences of sounds. The acoustic models are robust enough to handle multiple
languages when emulating multiple hidden Markov models (HMMs). To determine the phoneme similarity
among our target languages, we reported two methods of phoneme mapping. Statistical phoneme-based
bigram language models (LM) are integrated into speech decoding to eliminate possible phone
mismatches. The supervised support vector machine (SVM) is used to learn to recognize the phonetic
information of mixed-language speech based on recognized phone sequences. As the back-end decision is
taken by an SVM, the likelihood scores of segments with monolingual phone occurrence are used to
classify language identity. The speech corpus was tested on Sepedi and English languages that are often
mixed. Our system is evaluated by measuring both the ASR performance and the LID performance
separately. The systems have obtained a promising ASR accuracy with data-driven phone merging
approach modelled using 16 Gaussian mixtures per state. In code-switched speech and monolingual
speech segments respectively, the proposed systems achieved an acceptable ASR and LID accuracy.
This document discusses Sanskrit and computational linguistics. It provides an introduction to computational linguistics and discusses how Sanskrit has been used in this field, including for machine translation and knowledge representation. It also outlines some language tools that have been developed for Sanskrit, such as morphological analyzers and part-of-speech taggers. The document discusses how computational linguistics can be used for research in Sanskrit, including corpus-based studies. Finally, it discusses resources available for Sanskrit computational linguistics and potential future directions, such as technological education for Sanskrit scholars.
Computational linguistics originated in the 1950s with a focus on machine translation. It aims to use computers to process and understand human language. There are two main goals - theoretical, to better understand how humans use language; and practical, to build tools like machine translation. It draws from linguistics, computer science, psychology, and logic. Some key applications include spelling/grammar checkers, style checkers, information retrieval systems, and computer-assisted language learning tools. However, natural language processing poses challenges due to issues with phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYZER USING THE BILSTM MODEL ONLY FOR JAPANESE HIRAGANA SENT...kevig
This study proposes a method to develop neural models of the morphological analyzer for Japanese Hiragana sentences using the Bi-LSTM CRF model. Morphological analysis is a technique that divides text data into words and assigns information such as parts of speech. In Japanese natural language processing systems, this technique plays an essential role in downstream applications because the Japanese language does not have word delimiters between words. Hiragana is a type of Japanese phonogramic characters, which is used for texts for children or people who cannot read Chinese characters. Morphological analysis of Hiragana sentences is more difficult than that of ordinary Japanese sentences because there is less information for dividing. For morphological analysis of Hiragana sentences, we demonstrated the effectiveness of fine-tuning using a model based on ordinary Japanese text and examined the influence of training data on texts of various genres.
Corpus linguistics is the analysis of large collections of machine-readable texts called corpora. It utilizes computers to analyze patterns of language use in natural texts. Corpus linguistics is an empirical approach that uses quantitative and qualitative techniques on representative text samples to study topics like lexicography, grammar, dialects and language acquisition. It provides consistent, reliable analyses of complex language patterns not possible through manual analysis alone.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
Students attitude towards teachers code switching code mixingSamar Rukh
This document summarizes a study that examined business students' attitudes toward their teachers' use of code-switching between English and the local language (Urdu) in class, and the impact of this on the students' English language learning. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected through questionnaires given to 100 business students and 6 English teachers at universities in Sargodha, Pakistan. The findings from the student questionnaire showed that most students had a positive attitude toward their teachers' code-switching and believed it helped their understanding and strengthened their English. The teacher questionnaire explored the teachers' views, with most believing code-switching facilitated clearer communication and instruction. In conclusion, the study found that business students generally viewed teachers' code-switch
International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 4, No.2,Apri...ijnlc
Building
dialogues systems
interaction
has recently gained considerable
attention, but most of the
resourc
es and systems built so far are
tailored to
English and other Indo
-
European languages. The need
for designing
systems for
other languages is increasing such as Arabic language.
For this reasons, there
are more int
erest for Arabic dialogue acts classification
task because it
a key player in Arabic language
under
standing
to
bu
ilding this systems
.
This paper surveys
different techniques
for dialogue acts classification
for Arabic.
W
e describe the
main existing techniques for utterances segmentations and
classification, annotation schemas, and
test corpora for Arabic
dialogues understanding
that have introduced
in the literature
The document discusses different approaches to machine translation, including rule-based, statistical, example-based, and dictionary-based approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as rule-based methods using linguistic rules and extensive lexicons, statistical methods relying on probabilistic models trained on parallel texts, example-based methods translating by analogy to examples in aligned corpora, and dictionary-based methods translating words directly with or without morphological analysis. The document also compares transfer-based and interlingual rule-based machine translation, noting interlingual methods aim to represent the source text independently of languages.
This document discusses the use of treated wastewater in concrete. It begins by providing background on wastewater treatment in Kuwait and previous research on using treated wastewater in concrete mixing and curing. The document then details the methodology used, which included designing concrete mixes with 100% cement, 80% cement 20% fly ash, and 80% cement 20% GGBS. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed compressive strengths over 28 days were similar or higher when using treated wastewater compared to potable water. The conclusion is that treated wastewater can be used in concrete with similar results to potable water, helping address water scarcity issues.
Extended Study on the Performance Evaluation of ISP MBG based Route Optimiza...IOSR Journals
This document provides an extended study on the performance evaluation of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) Mobile Border Gateway (MBG) based route optimization scheme in Mobile IPv4. The study evaluates the scheme's performance under different system parameters like number of nodes, zones, and points of presence serving each zone. The ISP MBG technique aims to solve the triangle routing problem in conventional Mobile IPv4 by providing a shorter route with lower transmission times between correspondent nodes and mobile nodes. Simulation results presented in the paper prove that the ISP MBG framework successfully addresses triangle routing issues.
This document discusses developing a mobile enrollment system for universities in Nigeria. Currently, most university enrollment processes in Nigeria are done manually, which causes long wait times and errors. The authors propose creating a mobile application that would allow students to complete the enrollment process from any location using a mobile device. They conducted a survey that found undergraduate students would most favor such a system and that the main motivations for using a mobile app would be to save time and costs. The authors conclude a mobile enrollment system could speed up the process, reduce errors and provide users with increased convenience and security.
This document summarizes an artificially intelligent investment risk calculation system based on distributed data mining. The system uses a web-based platform to provide registered users investment recommendations and risk assessments based on their financial transaction history. It analyzes data from financial sectors to guide users on investment decisions. It also models an internal bank loan process, tracking employee credibility and targets to distribute profits/losses. The system was developed using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL, and JSP. It stores user and transaction data in relational databases to power its artificial intelligence algorithms for investment suggestions and risk calculations.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a smart blood bank system as a cloud-based service. The proposed system aims to address issues with conventional blood bank management systems, especially in rural areas, by providing online access and data sharing capabilities. It utilizes a multi-tenant cloud architecture that allows individual blood banks to register and store their data independently, while also linking the databases to provide a unified search portal for users. The system is intended to improve blood availability information and help connect donors with seekers more efficiently.
This document provides a review of simulation techniques for parallel and distributed computing. It discusses several key topics:
1) It defines parallel computing, distributed computing, and parallel and distributed computing systems. Various classification schemes for parallel and distributed systems are also described.
2) It examines several modeling techniques for parallel and distributed systems including system modeling, network modeling, performance modeling, and mathematical modeling. It provides details on parallel discrete event simulation.
3) It reviews several simulation software tools used for modeling parallel and distributed systems including SimOS, SimJava, and MicroGrid.
4) It concludes with a focused discussion on cloud computing as the latest development in parallel and distributed computing.
This document describes a study that investigated the effect of angle orientation of flat mirror concentrators on the output of a solar panel system. A theoretical model was designed using Zemax software to determine the best inclination angle. The maximum efficiency of 59.5% was found at an angle of 60 degrees. A practical solar panel system was then constructed with two flat glass mirrors as concentrators. Outdoor measurements showed that efficiency and output power increased with the concentrator angle, reaching maximum values of 0.85 efficiency and 72.8 watts of power at an angle of 60 degrees.
This document describes an error compensation technology for straightening linear guide rails based on a wireless sensor network. The technology aims to improve the accuracy of straightening machines by establishing a strain-deflection model and error compensation model using data from wireless strain sensors. An experiment was conducted where strain gauges in a full-bridge circuit configuration measured the strain on a linear guide rail during the straightening process. The feasibility of using the measured strain data and an error compensation scheme to improve the precision of the straightening stroke model was demonstrated.
1) The document discusses various Internet of Things (IoT) based digital agriculture monitoring systems that have been developed by researchers to optimize resource utilization and increase crop production.
2) It describes different technologies like Bluetooth, Zigbee, GSM, WiFi that have been used to monitor agriculture parameters such as temperature, moisture, humidity and communicate this sensor data to monitoring systems.
3) The paper also proposes a new IoT monitoring system using sensors to measure temperature, soil moisture and humidity, an ESP8266 WiFi module to transmit data to the cloud, and a user interface to view environmental parameter graphs remotely.
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a shaft-driven transmission for a two-wheeled vehicle. It begins with an introduction to shaft drives and their advantages over chain-driven systems. It then reviews the relevant literature and compares shaft and chain drives. The document describes the components of the shaft-driven system, including bevel gears and the drive shaft. It provides the specifications for the system designed, and calculates various parameters like torque, power, stresses, strains, and deflection. The results show that the shaft-driven system can meet the design requirements. In conclusion, the shaft-driven transmission is analyzed to be a viable alternative to chain-driven systems for two-wheelers.
This document provides a review of construction defects, including their causes and types. It begins by defining construction defects and discussing their negative impacts on cost, duration, and resources. It then reviews literature on previous studies of defect causes, including factors related to design, construction management, materials, and human errors. The document categorizes defects as structural or non-structural. It provides examples of common structural defects like cracks and discusses non-structural defects. Recommendations are provided for minimizing defects during the design and construction phases, including quality management programs, design reviews, coordination between teams, and proper construction methods.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a FACTS-based Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality when integrating wind energy into smart grids. The SSFC scheme uses controlled switching between two capacitor banks to provide series and shunt compensation. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller and VSC controller to mitigate harmonics, stabilize voltages, improve power factor, and reduce losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the SSFC scheme improves voltage regulation, reduces current and voltage harmonics to within IEEE limits, and enhances the power factor at generator, load and grid buses compared to without SSFC.
This document summarizes an article about adaptive weight computation processors for medical ultrasound beamformers. It discusses how ultrasound has become important in medicine for diagnosing diseases. It describes beamforming technology which aligns ultrasound echo signals to produce high quality images. Adaptive beamforming can further improve image resolution by eliminating side lobes. The document then discusses VLSI architecture and FPGA implementation of adaptive weight computation, which is important for signals processing. It reviews how FPGA implementation using the DCD algorithm provides a compact solution without multiplications. In conclusion, it envisions portable, high definition 3D/4D ultrasound imaging becoming more widely available in the future to better diagnose health conditions.
The document provides an overview of steganography, including:
1) Steganography is the technique of hiding secret information within a cover file such that the existence of the secret information is concealed. It aims for invisible communication.
2) The main components of a steganographic system are the secret message, cover file, stego file, key, embedding and extracting methods.
3) Steganography differs from cryptography in that it does not alter the structure of the secret message and aims to conceal the very existence of communication, whereas cryptography scrambles messages and is known to transmit encrypted messages.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a reconfigurable hardware architecture for implementing maximum likelihood (ML) decoding algorithms in MIMO systems. It begins by introducing MIMO techniques for improving wireless communication throughput. It then describes various MIMO receiver algorithms and chooses ML for its best performance. The document outlines the ML decoding algorithm and presents a Simulink model. It discusses implementing the MIMO decoder as a modular, reconfigurable architecture on an FPGA and shows placement results on a Xilinx Virtex 4 chip. The work aims to provide flexible hardware for MIMO signal processing applications.
The document describes a digital pen system for handwritten digit and gesture recognition using a trajectory recognition algorithm. The system uses a tri-axial accelerometer, ARM processor, and Zigbee module in a pen-like device to capture acceleration signals from hand motions. The signals are transmitted wirelessly and a trajectory recognition algorithm processes the data through steps of acquisition, preprocessing, feature generation/selection, and extraction to recognize digits and gestures written in air. The system aims to allow for flexible use without limitations of range, environment, or surface that other methods impose.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
The document discusses a study that investigated using quarry dust as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete. Concrete cubes were made with 0-25% replacement of gravel with quarry dust. Testing found that replacing 10% of gravel with quarry dust and using Ibeto cement yielded the highest compressive strength of 32.3N/mm2. Strengths were satisfactory up to 15% replacement when using Dangote cement. This suggests quarry dust can partially replace coarse aggregates at certain replacement levels while still achieving adequate strength. However, properties of different cement brands can impact concrete strengths made with quarry dust.
Spatio-Temporal Database and Its Models: A ReviewIOSR Journals
This document provides a review of spatial-temporal databases and their models. It discusses the key components and characteristics of spatial databases, temporal databases, and spatial-temporal databases. Some of the main models of spatial-temporal data modeling that are described include the snapshot model, space-time composite data model, simple time-stamping models, event-oriented models, three-domain model, and history graph model. The review examines how these different models approach representing and querying spatial and temporal data.
Classification of News and Research Articles Using Text Pattern MiningIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for classifying news and research articles using text pattern mining. The method involves preprocessing text to remove stop words and perform stemming. Frequent and closed patterns are then discovered from the preprocessed text. These patterns are structured into a taxonomy and deployed to classify new documents. The method also involves evolving patterns by reshuffling term supports within patterns to reduce the effects of noise from negative documents. Over 80% of documents were successfully classified using this pattern-based approach.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Naming Word from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from different country communicate with each other for different purposes using various languages. Machine translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web based Communication. One of the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we do not have concept of small or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding whether a word is a naming word or not. Here we have introduced a new approach to identify naming word from a Bengali sentence for machine translation system without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is to make possible Bangla sentence conversion with minimal storing word in dictionary.
Development of analysis rules to identify proper noun from bengali sentence f...Syeful Islam
- Today the regional economies, societies, cultures and educations are integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade.
- This globalization trend evokes for a homogeneous platform so that each member of the platform can apprehend what other intimates and perpetuates the discussion in a mellifluous way.
- However the barriers of languages throughout the world are continuously obviating the whole world from congregating into a single domain of sharing knowledge and information.
- Therefore researcher works on various languages and tries to give a platform where multi lingual people can communicate through their native language.
- Researcher analyze the language structure and form structural grammar and rules which used to translate one language to other.
- From the last few years several language-specific translation systems have been proposed.
- Since these systems are based on specific source and target languages, these have their own limitations.
- As a consequence United Nations University/Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS) were decided to develop an inter-language translation program .
- The corollary of their continuous research leads a common form of languages known as Universal Networking Language (UNL) and introduces UNL system.
- UNL system is an initiative to overcome the problem of language pairs in automated translation. UNL is an artificial language that is based on Interlingua approach.UNL acts as an intermediate form computer semantic language whereby any text written in a particular language is converted to text of any other forms of languages.
- UNL system consists of major three components:
- language resources
- software for processing language resources (parser) and
- supporting tools for maintaining and operating language processing software or developing language resources.
- The parser of UNL system take input sentence and start parsing based on rules and convert it into corresponding universal word from word dictionary.
- The challenge in detection of named is that such expressions are hard to analyze using UNL because they belong to the open class of expressions, i.e., there is an infinite variety and new expressions are constantly being invented.
- Bengali is the seventh popular language in the world, second in India and the national language of Bangladesh.
- So this is an important problem since search queries on UNL dictionary for proper nouns while all proper nouns(names) cannot be exhaustively maintained in the dictionary for automatic identification.
In this research project we do this task , Proper noun detection and conversion.
UNL-ization of Numbers and Ordinals in Punjabi with IANijnlc
In the field of Natural Language Processing, Universal Networking Language (UNL) has been an area of
immense interest among researchers during last couple of years. Universal Networking Language (UNL) is
an artificial Language used for representing information in a natural-language-independent format. This
paper presents UNL-ization of Punjabi sentences with the help of different examples, containing numbers
and ordinals written in words, using IAN (Interactive Analyzer) tool. In UNL approach, UNL-ization is a
process of converting natural language resource to UNL and NL-ization, is a process of generating a
natural language resource out of a UNL graph. IAN processes input sentences with the help of TRules and
Dictionary entries. The proposed system performs the UNL-ization of up to fourteen digit number and
ordinals, written in words in Punjabi language, with the help of 104 dictionary entries and 67 TRules. The
system is tested on a sample of 150 random Punjabi Numbers and Ordinals, written in words, and its FMeasure
comes out to be 1.000 (on a scale of 0 to 1).
NLization of Nouns, Pronouns and Prepositions in Punjabi With EUGENE ijnlc
Universal Networking Language (UNL) has been used by various researchers as an Interlingua approach
for AMT (Automatic machine translation). The UNL system consists of two main components/tools,
namely, EnConverter-IAN (used for converting the text from a source language to UNL) and
DeConverter - EUGENE (used for converting the text from UNL to a target language). This paper
highlights the DeConversion generation rules used for the DeConverter and indicates its usage in the
generation of Punjabi sentences. This paper also covers the results of implementation of UNL input by
using DeConverter-EUGENE and its evaluation on UNL sentences such as Nouns, Pronouns and
Prepositions.
NLization of Nouns, Pronouns and Prepositions in Punjabi With EUGENEkevig
Universal Networking Language (UNL) has been used by various researchers as an Interlingua approach
for AMT (Automatic machine translation). The UNL system consists of two main components/tools,
namely, EnConverter-IAN (used for converting the text from a source language to UNL) and
DeConverter - EUGENE (used for converting the text from UNL to a target language). This paper
highlights the DeConversion generation rules used for the DeConverter and indicates its usage in the
generation of Punjabi sentences. This paper also covers the results of implementation of UNL input by
using DeConverter-EUGENE and its evaluation on UNL sentences such as Nouns, Pronouns and
Prepositions.
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH-BODO PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR STATISTICAL MACHINE TRA...ijnlc
Corpus is a large collection of homogeneous and authentic written texts (or speech) of a particular natural language which exists in machine readable form. The scope of the corpus is endless in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Parallel corpus is a very useful resource for most of the applications of NLP, especially for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The SMT is the most popular approach of Machine Translation (MT) nowadays and it can produce high quality translation
result based on huge amount of aligned parallel text corpora in both the source and target languages.
Although Bodo is a recognized natural language of India and co-official languages of Assam, still the
machine readable information of Bodo language is very low. Therefore, to expand the computerized
information of the language, English to Bodo SMT system has been developed. But this paper mainly
focuses on building English-Bodo parallel text corpora to implement the English to Bodo SMT system using
Phrase-Based SMT approach. We have designed an E-BPTC (English-Bodo Parallel Text Corpus) creator
tool and have been constructed General and Newspaper domains English-Bodo parallel text corpora.
Finally, the quality of the constructed parallel text corpora has been tested using two evaluation techniques
in the SMT system.
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH-BODO PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR STATISTICAL MACHINE TRA...kevig
Corpus is a large collection of homogeneous and authentic written texts (or speech) of a particular natural language which exists in machine readable form. The scope of the corpus is endless in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Parallel corpus is a very useful resource for most of the applications of NLP, especially for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The SMT is the most popular approach of Machine Translation (MT) nowadays and it can produce high quality translation result based on huge amount of aligned parallel text corpora in both the source and target languages. Although Bodo is a recognized natural language of India and co-official languages of Assam, still the machine readable information of Bodo language is very low. Therefore, to expand the computerized information of the language, English to Bodo SMT system has been developed. But this paper mainly focuses on building English-Bodo parallel text corpora to implement the English to Bodo SMT system using Phrase-Based SMT approach. We have designed an E-BPTC (English-Bodo Parallel Text Corpus) creator tool and have been constructed General and Newspaper domains English-Bodo parallel text corpora. Finally, the quality of the constructed parallel text corpora has been tested using two evaluation techniques in the SMT system.
Syracuse UniversitySURFACEThe School of Information Studie.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Syracuse University
SURFACE
The School of Information Studies Faculty
Scholarship
School of Information Studies (iSchool)
2001
Natural Language Processing
Elizabeth D. Liddy
Syracuse University, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://surface.syr.edu/istpub
Part of the Library and Information Science Commons, and the Linguistics Commons
This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Information Studies (iSchool) at SURFACE. It has been accepted for
inclusion in The School of Information Studies Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact
[email protected]
Recommended Citation
Liddy, E.D. 2001. Natural Language Processing. In Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, 2nd Ed. NY. Marcel Decker, Inc.
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Natural Language Processing
1
INTRODUCTION
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the computerized approach to analyzing text that
is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. And, being a very active area
of research and development, there is not a single agreed-upon definition that would
satisfy everyone, but there are some aspects, which would be part of any knowledgeable
person’s definition. The definition I offer is:
Definition: Natural Language Processing is a theoretically motivated range of
computational techniques for analyzing and representing naturally occurring texts
at one or more levels of linguistic analysis for the purpose of achieving human-like
language processing for a range of tasks or applications.
Several elements of this definition can be further detailed. Firstly the imprecise notion of
‘range of computational techniques’ is necessary because there are multiple methods or
techniques from which to choose to accomplish a particular type of language analysis.
‘Naturally occurring texts’ can be of any language, mode, genre, etc. The texts can be
oral or written. The only requirement is that they be in a language used by humans to
communicate to one another. Also, the text being analyzed should not be specifically
constru.
Role of language engineering to preserve endangered languagesDr. Amit Kumar Jha
Role of Language Engineering to Preserve Endangered Languages discusses how language engineering can help preserve endangered languages through documentation and digitization. Language engineering is the application of computer science to develop language-related software and hardware. It involves techniques like speech and text processing to develop systems that can understand, interpret, and generate human language. Documenting endangered languages through recording speech samples and collecting texts is important for preservation. Language engineering makes this documentation process easier through tools like speech-to-text, text-to-speech, and transcription tools. It also allows for digital storage of language data, which helps preserve languages for longer as digital data is more durable than other forms of storage. Developing applications that use endangered languages, like translation systems,
We start with a linguistic discussion of language, its properties, and the study of language in philosophy and linguistics. We then investigate natural languages, controlled languages, and artificial languages to emphasise the human ability to control and construct languages. At the end, we arrive at the notion of software languages as means to communicate software between people.
A SURVEY OF GRAMMAR CHECKERS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGESLinda Garcia
This document summarizes several existing grammar checkers for various natural languages. It discusses rule-based, statistical, and hybrid approaches to grammar checking. Grammar checkers described include those for Afan Oromo, Amharic, Swedish, Icelandic, Nepali, and Portuguese. The document analyzes the approaches, methodologies, advantages, and limitations of each grammar checker.
A SURVEY OF GRAMMAR CHECKERS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGEScsandit
This document summarizes and reviews various grammar checkers for natural languages. It begins by defining key concepts in natural language processing like computational linguistics and grammar checking. It then describes the general working of grammar checkers, which involves preprocessing text, analyzing morphology and syntax, and identifying grammatical errors. The document surveys grammar checking approaches for several languages like rule-based, statistical, and hybrid methods. Specific grammar checkers are discussed for languages like Afan Oromo, Amharic, Swedish, Icelandic, Nepali, and Portuguese. The review concludes by analyzing the features and limitations of existing grammar checking systems.
Natural Language Processing: State of The Art, Current Trends and Challengesantonellarose
Diksha Khurana1
, Aditya Koli1
, Kiran Khatter1,2 and Sukhdev Singh1,2
1Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad-121004, India
2Accendere Knowledge Management Services Pvt. Ltd., India
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorWaqas Tariq
In recent decades speech interactive systems have gained increasing importance. Performance of an ASR system mainly depends on the availability of large corpus of speech. The conventional method of building a large vocabulary speech recognizer for any language uses a top-down approach to speech. This approach requires large speech corpus with sentence or phoneme level transcription of the speech utterances. The transcriptions must also include different speech order so that the recognizer can build models for all the sounds present. But, for Telugu language, because of its complex nature, a very large, well annotated speech database is very difficult to build. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all the words of any Indian language, where each word may have thousands and millions of word forms. A significant part of grammar that is handled by syntax in English (and other similar languages) is handled within morphology in Telugu. Phrases including several words (that is, tokens) in English would be mapped on to a single word in Telugu.Telugu language is phonetic in nature in addition to rich in morphology. That is why the speech technology developed for English cannot be applied to Telugu language. This paper highlights the work carried out in an attempt to build a voice enabled text editor with capability of automatic term suggestion. Main claim of the paper is the recognition enhancement process developed by us for suitability of highly inflecting, rich morphological languages. This method results in increased speech recognition accuracy with very much reduction in corpus size. It also adapts Telugu words to the database dynamically, resulting in growth of the corpus.
A Comprehensive Study On Natural Language Processing And Natural Language Int...Scott Bou
The document provides a comprehensive overview of natural language processing (NLP) and natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBs). It discusses the different levels of NLP including morphological, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis. It also describes various approaches used to develop NLIDBs, including symbolic, empirical, connectionist and maximum entropy approaches. Additionally, it outlines the history of NLP and NLIDBs, covering early work in machine translation and historically developed systems like LUNAR.
Design and Development of Morphological Analyzer for Tigrigna Verbs using Hyb...kevig
Morphological analyzer is the basic for various high level NLP applications such as information retrieval, spell checking, grammar checking, machine translation, speech recognition, POS tagging and automatic sentence construction. This paper is carefully designed for design and analysis of morphological analyzer Tigrigna verbs using hybrid of memory learning and rules based approaches. The experiment have conducted using python 3 where TiMBL algorithms IB2 and TRIBL2, and Finite State Transducer rules are used. The performance of the system has been evaluated using 10 fold cross validation technique. Testing conducted using optimized parameter settings for regular verbs and linguistic rules of the Tigrigna language allomorph and phonology for the irregular verbs. The accuracy on the memory based approach with optimized parameters of TiMBL algorithm IB2 and TRIBL2 was 93.24% and 92.31%, respectively. Finally, the hybrid approach had the actual performance of 95.6% using linguistic rules for handling irregular and copula verbs.
Automatic text summarization of konkani texts using pre-trained word embeddin...IJECEIAES
Automatic text summarization has gained immense popularity in research. Previously, several methods have been explored for obtaining effective text summarization outcomes. However, most of the work pertains to the most popular languages spoken in the world. Through this paper, we explore the area of extractive automatic text summarization using deep learning approach and apply it to Konkani language, which is a low-resource language as there are limited resources, such as data, tools, speakers and/or experts in Konkani. In the proposed technique, Facebook’s fastText pre-trained word embeddings are used to get a vector representation for sentences. Thereafter, deep multi-layer perceptron technique is employed, as a supervised binary classification task for auto-generating summaries using the feature vectors. Using pre-trained fastText word embeddings eliminated the requirement of a large training set and reduced training time. The system generated summaries were evaluated against the ‘gold-standard’ human generated summaries with recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation (ROUGE) toolkit. The results thus obtained showed that performance of the proposed system matched closely to the performance of the human annotators in generating summaries.
American Standard Sign Language Representation Using Speech Recognitionpaperpublications3
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Outlining Bangla Word Dictionary for Universal Networking Language
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE)
ISSN: 2278-0661 Volume 4, Issue 1 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 14-19
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Outlining Bangla Word Dictionary for Universal Networking
Language
Mohammad Zakir Hossain Sarker1
, Md. Nawab Yousuf Ali2
,
Jugal Krishna Das3
1
(Jahangirnagar University , Bangladesh)
2
(East West University, Bangladesh)
3
(Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh)
Abstract: Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer language that enables computers to process
information and knowledge across the language barriers. It is an artificial language that replicates the
functions of natural languages in human communication. The main goal of the UNL system, which allows users
to visualize websites in their native languages, is to provide a common representation for accessing Internet of
multilingual. For this common representation, lexical knowledge is a critical issue in natural language
processing systems. We have been working to include Bangla in the UNL system and in this paper we have
discussed about the Bangla Word Dictionary that we have designed to include in the system.
Keywords: Universal Word, Head Word, Grammatical Attributes, Universal Networking Language
I. Introduction
Although, there is an immense proliferation of information through Internet, it is not accessible to vast
multitude of people across nations as most of the resources are in English. To overcome this problem, United
Nations launched Universal Networking Language project [1] under the auspices of United Nations University,
Tokyo. The project team, after reviewing all such previous attempts, developed universal networking language
(UNL), a language neutral specification, and universal parser specification [2] which is considered as a
milestone for overcoming the language barrier for web publication. The goal is to eliminate the massive task of
translation between two languages and reduce language to language translation to a one time conversion to
UNL. For example, Bangla corpora, once converted to UNL, can be translated to any other language given UNL
system built for that language. The strength of the UNL system lies in the fact that it emphasizes to represent the
semantics of a native language sentence ignoring the complexities of natural languages. The en-converter
converts each native language sentence to a UNL document and de-converter translates the UNL document to
any native language. The UNL document is itself in English as it is known to linguistics. The development of
the native language specific components - dictionary and analysis rules- is carried out by researchers across the
world. The UNL project currently includes 16 official languages such as Arabic, Chinese, English, French [3],
Russian, Hindi [4] but very little effort has been made so far to convert Bangla language to UNL expressions.
We have been working on this topic from the last 3 years. To convert Bangla sentences into UNL expression we
needed to go through Bangla verb, verb root, consonant ended root, vowel ended root, verbal inflections, tense,
case structure, persons, etc. from [5], [6], [7], [8]. Then we have studied to gather knowledge about dictionary
and how it could be used in case of UNL system [1], [2], [3]. Finally after having all the knowledge we have
worked on outlining Bangla dictionary to be used in Bangla to UNL conversion and vice versa.
The organization of this paper is as follows: In Section 2 we describe the Research Methodology,
Section 3 has the detail about UNL, Section 4 describes our work – how we outline Bangla Dictionary to use in
converting Bangla sentences into UNL expression. Finally, Section 5 draws conclusions with some remarks on
future works.
II. Literature Review
For converting Bangla sentence to UNL expressions firstly, we have gone through Universal
Networking Language (UNL) [1, 2, 3, 9, 10] where we have learnt about UNL expression, Relations, Attributes,
Universal Words, UNL Knowledge Base, Knowledge Representation in UNL, Logical Expression in UNL,
UNL systems and specifications of Enconverter. All these are key factors for preparing Bangla word dictionary,
enconversion and deconversion rules in order to convert a natural language sentence (here Bangla sentence)
into UNL expressions. Secondly, we have rigorously gone through the Bangla grammar [4, 5, 6, 7, 8], Verb and
roots (Vowel ended and Consonant Ended), Morphological Analysis, Primary suffixes [11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
construction of Bangla sentence based on semantic structure. Using above references we extort ideas about
2. Outlining Bangla Word Dictionary for Universal Networking Language
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
Bangla grammar for morphological and semantic analysis in order to prepare Bangla word dictionary (for verb
root, verbal inflections, etc)in the format of UNL provided by the UNL center of the UNDL Foundation.
1. About UNL
1.1. What is UNL?
The UNL consists of Universal words (UWs), Relations, Attributes, and UNL Knowledge Base. The
Universal words constitute the vocabulary of the UNL, Relations and attribute constitutes the syntax of the UNL
and UNL Knowledge Base constitutes the semantics of the UNL.
1.2. Why the UNL is necessary?
A computer in future needs a capability to make knowledge processing. Knowledge processing means
a computer takes over thought and judgment of humans using knowledge of humans. It is necessary to make a
processing based on contents. Computers need to have knowledge for knowledge processing. It is necessary for
computers to have a language to have knowledge like human. It is also necessary to have a language to process
contents like human. The UNL is a language for computers to do so. The UNL can express knowledge like a
natural language. The UNL can express contents like a natural language.
1.3. What is different from others?
Systems which can deal with knowledge and contents have already been developed. But, their
representation of knowledge or contents is different from each other. Moreover, their representations are
language dependent. Namely, concept primitives used to represent knowledge are language dependent.
Knowledge or contents of a system cannot be used in other systems.
The situation is same as machine translation. For example, if we put all the result of research and
development of machine translation, we cannot realize multilingual machine translation systems which can
break language barriers.
1.4. Advantage of common language for computers
The UNL greatly reduces development cost of developing knowledge or contents necessary to make
knowledge processing by sharing knowledge and contents. Furthermore, if every knowledge necessary for doing
something by software is described in a language for computers such as the UNL, software only need to
interpret instructions written in the language to perform it functions. And those instructions could be shared by
other software. Then we can accumulate such knowledge for computer like a library for humans.
1.5. How the UNL express information?
The UNL represents information, i.e. meaning, sentence by sentence. Sentence information is
represented as a hyper-graph having Universal Words (UWs) as nodes and relations as arcs. This hyper-graph is
also represented a set of directed binary relations, each between two of the UWs present in the sentence.
The UNL expresses information classifying objectivity and subjectivity. Objectivity is expressed using UWs
and relations. Subjectivity is expressed using attributes by attaching them to UWs.
A UNL document, then, will be a long list of relations between concepts.
2. Outlining a Bangla Word Dictionary for UNL
The Word Dictionary is a collection of the word dictionary entries. Each entry of the Word Dictionary
is composed of three kinds of elements: the Headword (HW), the Universal Word (UW) and the
Grammatical Attributes. A headword is a notation/surface of a word of a natural language that composing the
input sentence and it is to be used as a trigger for obtaining equivalent UWs from the Word Dictionary in
EnConversion. An UW expresses the meaning of the word and is to be used in creating UNL networks (UNL
expressions) of output. Grammatical Attributes are the information on how the word behaves in a sentence and
they are to be used in enconversion rules. Each Dictionary entry has the following format of any native language
word [1].
Data Format:
[HW]{ID}“UW”(Attribute1, Attribute2,... )<FLG, FRE, PRI>
Here,
HW Head Word (Bangla word)
ID Identification of Head Word (omitable)
UW Universal Word
ATTRIBUTE Attribute of the HW
FLG Language Flag
FRE Frequency of Head Word
3. Outlining Bangla Word Dictionary for Universal Networking Language
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PRI Priority of Head Word
Format of an element of Bangla-UNL Dictionary is shown in Fig 1
Now we are concerned how to make Bangla Word Dictionary for UNL. In UNL Knowledge Base (KB)
made by the UNL center of UNDL Foundation (Last updated version) in 2004, there are 21862 formats of
Universal Words (UWs) [1]. We can find the UWs for each of the Bangla HW by searching the UNL KB to
develop Bangla Word Dictionary for UNL. As per our perception this is not the suitable way to find out the
UWs for the Bangla HW.
Firstly, it is a long process to build Bangla Word Dictionary for UNL by searching the appropriate
UWs from a huge number of words formats in UNL KB. Secondly, a word may have two or more meanings.
Such types of words are represented with various concepts in UNL KB. So, which one to choose out of two or
more meanings for a Head Word is a hard job and we can’t get out suitable/accurate words for the
corresponding Bangla HWs.
We have found a new way (easiest and shorten) of searching based on existing works of other
languages especially for English. Firstly, we can take some manually translated texts from Bangla to English in
different forms and then convert them into UNL expressions (using English-UNL EnConverter to UNL
expressions) [2].
For example,
Assertive sentence: Avwg fvZ LvB‡ZwQ | ( aami bhat khaitechhi) in English “ I am eating rice.”
Interrogative sentence: Avwg wK fvZ LvB? (aami bhat khai), in English “Do I eat rice?”
Negative sentence: Avwg fvZ LvB bv | (aami bhat khai na) in English “I do not eat rice.”
If we convert the first sentence by the English-UNL Converter [2] we get the following UNL expressions
shown in Table 1
Table 1: UNL expression of the sentence “I am eating rice”
agt(eat(icl>consume>do,agt>living_thing,obj>concrete_thing).@entry.@present.@progress,i(icl>person))
obj(eat(icl>consume>do,agt>living_thing,obj>concrete_thing).@entry.@present.@progress,rice(icl>cereal>thing))
The same way, if we convert the two other sentences above, we get the same concepts of the words “I”,
“eat” and “rice” respectively. As we know that Dictionary Entries are made using HW (Head Word), UW
(Universal Word) and GA (Grammatical Attributes) so that, the Bangla Words “Avwg” (aami) “Lv” (kha) and
“fvZ” (bhat) can be represented as.
[Avwg] {}“ i(icl>person)” , [Lv] {}“eat(icl>consume>do)” and [fvZ] {}“rice(icl>cereal>thing)”
Similarly, by manually translating the different types of simple Bangla sentences (with variety of
words) to English sentences and then English sentences to UNL expressions, we can get the appropriate
concepts of thousand of Bangla Words to build the Bangla Word Dictionary for UNL.
Secondly, we can take texts from some reliable translated sources (from Bangla to English) from
Bangla Academy Scientific literatures. Then we can convert them into UNL expressions as above sentences and
again can get the constraint lists of thousands of words for dictionary entries.
During formation of Bangla Word Dictionary for UNL we have resolved many ambiguities. Say, many
Bangla Words have two or more English meanings. Similarly, many English Words also have two or more
Bangla meanings. For example, we use “‡m”(she) in Bangla, but in English it has two meanings “he” and
“she”. Again, we use “rice” in English, but in Bangla it has three meanings “fvZ”(bhat) or “PvDj”(chaul) or
“avb” (dhan). “avb”(dhan) means paddy in English, when it is in the field. To resolve these ambiguities we can
represent them in the dictionary as follows.
[‡m(cyi“l)] {} “he(icl>person)”
[‡m(gwnjv)] {} “she(icl>person)”
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[fvZ] {} “rice(icl>cereal>thing)”
[PvDj] {} “rice(icl>grain>thing)”
[avb] {} “rice(icl>grain>thing)”
[avb] {} “rice(icl>paddy>thing)”
[`qvjy] {} “kind(icl>sympathy>thing)”
[cÖKvi] {} “kind(icl>category>thing)”
These concepts are not enough for representing the words for the dictionary entries. We have developed
templates for assigning the grammatical attributes for the words, roots and their inflexions that are useful for
developing EnConversion and DeConversion rules for sentence conversions.
2.1. Development of Grammatical Attributes
Representing Universal Words (UWs) for each of the Bangla Head Word we need to develop
grammatical attributes that describe how the words behave in a sentence. They play very important roles for
writing Enconversion and Deconversion rules because a rule uses GA in morphological and syntactic analysis,
to connect or analyze one morpheme with another to build a meaningful (complete) word and to examine or
define the position of a word in a sentence. When we analyze the HWs for representing them in the word
dictionary as UWs, we find all the possible specifications of the HWs as attributes named grammatical
attributes, so that they can be used in the dictionary for making rules (EnCo and DeCo). For example, if we
consider “cvwLÓ (pakhi) meaning bird as a head word, then we can use attributes N (as it is noun), ANI (as
bird is an animal), SG for singular number and CONCRETE (as it a concrete thing which is touchable).
So, this word can be represented in the dictionary as follows:
[cvwL] {} “bird(icl>animal>animate thing)”(N, ANI, SG, CONCRETE)
Head Universal Word Grammatical Attributes
Similarly, we can represent the words avb (paddy), bvP& (dance) in the Word Dictionary as follows:
[avb] {} “paddy(icl>plant>thing)”(N, PLANT, CONCRETE)
[bvP&]{} “dance(icl>do)”(ROOT, BANJANT)
Some proposed grammatical attributes for developing Word Dictionary of Bangla words and morphemes,
analysis and generation rules for encoversion and deconversion are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Proposed grammatical attributes
Grammatical
Attributes
Descriptions of attributes Examples (Here we use Bangla/English
words)
ADJ adjective fvj (good), my›`i (beautiful) etc.
ALT alternative root গি (gi), যে (je) etc.
ABY indeclinable এবং (and), জন্য (for) etc.
BOCH articles টি (ti), টা (ta), গুলা (gula), গুগল (guli) etc.
BIV normal inflexions অন্ত (onto), অই (oi) etc.
7TH seventh Bivokti (Inflexion) এ(e), য়(oy), যে(te) etc.
5TH fifth Bivokti (Inflexions) হইতে (hoite), যেতে (theke) etc.
3RD third Bivokti (Inflexions) দ্বারা (dara), গিতয় (die) etc.
2ND second Bivokti (Inflexions) যে (ke) etc.
CEND verb roots or nouns that are ended with
consonant
co& (read), ai& (catch), লন্ডন্ (London)
etc.CEG verb roots of consonant ended groups co& (read), গলখ্ (write), পাগরস (Paris) etc.
CMPL verbal inflexions that can combine with roots
to make verbs for present and past perfect
tense
যয়গি (echhi), যয়গিলাম (echhilam) etc.
CHL inflexions that are used for cholti language োম (tam), লাম (lam) etc.
CONCRETE solid thing জগম (land), ঘর (house), etc.
FUT verbal inflexions that are combined with roots
to make future tense
যব (be) etc.
FEM female person যস (মগহলা ), she (female) etc.
HON respected pronouns আপগন্ (you), গেগন্ (he) etc.
HPRON human pronoun আগম (ami), যস (she) etc.
IMPR verbal inflexions that can combibe with roots
to make verbs for present and past imperative
ও (o), ন্ (n) etc.
KPROT the suffixes that are used after roots to create
Nouns, Adjectives etc.
BK (ik), Ab (on) etc.
KBIV verbal inflexions B (i), B‡ZwQ (itechhi), †e (be) etc.
5. Outlining Bangla Word Dictionary for Universal Networking Language
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MNOUN the suffixes that are added with roots to make
nouns.
Av etc.
MADJ the suffixes that are added with roots to make
adjectives
Aš— etc.
MAL male person যস (পুরুষ), he (male) etc.
N any noun Kjg (pen), Avg(mango) etc.
NPRO proper noun িুলাল (Dulal),-name of a person, পদ্মা
(Padma),-name of a river etc.
NCOM common noun gvbyl (Man), িরু (Cow), MvQ (Tree),
gvQ (Fish) etc.
NMAT material noun Rj (water), evZvm (air), AvKvk (sky),
‡jvnv (iron) etc.
NABS abstract noun myL (happiness), `ytL (sadness) etc.
NP noun phrase েলম গিতয় (by pen) etc.
NUM number ৫ (5), ৭(7), ৯(9) etc.
NANI not amimate বই (book), েলম (pen) etc.
NGL neglected pronouns েু ই (you), যোরা (you [pl]) etc.
PL plural number আমরা (amra), োহারা (tahara) etc.
PRON pronoun Avwg (I), Avgiv (we) etc
PSTEM pronoun stem আমা (ama), যোমা (toma) etc.
PROT all suffixes Av ( a), Ab (on), AvB (ai) etc.
1P first person pronouns Avwg (I), Avgiv (we) etc.
2P second person pronouns Zzwg (you) etc.
3P third person pronoun ‡m cyi“l (He), ‡m gwnjv (She) etc.
PRS the suffixes that are added with roots to create
present indefinite form of the sentence
B (i), etc.
PRS verbal inflexions that are combined with roots
to make present tense
B (i), B‡ZwQ (itechhi) etc
PST verbal inflexions that are combined with roots
to make past tense
লাম (lam) etc.
PRGR verbal inflexion that are combined with roots
to make present and past continuous tense
ইতেগি (itechi), ইতেগিলাম (itechhilam),
PSUFF primary suffixes অন্ত (onto), আ(a) etc.
ROOT verb root Pv (want), hv(go), co& (read), ai&
(catch) etc.SHD inflexions that are used for shadhu language B (i), B‡ZwQ (itechhi) etc.
SG singular number আগম (ami), েু গম (tumi) etc.
UROOT consonant িুল্ (dul), খুল (khul) etc.
VEND verb roots or nouns that are ended with vowel Pv (want), hv(go) etc.
VEG verb roots of vowel ended groups Pv (want), hv(go) etc.
VERB verb খাই (i), খাইতেগি (khaitechi)
III. Conclusion
In this paper we have discussed about outlining the Bangla Dictionary to use in the Universal
Networking Language. We have also shown the grammatical attributes, that describe how the words behave in a
sentence, to represent Universal Words (UWs) for each of the Bangla Head Word. Now we have to develop the
dictionary entries for various Bangla words, which will be required in converting Bangla sentences into UNL
expression.
References
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