This Presentation will be helpful to undergraduate and postgraduate students of biology and biotechnology in understanding the significance of COT curves in determination of gene and genome complexity amoug various organisms
This Presentation will be helpful to undergraduate and postgraduate students of biology and biotechnology in understanding the significance of COT curves in determination of gene and genome complexity amoug various organisms
DNA replication is the most important process central dogma in the molecular genetics. So i hope this power point presentation useful to the students of B.Sc Agriculture and M.Sc Genetics and Plant Breeding.
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic SystemsBir Bahadur Thapa
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems!! It is prepared under the syllabus of Tribhuwan University, Nepal, MSc. 3rd Semester as a lecture class!!
genome structure and repetitive sequence.pdfNetHelix
Welcome to our channel, where science meets discovery! In today's enlightening video, we unravel the mysteries of life at its most fundamental level - the chromosomes.
Join us on an exhilarating journey deep within the human cell as we explore the intricate architecture and organization of these tiny yet immensely powerful structures.
Don't forget to subscribe to the channel and hit the notification bell to stay updated with all the latest and exciting content. Thank you for your continuous support and for watching us.
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritance.
Dna chemistry structure,fuctions and its orgainizationneha sheth
DNA, Nucleotides, Structure of DNA, Features of DNA, watson-crick Model of DNA,base pairing rule, Denaturation of DNA,Higher organization of DNA, Histones, chromosomes, nucleosomes, introns, extrons, repeat sequences of DNA
DNA replication is the most important process central dogma in the molecular genetics. So i hope this power point presentation useful to the students of B.Sc Agriculture and M.Sc Genetics and Plant Breeding.
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic SystemsBir Bahadur Thapa
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems!! It is prepared under the syllabus of Tribhuwan University, Nepal, MSc. 3rd Semester as a lecture class!!
genome structure and repetitive sequence.pdfNetHelix
Welcome to our channel, where science meets discovery! In today's enlightening video, we unravel the mysteries of life at its most fundamental level - the chromosomes.
Join us on an exhilarating journey deep within the human cell as we explore the intricate architecture and organization of these tiny yet immensely powerful structures.
Don't forget to subscribe to the channel and hit the notification bell to stay updated with all the latest and exciting content. Thank you for your continuous support and for watching us.
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritance.
Dna chemistry structure,fuctions and its orgainizationneha sheth
DNA, Nucleotides, Structure of DNA, Features of DNA, watson-crick Model of DNA,base pairing rule, Denaturation of DNA,Higher organization of DNA, Histones, chromosomes, nucleosomes, introns, extrons, repeat sequences of DNA
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. C-VALUE PARADOX,
DNA RENATURATION KINETICS
Submitted by:
Hasniya K.M
Roll. No: 9
1st M.Sc. Botany
St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam
Submitted to:
Dr. Arya P. Mohan
Asst. Professor
St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam
1
2. Genome
• Genome is the sum of all genetic material in an individual.
• A genome is the complete set of genetic information in an organism.
• It provides all of the information the organism requires to function.
• In living organisms, the genome is stored in long molecules of DNA called
chromosomes. Small sections of DNA, called genes, code for the RNA and
protein molecules required by the organism.
• In eukaryotes, each cell’s genome is contained within a membrane-bound
structure called the nucleus.
2
4. • Quantity of DNA in an organism per cell, in all cells, is always constant for a given
species.
• All the organisms on this planet have its own genome whose size varies from one
species to the other and no two species have the same amount of genome nor
the same genomic value or character.
4
5. C-value
• C-value or genomic value (Swift-1950) is the total amount of DNA per genome or
haploid set of chromosomes in an organism.
• C-stands for “constant” or “characteristic” to denote that C values are relatively
constant within a single species, but vary widely between species.
• The C-value of a species is usually constant and in general, it increases with
increase in the genetic complexity of species.
• The C-value is expressed as picogram (pg) or base pair (bp).
5
7. • In the late 1960’s scientists started looking at the complexity of the genome itself. It
was thought that the amount of DNA in a genome correlated with the complexity of
an organism.
• There is linear relationship between C-value and organism complexicity.
• The idea was that the more complex the species the more genes it needed.
7
8. • There is a continuous increase in genome size going from a virus to a
mammal this should be expected too.
• Organisms which are more complex need a higher number of genes to
support their complexity. Higher number of genes mean a bigger genome
size.
8
9. • However, there are glaring exceptions to the above generalization. Organisms
that are definitely less complex have a bigger genome size as compared to the
organisms that are more complex (some amphibians as compared to human
beings); organisms which have a similar level of complexity have widely differing
genome sizes (housefly vs. fruitfly; one amphibian vs. another).
9
10. The exceptions that we have seen above give rise to what we term as the C value
paradox.
10
11. C-value paradox
• C-value paradox (Cavalier-Smith 1978) is the paradox that though C-value is an
index of genetic complexity, there is no direct correlation between the
comparative C-values of different species and their relative organizational
complexities and evolutionary status.
• In other words, there is no obvious and direct correlation between different
species of organisms with regard to their relative C-values and organic
complexities.
11
12. • There is a steady increase in genome size with increase in the complexity in the
lower eukaryotes.
• There is no good relationship between genome size and morphological
complexity of the higher eukaryotes.
12
13. • Some salamanders have more than 30 times the amount of DNA per cell as
humans.
• The C value of human beings is between 3 and 3.4pg, whereas the C-value of
maize is 3.9 pg, and that of frog is 7.6 pg.
• Similarly, human beings have only about 3.3 billion base-pairs in the haploid
genome in place of more than 200 billion base pairs of Amoeba, and over the 300
billion base-pairs of an average bony fish.
• The basic reason for the C-value paradox is that in species with very high C-
values, a large portion of the genomic DNA contains repetative sequence,
pseudogenes, introns and non-coding regions.
13
14. Repetative sequence
• Repetitive DNA sequences are a major component of eukaryotic genomes and
may account for up to 90% of the genome size.
• Repeated sequences (also known as repetitive elements, repeating units or
repeats) are short or long patterns of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that occur in
multiple copies throughout the genome.
Introns
• Introns are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that
are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein.
14
15. Non-coding DNA
• Non-coding DNA sequences are components of an organism’s DNA that do not
encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional
non-coding RNA molecules.
Pseudogenes
• A pseudogene is a segment of DNA that structurally resembles a gene but is not
capable of coding for a protein.
• Pseudogenes are most often derived from genes that have lost their protein-
coding ability due to accumulated mutations that have occurred over the course
of evolution.
15
16. DNA RENATURATION KINETICS
Denaturation and renaturation kinetics are used to determine the size and
complexity of the genome. It is also used to understand the relativity of two
genomes and repetitive sequences present in a genome.
16
17. Denaturation
• Genomic DNA is first sheared into fragments measuring -1 kb. These double stranded
fragments are now heated. This results in the denaturation (strand separation) of DNA.
• Denaturation can be done by heating (>52°C). The temperature at which DNA is half
denatured is called critical temperature or melting temperature, Tm.
• In the process of denaturation, an unwinding of DNA double-strand takes place,
resulting in two separate single strands.
• It involves breakage of hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
17
18. DNA Renaturation
• Separate single strands rewind on cooling and the process is known as
renaturation.
• Renaturation is also known as annealing. When the temperature and pH return to
optimum biological level, the unwound strand of DNA rewind and give back the
dsDNA.
• The renaturation rate is directly proportional to the number of complementary
sequences present.
18
19. • After denaturation each strand is randomly distributed in the solution. If
complementary strands have to reassociate then they have to collide with each
other first.
• If each strand has a unique sequence then all the strands will reassociate at about
the same time because all will have the same likelihood of finding their partner
complementary sequences.
• However, if some sequence is repeated, then there will be many fragments
containing these repeated sequences and the likelihood of these repeated
fragments finding each other will be much higher as compared to those sequences
which are represented just once.
• Thus, fragments bearing repeated sequences will reassociate quickly and the
fragments bearing unique sequences will take longer to reassociate.
19
20. • The summary of what we have just stated is given below.
1. Single copy DNA will take a long time to reassociate.
2. The more repeated a given sequence is, the quicker it will reassociate.
20
21. Let us now see the mathematical part of it.
Renaturation of DNA depends upon random collision of the complementary
strands. This reaction follows a second order kinetics. Therefore the rate of this
reaction will be governed by the equation
DC/dt = -kc²
Where C is the concentration of completely denaturated DNA at time t, and k is the
reassociation rate constant. Integration and some algebraic substitution shows
that,
C/Co = 1/1+kCot
21
22. • The above equation tells you one thing very clearly the factor which controls
reassociation reaction is the product of DNA concentration (Co) and incubation
time (t).
At half renaturation,
C/Co = 0.5 (at t = t ½ )
Now,
0.5 = 1 / 1+kCot ½
1+kCot ½ = 1/0.5
1+kCot ½ = 2
kCot ½ = 1
Cot ½ = 1/k
22
23. Analysis
1. During reassociation ssDNA find it’s complementary, so that means common
sequence renature more faster than rare sequence. Reassociation kinetics is
faster in repetative DNA
2. Concentration is inversely proportional to rate constant.
Greater Cot ½ → Slower reaction
Lesser Cot ½ → Faster reaction
Cot analysis is a biochemical technique that is used to find out the measure of
repetitive DNA in a DNA sample.
23
24. REFERENCE
1. Cooper, G., & Hausman, R. (2013). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Sunderland:
Sinauer Associates.
2. Karp. G. (2013). Cell Biology. New Jersey: Wiley.
3. Upadhyay, A., & Upadhyay, K. (2005). Basic Molecular Biology. India: Himalaya
Publishing House.
24