This document defines and describes various terms related to bycatch in fisheries including accidental catch, incidental catch, non-target species, byproduct, undersized, catch, release, bycatch, bycatch reduction devices, turtle excluder devices, square-mesh codends, fisheyes, and other modifications that can help reduce bycatch in trawling operations. Examples and explanations are provided for each term.
BRDs have been developed through intensive research, taking into consideration the characteristics of the fishery and geographical peculiarities.
There has been a significant reduction in the world bycatch levels during the past two decades due to the increased use of BRDs in trawling.
Cooperation among the fishing industry, scientists and other stakeholders is fundamental for the success of bycatch management efforts.
BRDs, most appropriate to the regional fishing conditions should be adopted and enforced legally to ensure long term sustainability and biodiversity of the fishery resources.
A fish aggregating device is a man-made object used to attract ocean going pelagic fish such as marlin, tuna and mahi-mahi. They usually consist of buoys or floats tethered to the ocean floor with concrete blocks. FADs attract fish for numerous reasons that vary by species.
Fisheries aggregating devices (FADs) are human-made structures anchored offshore that attract fish, making them easier to catch so you can have a great fishing experience.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
BRDs have been developed through intensive research, taking into consideration the characteristics of the fishery and geographical peculiarities.
There has been a significant reduction in the world bycatch levels during the past two decades due to the increased use of BRDs in trawling.
Cooperation among the fishing industry, scientists and other stakeholders is fundamental for the success of bycatch management efforts.
BRDs, most appropriate to the regional fishing conditions should be adopted and enforced legally to ensure long term sustainability and biodiversity of the fishery resources.
A fish aggregating device is a man-made object used to attract ocean going pelagic fish such as marlin, tuna and mahi-mahi. They usually consist of buoys or floats tethered to the ocean floor with concrete blocks. FADs attract fish for numerous reasons that vary by species.
Fisheries aggregating devices (FADs) are human-made structures anchored offshore that attract fish, making them easier to catch so you can have a great fishing experience.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Finfish breeding and hatchery management pdfKartik Mondal
Rivers were the major source of freshwater fish seed in India during 1950’s and 1960’s.
Over the years, the riverine contribution has declined and at present forms only a supplementary source, constituting less than 5% of the country’s total fish seed production.
The Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Indus river systems in the North and the Peninsular East coast and the West coast river systems in the South are the important natural sources of fish seed.
Trawl nets and bottom seines possess an initial selectiveness owing to their particular design and mode of operation. A mesh size limitation would vary considerably in effect from one type of trawl net to another. It is important therefore to consider gear selectivity and performance before we begin to think of mesh sizes and their effect.
Take a herring vinge trawl for example and two other bottom other trawls like the granton trawl and the shrimp trawl. All use otter boards, all are on the sea bed throughout the duration of the tow and all have the same basic structure of wings, square, bellies, bag and cod end. But their performances differ as much as those of a racing car, a truck and a tractor. All three nets could be fishing in the same area, yet the vinge trawl might take only herring, the granton trawl only demersal fish and the shrimp trawl primarily shrimp or prawn. Mesh size has little to do with this species selection. It is a function of other aspects of gear performance - speed of tow, headline height, ground contact, flow of water through the body of the net, otter door spread, length of ground-cables, and so on. The vinge trawl would have the smallest mesh in the cod end, yet it would take no cod, haddock or shrimp. The shrimp or prawn trawl would have a smaller mesh than the granton trawl yet it would capture only a small proportion of the bigger fish the granton trawl would take. To imagine that in these cases the size of mesh controls the size of fish caught would be as simplistic as to think that the respective speeds of the racing car, truck and tractor were determined by the size of their wheels.
In contrast to the trawls designed to capture one species or group of species, there are the multi-species trawls or combination trawls which take a great variety of fish. The North Sea prawn and fish trawl is a combination net designed to capture Nephrops norvegicus or Norway prawns, plus demersal fish like cod, haddock, skate, monks, plaice and lemon sole. Most bottom trawls in the tropics and sub-tropics are multi-species trawls taking fish which vary greatly from each other in size and shape. There is no common selectivity factor and no common minimum size or length for the various species. For these fisheries, a mesh regulation is at best an inadequate means of reducing juvenile mortality. It can be aimed only at the smallest of the main commercial species.
lobsters and crab fisheries in INDIA is a vast and enormous amount of catch and exports are being made.
this slide describes about the methods, distribution, annual landings and important species of lobster and crabs in India.
This file contains hilsa fishery ,hilsa fishery of bay of bengal ,marine fisheries conservation and management ,objectives of hilsa fishery study ,route and abundance of hilsa (tenualosa ilisha) ,migratory pattern ,route and abundance of hilsa shad ,spawning grounds ,hilsa fishery management, feeding and growing grounds e.t.c
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
2014-2015
Overview :
Many fisheries are non-selective fishing gear catching animals that they did not intend to. This non-taget extra catch is known as ‘bycatch’.
Of these bycatch species, some have a commercial value and are brought back to land by fishers to be sold. However, a large proportion is unwanted and so is discarded-thrown back over the side of the boat.
The mean of bycatch & discards
environmental & social Impacts
Some strategies & solutions
Some bycatch reduction devises in shrimp trawls :
TEDs
JTEDs
RES
Square mesh codends
Fisheyes
Square mesh window
Relation between effort & bycatch
Effects of cod-end mesh size on the catch discarded
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Finfish breeding and hatchery management pdfKartik Mondal
Rivers were the major source of freshwater fish seed in India during 1950’s and 1960’s.
Over the years, the riverine contribution has declined and at present forms only a supplementary source, constituting less than 5% of the country’s total fish seed production.
The Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Indus river systems in the North and the Peninsular East coast and the West coast river systems in the South are the important natural sources of fish seed.
Trawl nets and bottom seines possess an initial selectiveness owing to their particular design and mode of operation. A mesh size limitation would vary considerably in effect from one type of trawl net to another. It is important therefore to consider gear selectivity and performance before we begin to think of mesh sizes and their effect.
Take a herring vinge trawl for example and two other bottom other trawls like the granton trawl and the shrimp trawl. All use otter boards, all are on the sea bed throughout the duration of the tow and all have the same basic structure of wings, square, bellies, bag and cod end. But their performances differ as much as those of a racing car, a truck and a tractor. All three nets could be fishing in the same area, yet the vinge trawl might take only herring, the granton trawl only demersal fish and the shrimp trawl primarily shrimp or prawn. Mesh size has little to do with this species selection. It is a function of other aspects of gear performance - speed of tow, headline height, ground contact, flow of water through the body of the net, otter door spread, length of ground-cables, and so on. The vinge trawl would have the smallest mesh in the cod end, yet it would take no cod, haddock or shrimp. The shrimp or prawn trawl would have a smaller mesh than the granton trawl yet it would capture only a small proportion of the bigger fish the granton trawl would take. To imagine that in these cases the size of mesh controls the size of fish caught would be as simplistic as to think that the respective speeds of the racing car, truck and tractor were determined by the size of their wheels.
In contrast to the trawls designed to capture one species or group of species, there are the multi-species trawls or combination trawls which take a great variety of fish. The North Sea prawn and fish trawl is a combination net designed to capture Nephrops norvegicus or Norway prawns, plus demersal fish like cod, haddock, skate, monks, plaice and lemon sole. Most bottom trawls in the tropics and sub-tropics are multi-species trawls taking fish which vary greatly from each other in size and shape. There is no common selectivity factor and no common minimum size or length for the various species. For these fisheries, a mesh regulation is at best an inadequate means of reducing juvenile mortality. It can be aimed only at the smallest of the main commercial species.
lobsters and crab fisheries in INDIA is a vast and enormous amount of catch and exports are being made.
this slide describes about the methods, distribution, annual landings and important species of lobster and crabs in India.
This file contains hilsa fishery ,hilsa fishery of bay of bengal ,marine fisheries conservation and management ,objectives of hilsa fishery study ,route and abundance of hilsa (tenualosa ilisha) ,migratory pattern ,route and abundance of hilsa shad ,spawning grounds ,hilsa fishery management, feeding and growing grounds e.t.c
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
2014-2015
Overview :
Many fisheries are non-selective fishing gear catching animals that they did not intend to. This non-taget extra catch is known as ‘bycatch’.
Of these bycatch species, some have a commercial value and are brought back to land by fishers to be sold. However, a large proportion is unwanted and so is discarded-thrown back over the side of the boat.
The mean of bycatch & discards
environmental & social Impacts
Some strategies & solutions
Some bycatch reduction devises in shrimp trawls :
TEDs
JTEDs
RES
Square mesh codends
Fisheyes
Square mesh window
Relation between effort & bycatch
Effects of cod-end mesh size on the catch discarded
Top 5000 en el blog “Pediatría basada en pruebas” y el interés de la "blogm...Javier González de Dios
The blog “Pediatría basada en pruebas" is a source of proven information and training after 8 years around the Spanish pediatric blogosphere and the social web. In this article, 2486 public entries in this blog from August 2008 to July 2016 are analyzed, with a detailed study of the 59 posts with more than 5000 visits.
From the quantitative point of view, the life of a blog and changes are confirmed over time. The three most visited post over this 8 years are: "Por una sanidad Google Style", 71418 visits (publication date 08/04/13); "Cine y Pediatría (210): El milagro de Carintia, el milagro de cada día en una guardia", 27361 visits (publication date 18/01/14); and "Que no. Que la leche no produce mocos", 19850 visits (publication date 21/07/11).
From the qualitative point of view, the subjects that interest the most to the readers of “Pediatría basada en pruebas” blog gather around six groups, consolidate in this top 5000: 19 posts as Established Sections in the blog (mainly Cine y Pediatria); 11 posts as Social subjects (smoking, injuries, immigration, bulling, etc.); 9 posts as Controversies (subjects of special social and/or healthcare debate, such as abortion, anti-vaccination groups, medical malpractice, etc.); 7 posts as Infectious diseases (flu, meningitis, septicemia, measles, chickenpox, vaccinations, etc.); 7 posts as Peri-neonatology (pregnancy and newborn subjects); and 6 posts a Guidelines and reports of scientific societies.
The initial best possible way of improve in a blog is to know our readers’ dynamics (from both areas, quantitative and qualitative) and webmetrics is a good tool. And with these results of the blog to build the information and training in the best possible way to our colleagues, patients and families, and to society in general.
Qué páginas son relevantes para ser utilizadas en las consultas médicas y enfermeras.
Material para participantes en el taller del grupo de innovación tecnológica en Clinifam 2016.
This presentation is for kids understanding about earth atmosphere and different types of layers in our earth atmosphere as well as the composition of air and how auroras are formed in the universe.
Trawling is the operation of towing a net to catch fish, and the basic requirements for operating the trawl-net are sufficient power to tow the net , a means of holding the mouth of the net open while towing, a system of wires to connect the net and gear to the source of towing power and the ability to cast and haul the net .
Gill net
Trawl
Purse seine net
Hooks and lines
TED (turtle exclusion devices)
Non-conventional fishing methods:
light fishing; hose pipe fishing; electric fishing.
Pelagic (surface/open ocean) gillnets are systems of netting with highly specific mesh sizes. Gillnets as long as 2.5km, are placed vertically in the water column with the use of buoys and weights. These nets may be anchored or allowed to drift with prevailing currents, intercepting migrating sharks and fishes such as tuna and mackeral. Large fish become entangled or gilled in the net (commonly around the gills), whilst smaller fish are able to pass through the designated mesh size.
‘Ghost Fishing’ is what fishing gear does when it has been lost, dumped or abandoned. Nets, long lines, fish traps or any man made contraptions designed to catch fish or marine organisms are considered capable of ghost fishing when unattended, and without anyone profiting from the catches, they are affecting already depleted commercial fish stocks
Taxonomic status and biology of sea turtle[college of fisheries, Kishanganj]....AryanRoy28
Expected learning outcome: taxonomic status, feeding habits, distribution and description of sea turtles ; legal protection provided to sea turtle under international law ; Conservation goals and measure to protect sea turtles
This Is a Useful PDF describing various Fishing informatio, fishing terminology and fishing techniques, which will hopefully make it easier for yyour hatteras fishing experience!
http://hatterasfishingreport.com/
Marine biology Marine organisms that live on or inside the bottom, different types of beaches, and biodiversity in these different types of beaches
#Environment
Eco-Friendly Fishing Lures: One of the best ways to practice sustainable fishing is to use biodegradable fishing lures. Since rubber doesn’t break down, in the water or in a fish’s stomach, a good substitute is biodegradable plastic that will dissolve over time. An added perk to these eco-friendly options is that the soft lures can be made in all colors and designs to attract your target fish just as effectively as traditional lures.
Eco Fishing Weights: Not only is lead toxic to humans, but it’s dangerous for fish as well, causing both physical and behavioral changes. That’s why many manufacturers today produce sinkers made from safer materials that will cause less damage if ingested or left in the water. Some common substitutes used in non-toxic weights are brass, steel, tungsten or tin. You’ll also want to make sure they’re chip resistant to prevent paint loss in the water. And remember that while these variations may be a little more expensive than lead lures, the benefits outweigh the costs.
Eco Fishing Line: Like lures, anglers today can opt for biodegradable monofilament line fishing line that breaks down faster yet still has the same performance characteristics as regular line. Even if you don’t have biodegradable line, you can take steps to properly dispose of your traditional line to reduce your impact on the environment. For example, many bait shops, fishing access points, piers and other spots have designated collection bins for discarded monofilament and fluorocarbon fishing line.
Other Eco Fishing Tackle and Equipment: Anglers have several other eco-friendly options nowadays. For example, when you’re choosing hooks, opt for circle hooks instead of J-hooks to minimize internal damage if you’re practicing catch and release. Look for rigs made of materials like glass beads. Pick knotless nets. Instead of using fresh bait collected from fish habitats, choose artificial. And when you’re picking out other gear like waders, bags or boxes, look for those made from recycled materials.
ECO-FRIENDLY ANGLING
Beyond fishing gear, there are other ways to practice eco-friendly fishing. If you catch and release, in addition to choosing barbless circle hooks, be sure to use the right eco-friendly fishing lures for the species to avoid exhausting the fish, keep your catch wet and limit the time the fish stays out of the water to increase the chance of survival.
It’s also important to pay attention to the area around you. Take your trash with you to prevent fish and other wildlife from eating or getting caught in your rubbish. If you’re boating, consider rowing or paddling a canoe rather than a motorized choice. If you do go in a power boat, be careful when you’re navigating over fragile habitats and be careful to prevent fuel spills.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Includes all non-target
animals and non-living
material (debris) which
are caught while
fishing.
Includes animals and
non-living material that
interact with the fishing
gear but do not reach
the deck of the fishing
boat.
3. Part of the bycatch that
are released or returned
to the sea either dead or
alive.
Low commercial value
Undersized commercially
important species
Juveniles
Seabed debris
Exceed the preservation
capacity of the boat
High-grading
4. Applies to small,
undersized fish and other
animals that were
traditionally discarded
overboard because they
have no economic value.
The term trash fish is
misleading because it
suggests this part of the
catch has no ecological or
commercial value.
Sold as fish meal or food
for cultured species
May generate over one-
third of their income
5. Accidental catch- A reference to non-target animals
and non-living material captured by the fishing gear. This
term is synonymous with bycatch.
Incidental catch- the same meaning as accidental or
non-target catch.
Non-target species- Species for which the fishing gear
is not specifically deployed or set, but may have
immediate commercial value and be a desirable
component of the catch. Includes bycatch and
byproduct.
Byproduct- Any part of the catch which is kept or sold
by the fisherman but which is not the target species.
Undersized- Fish (caught) at a size smaller than the
minimum size limit established by regulation.
6. The total number or biomass of
individuals caught (physically
retained) in the net or other type of
gear.
There are three possible alternative
fates for the capture:
Catch is the part of the capture
retained for utilization (consumption,
sale, use as bait, etc.).
Release is the part of the capture
released alive, and assumed to
survive the fishing operation.
Bycatch is the part of the capture
that is discarded dead, or assumed
to die as a result of the fishing
operation (Hall, 1996).
7. Over 7 million mt of
fish bycatch are
discarded every year
(FAO, 2003).
Part of the Code of
conduct for
responsible fisheries
Reduce
environmental impact
8. Trawls with a low headline
height to minimise fish catches,
ground chain arrangements that
reduce the amount of seabed
animals, rocks and debris taken
avoidance of fishing grounds
where bycatch is known to be
high, including grounds where
coral, sponges and rocks are
present,
using mesh sizes big enough to
allow some small animals to
escape, and
using TEDs and BRDs.
9. Trawl duration can be longer,
thus decreasing the time lost to
repeatedly haul and deploy the
trawl,
Wing end spread may be
maintained for longer periods
because the drag of the catch is
less,
damage to the cod end caused
by large animals and rocks can
be reduced,
processing (sorting) time should
be quicker, and
injuries to crew from dangerous
animals will be reduced
10. ensure the health,
diversity and
integrity of the
environment,
protect fish stocks
by keeping
juvenile and adult
fishes out of the
catch.
11. Any modification to a trawl
designed to reduce the
capture of bycatch.
usually refers to devices
that are specifically
designed to reduce the
capture of fish bycatch and
other small animals and
debris.
Other modifications that
may reduce bycatch include
larger meshes in the main
body of the trawl, ground
gear modifications or
headline height adjustment.
12. Separate the catch
by size.
These devices use
inclined grids or
panels of netting to
physically block the
passage of bycatch
into the codend and
guide it toward an
escape opening.
Ex. JTED, square-
mesh codend ,
TEDs
Exploit behavioural
differences between
target catch and
bycatch.
Most fish can swim in
a moving net,
orientate to the
direction of tow, and
swim out through an
escape opening.
Examples of this type
of BRD are the
fisheye, square-mesh
window, Jones-Davis
BRD and RES.
13. TED or 'turtle excluder
device' is any modification
to a trawl designed to
reduce the capture of
turtles.
These devices are
sometimes called a 'trawl
efficiency device' because
they can also prevent the
capture of other large
animals including sharks,
stingrays, jellyfish and
some large fish.
14. Soft TEDs use a
non-rigid inclined
panel of netting to
guide bycatch
towards the
escape opening in
the top of the trawl.
Hard TEDs
typically uses a
rigid grid made of
aluminium, steel or
plastic.
15. Very large escape opening
may allow large leatherback
turtles and other large animals
to be rapidly excluded
Exclude some seabed
animals (sponges, corals etc.)
and rocks (downward-
excluding TEDs only)
May increase shrimp catch
due to longer towing time
(less drag and fewer hauls)
May reduce sorting time
May improve shrimp quality by
reducing contact with large
animals
Reduce hazard to crews from
large,dangerous animals
16. Damage, fouling or
clogging of the guiding
panel or funnel by large
animals and debris could
lead to shrimp loss
Fouling of escape
opening by large animals
and debris could lead to
shrimp loss (a.k.a
TEDed)
A little more difficult to
handle than a standard
codend
Rigid grid may be a
safety hazard to crew
(depends on location in
codend)
17. Very large escape
opening may allow large
leatherback turtles and
other large animals to be
rapidly excluded
May increase shrimp
catch due to longer towing
time (less drag and fewer
hauls)
May reduce sorting time
May improve shrimp
quality by reducing
contact with large animals
Reduce hazard to crews
from large dangerous
animals
18. Poor installation may
affect trawl performance
Damage, fouling or
clogging of the guiding
panel by large animals
and debris could lead to
shrimp loss
Effectiveness depends
on trawl spread
More difficult to repair
than a standard trawl
Less effective than hard
TEDs at excluding
heavy items such as
rocks and sponges
19. JTED stands for 'juvenile
and trash excluder
device'.
This device is designed to
exclude small fish –
usually juvenile or trash
fish - from the trawl and
maintain the catch of large
fish.
The JTED consists of
three sections hinged
together; the first two
sections are metal grids
and the third section is a
metal frame supporting a
panel of fine-mesh netting.
20. Exclude small fish and trash
fish
May increase towing time
(less drag and fewer hauls)
May reduce sorting time
Bar spacing can be reduced if
grid is attached to an outer
frame
Rope spacing can be easily
adjusted (rope JTED only)
Relatively simple design and
easy to use (rope JTED only)
May increase catch due to
longer towing time
21. Complex design compared to other
devices (grid-style JTED only)
High construction cost (grid-style JTED
only)
Hinges may become clogged with mud
and other debris and affect grid
orientation (gridstyle JTED only)
Relies on small fish having the ability
to swim forward and upward through
the escape openings (rope JTED only)
May allow large, valuable fish to push
ropes aside and escape (rope JTED
only)
Ropes may stretch and become slack
(rope JTED only)
22. The square-mesh codend
is designed to exclude
small fish from a shrimp
trawl.
The mesh openings of a
traditional diamond-mesh
codend collapse as it fills
with catch and prevents
the escape of small fish.
In contrast, the mesh
openings of a square-
mesh codend retain their
shape as it fills with catch
and are available for fish
to escape
23. Small fish bycatch may
escape
May reduce sorting times
May increase towing time
(less drag and fewer
hauls)
May increase shrimp catch
due to longer towing time
Less reliant on behaviour
and swimming ability to
exclude small fish and
animals
May exclude small seabed
animals and debris
24. Shape of fish affects escape
rates, so some species are
more likely to escape than
others
Relatively difficult to
construct, particularly a
combined diamond- and
square-mesh codend
Square-meshes may distort
if not correctly attached to a
diamond-mesh netting
More difficult to repair than
traditional diamond-mesh
Material wastage and knot
slippage, if constructed from
diamond-mesh
25. A fisheye is an elliptical
steel or aluminium frame
fitted to the codend
through which fish swim
to escape.
Fisheyes are usually
placed in the top or sides
of the codend so that
strong swimming fish can
escape, while shrimp
passively enter the
codend.
Fisheyes must be inserted
in the codend so that fish
swim forward to pass
through the escape
opening.
26. Simpler design and
cheaper than many other
BRDs
Lower maintenance than
other BRDs
Easily moved to different
positions in the codend
May increase shrimp
catch due to longer towing
time (less drag and fewer
hauls)
May reduce sorting times
Easy to handle
27. Will not exclude
seabed animals and
debris
Poor escape for
species that behave in
the same way as
shrimp
Optimal position
difficult to determine
May foul on the side
of the vessel during
hauling
28. RES stands for
“radial escape
section”, designed
to allow fish to
voluntarily swim from
the trawl.
The Jones-Davis
BRD is similar to the
RES but the escape
openings are simply
large holes cut into
the codend netting.
29. Large escape
openings allow large
fish to escape
May increase shrimp
catch due to longer
towing time (less
drag and fewer
hauls)
May reduce sorting
time
30. Will not exclude
seabed animals and
debris
Funnel may become
clogged
More complicated
design than most other
fish excluders
May foul on the side of
the vessel during
hauling
More difficult to handle
than a standard
codend
31. A square-mesh
window is usually a
panel of square mesh
netting located in the
top panel of the
codend or trawl body.
As fish pass through
the trawl they
orientate directionally
toward the device and
swim through the
square escape
openings.
32. Small fish bycatch
may escape
Relatively simple
design and easy to
use
May reduce sorting
times
May increase towing
time (less drag and
fewer hauls)
May increase shrimp
catch due to
longertowing time
33. Shape of fish affects
escape rates, so some
species are more likely
to escape than others
Square-meshes may
distort if not correctly
fitted
Performance (if located
in the codend) linked to
catch volume
More difficult to repair
than traditional diamond
mesh
Will not exclude seabed
animals and debris
34. A fishbox is designed
to alter the movement
of water in the codend.
It is a box-like device
fitted to the top or
bottom of the codend
with an opening
through which fish can
swim and escape.
A plastic or metal plate
(foil) is installed to the
front of fishbox frame
and another to the top
of the frame.
35. Easily installed
Large opening
allows large fish to
escape
May increase
shrimp catch due to
longer towing time
(less drag and
fewer hauls)
May reduce sorting
time
36. Poor escape for species
that behave in the same
way as shrimp
Limited knowledge of
fish behaviour and
influence of foil design
and orientation on fish
exclusion rates
May foul on the side of
the boat during hauling
Will not exclude seabed
animals and debris
37. A triangular or
diamond-shaped cut
into the top of the
codend. This is a very
simple modification that
can reduce the capture
of strong swimming fish.
Changes to ground
chain settings. This
modification may reduce
the capture of large
sponges and seabed
debris
38. Longer sweeps between the
otter board and trawl. This can
be used to reduce the capture of
small sea urchins such as 'sea
eggs', other benthic animals and
seabed debris, although
sometimes this may increase fish
catches.
Headline height reduction. By
reducing headline height some
fish will escape capture by
swimming over the headline of the
trawl.
This modification could reduce
catches of schooling or large
swimming fish. By reducing
headline height, the wing end
spread of the trawl may increase
and potentially increase catches of
bottom dwelling shrimp (and offset
any loss of swimming shrimp).
39. A length of twine stretched
between the otter boards to
frighten fish away from the trawl.
The twine will vibrate as it is towed
through the water, warning fish of
the approaching trawl and giving
them time to escape.
A horizontal separator panel. This
is a panel of net that divides the
trawl into two compartments, each
leading to separate codends. This
panel allows rocks, shell, crabs and
other bottom-dwelling animals to be
kept separate from the remainder of
the catch. Either codend can be left
open if desired or made of larger
mesh so that small animals can
escape.
40. Large mesh barrier across
the trawl mouth. The barrier
is fitted between the headline
and footrope of the trawl to
prevent large animals from
entering the codend. Fouling
by large animals or debris is
likely to reduce wingend
spread and catching
performance.
Large cuts in the top panel
of the net ahead of the
codend. This modification
has successfully reduced
bycatch in daylight fisheries
but been less successful
during the night.
41. Square-mesh netting
adjacent the footrope of
the trawl. This modification
has been successfully
used in some fish-trawl
fisheries to reduce the
capture of less mobile
seabed animals such as
sea urchins and starfish.
Reducing the size of
codend covers and
chaffing gear. This
modification will allow more
codend meshes to be
available for small animals
to escape.
42. Increased codend mesh
size. This will allow more
small animals to escape. It is
one of the simplest BRDs to
implement but interestingly
one of the least favoured
options, particularly where
small fish are retained for
sale.
Altering the joining
(hanging) ratio of codend
meshes to trawl meshes. By
reducing the joining ratio the
codend meshes are unable to
close under load. This may
allow more small fish to
escape near the front of the
codend.
43. Last ridge ropes 'hung'
along the length of the
codend. This can allow
codend meshes to remain
open and small fish to
escape. Usually at least four
ropes are required, and they
must be about 5% shorter
than the stretched length of
the codend. This modification
is used mainly for diamond-
mesh codends and prevents
meshes closing under load
from the catch
44.
45. the need to protect
endangered or threatened
species,
the size and behaviour of
bycatch,
variations in catch
composition,
the desire to retain valuable
bycatch,
variations in the amount of
bycatch caught through the
season and between fishing
grounds, and
the cost of the device.