Demography is the study of human populations in terms of various factors such as size, location, age, gender, occupation, etc. It is important because understanding demographic factors and trends can provide insight into markets. Some key demographic trends include the declining ratio of children to older citizens globally, a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases, and rapidly aging populations in some countries. The ratio of workers to older dependents is rising in many countries. Exploiting the demographic dividend of a rising working age population is also becoming more difficult.

9. Demography
Is the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location,
age, gender, race occupation, and other statistics. Demography is very
important because it involves people, and people make up markets.

10. Demographic Factors
 Age
 Gender and Marital Status
 Race and Ethnicity
 Income, Education and Occupation
 Geographic Region

11. 1. AGE

14. Gender

16. Marital Status

18. Race and Ethnicity
 Race is based on Biological Characteristics
 Based on Skin color, eye color, hair, sizes/shapes
 Categories seem natural, but vary by culture
Ethnicity is based on Cultural Characteristics
Based on Common Ancestry, Cultural Heritage
and common Nations of Origin

19. Income

20. Income

21. Education

22. Education

23. Occupation

28. Geographic Region

31. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS.
Demography is the study of the growth, structure, and
movement of human populations. It focuses on
enumerations (censuses), which take stock of a population at
a moment in time, and also flows of vital events—births,
deaths, marriages, and migratory movements.

32. 1. Growth Rate of Population
2. Uneven Distribution of Population
3. Age Composition
4. Sex Composition
5. Density of Population
6. Life Expectancy
7. Dependency Ratio The proportion of persons above 65 years of age and
children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent on the economically
productive age group [15 – 64 years].
8. Population and Urbanisation
9. Birth and Death Rates
10.Literacy Structure
Demographic Features

35. 1. The ratio of children to older citizens is declining:
The ratio of children to older citizens stands at about 3:1 but
is declining. By around 2040, there will be more older citizens
than children. By 2050, there will be twice as many older
citizens as there are children. Some exceptions to this
however are China and Russia.

36. 2. There has been a sea-change in the nature of illness to non-
communicable diseases:

37. 3. The speed of aging is rising rapidly in emerging
economies
4. Old age dependency ratio is rising rapidly in Japan, European
countries, but at a slower pace in Anglo Saxon economies:
The old age dependency ratio in countries like Germany, Japan, Italy, Spain is expected to rise
rapidly. These countries are characterized as the "hares" because of the rapid progression of old
age dependency. The number of workers per older citizen is expected to fall from about 3-5
today to about 1.5 by the mid-century mark.
Meanwhile, the Anglo-Saxon economies like Sweden and France
are "tortoises" by comparison. Here the support ratio will fall from
4-5 workers today, to about 2-2.5 by the mid-century. This is
because of higher fertility rates and a more open immigration
policy.

38. 5. It's getting harder to exploit demographic dividend:
This is a phase that countries go through when child dependency is
falling and the working age population is expanding. But they're also in a
phase just before old age dependency starts to rise. Typically, this phase
comes with stronger trends in income, savings, investment, and technical
progress. This is where other emerging markets countries hope to be in
the next few decades.

40. Globalization is the process in which people, ideas and goods
spread throughout the world, spurring more interaction and
integration between the world's cultures, governments and
economies.
Globalization is the free movement of
goods, services and people across the
world in a seamless and integrated
manner.

41. 1. Liberalisation
2. Free trade
3. Globalisation of Economic Activity
4. Liberalisation of Import-Export System
5. Privatisation
6. Increased Collaborations

45. The LPG Policy of 1991, had four basic premises:
1. Devaluation: Indian currency was devalued by 18-19%.
2. Disinvestment: Many public sectors were sold to the private sector
3. Allowing FDI: FDI was allowed in both in Insurance and Defense
sector.
4. NRI Scheme: NRIs were given same benefits as FIIs
Foreign Institutional Investors.

46. Globalisation has touched every aspect of agriculture like
technological advancement, improved production techniques
and quality based enhancement. All three sectors of agriculture
viz. farming, marketing and industrial support have made
tremendous progress.

47. In farming, globalisation has introduced complete
mechanisation of the farms. Many new techniques are being
used for seed development and production. Introduction of
organic and hybrid varieties of seeds has revitalised the entire
sector. Furthermore, new irrigation methods and techniques
have also been used.

48. In marketing of the produce, globalisation has helped farmers
fetch new markets. This has given a boost to the agricultural
exports. Introduction of big retailers from abroad to India has
also come in favor of the farmers who work hard to feed the
nation. They offer them good procurement price and a
continuous market for the produce. Also, e-commerce has
helped in the post production activities like selling.

49. On the other hand, there are issues like GM crops,
competition in pricing, WTO compliance issues which limits
the support the governments can extend to farmers etc.
Relaxation of import duties has also harmed the Indian
farmer.

50. Impact on Industry
Many Indian industries have invested abroad and have entered into
various kinds of agreements like joint ventures or mergers and
acquisitions etc. This has raised their global competitiveness.
Relaxation of investment norms and licenses has attracted huge amounts
of foreign investment especially in services, telecommunications,
electrical equipment's etc.