Factors that determine a country's population size include birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Birth rates are influenced by nutrition, fertility, abortion policies, economic factors, and culture. Death rates are affected by disease, war, healthcare access, and development levels. Immigration and emigration depend on "pull" and "push" factors that attract or displace people. Governments implement population policies to manage these factors.

2. What factors determine a country’s population size?
1) BIRTH RATE-the number of live births per 1000 in a year.
Birth rates are affected by such factors as nutrition, fertility,
attitudes about abortion, labor value of children, government
policies, social value, the availability of contraception and culture.
2) DEATH RATE-the number of deaths per 1000 in a year
Death rates are affected by disease, war, medical technology,
improved health care, transportation development and nutrition.

3. 3) IMMIGRATION-the number of people moving into a
country.
Pull factors-characteristics of a place that attracts people to it.
4) EMIGRATION-the number of people leaving a country
Push Factors-characteristics of a place that causes people to
leave.
Refugees- people who are forced to leave their country due to
war, life-threatening discrimination, famine, or natural disasters.

4. Push and Pull forces are forces that help people recognize the
causes of migration. A push force is just like a push factor, it is
something that makes a person wants to leave a country. Like lack
of job, or lack of education. A pull force is the same as a pull
factor; it pulls someone into a country, like clean water, and an
excellent education system. For most countries the pull factors
are the influencing role in society, and other countries the push
factors play a significant role in their culture.

5. Factors Affecting Birth Rates:
1) Number of women there are in an area
2) the age of a women - child bearing years start at the age of 15, and
usually stops at the age of 49.
3) Culture and Religion - some cultures and religions don't allow
women to have a child, or more than one child, and others allow larger
families.
4) Medical reasons - some women can't bear children because of
conditions like diabetes.
5) Education and economic status - the less education women have can
affect the number of children she has. The husband normally tells the
woman how many children she can have if she has little to no education
6) Government population policies - some governments don't have laws
regarding fertility.

6. Factors Influencing Death Rates:
There are a few factors that affect death rates as well.
1) Availability of medical care - if there are little medical care available,
people will die quicker because there is nothing there to help them live
strong.
2) Cost of health care - some people cannot afford good medical
coverage.
3) Education - education helps the women keep their children’s health in
good condition, as well as their own
4) Availability of food and clean water
5) Level of economic development
6) War and environmental disasters
7) Country's fertility rate - a large number of births can increase the
death rate. The more children a woman has, the bigger the risk of dying
while giving birth.

7. MOST POPULOUS NATIONS
As of 2010, The world’s most populous nations are:
#1 – China
#2 – India
#3 – United States
#4 – Indonesia
#5 – Brazil
#6 – Pakistan
#7 – Nigeria
#8 – Bangladesh
#9 – Russia
#10 – Japan
#11 – Mexico
#12 – Philippines

8. Population Pyramid
- also called an ―age-sex graph‖
- is a special type of graph that shows the distribution of a
location’s population in terms of age groups, called cohorts, and
sex.

9. How would a model, efficient student produce a
population pyramid?
Students construct a population pyramid using up-to-date statistics.
Teacher supplies worksheet with grid on which students plot their graph.
But the ―Evidence of learning‖ relates to comprehension and application,
not to pencil technique.
The capabilities of new technology should be exploited here.
For example, students can roll from 1971 to 2056, seeing the population
profile shift as death rates and birth rates fall. (ABS 2008) The same can
also be done for other countries. (De Wulf 2011) Population trends and
other variables can be seen more vividly in new visualization tools.
(Rosling 2006)

10. Google unequivocally suggests Excel. Old instructions don’t work
well, due to Microsoft’s shift from menus (in Excel 2003) to ribbon
interface (in Excel 2007).There are some non-intuitive steps. Male
population figures must be input as negative numbers, a custom
number format must be applied to the horizontal axis, and the overlap
and spacing of bars must be adjusted. Illustrated instructions (Javaid
2011) and video demonstrations (Lee 2008) are available.

11. Constructing Population Pyramids :
1. Beginning at the bottom of the graph, plot the percent of the
population that is 0-4 years and male.
2. Shade this bar on the pyramid and repeat for females, using
a different color.
3. Repeat this step for each age cohort until the pyramid is
complete.
4. Note that it is best to construct population pyramids using
percentages rather than numbers since this makes it
possible to compare countries with different size
populations.

15. Role of Gender, Poverty, Politics, and Culture
in
Influencing Population across Dynamic Countries

17. Faltering Commitment at the Secondary School Level
(Post-primary Education)
Girls' enrolment rates in secondary schools have not experienced the
same level of increase as in primary education. According the United
Nations Development Fund for Women, gender gaps are widening in
Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent
States (CEE/CIS) and South Asia. For women, in sub-Saharan Africa
and South Asia, the ratio of secondary education enrolment to
primary education enrolment is only 23% and 35%, respectively.

18. Illiteracy Correlates with Other
Development Challenges
ILLITERACY is costing the South African economy as much as
R550 billion a year, according to a recent study conducted by
Stellenbosch University’s economics department. According to the
International Monetary Fund, the current GDP per capita in South
Africa is $10 244. The study found that if the quality of schooling in
the country was where it should be – a level befitting a middle
income country – GDP would be 23 percent to 30 percent higher
than it currently was and GDP per capita would be about $12 000
(R86 000) a year.

19. In the recently released World Economic Forum Global
Competitiveness Report 2010-2011, the South Africa ranked
137th out of 139 countries when it came to the quality of maths
and science education and 125th for the quality of primary
school education.
Illiteracy has been long correlated to other challenges to human
rights. For instance, regions of high illiteracy show high
incidences of child labor abuse...

20. There is also a
significant correlation
between women's
illiteracy and high birth
rates...

21. Education for women is the key:
Because child care remains the domain of women in most
countries, higher education levels mean lower birth rates. Women in
African countries with a high literacy rate tend to have fewer
children than their counterparts in countries where the literacy rate
among women is lower.
The following correlation exists between the prosperity of the
various African countries and their birth rates: the higher the gross
domestic product per capita, the lower the average birth rate. The
relationship between birth rates and prosperity does not apply only to
developing countries.

22. The Millennium Development Goals
End poverty by 2015. This is the historic promise 189 world
leaders made at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000
when they signed onto the Millennium Declaration and agreed to
meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs
are an eight-point road map with measurable targets and clear
deadlines for improving the lives of the world's poorest people.

23. What’s supposed to be different this time?
Given the proliferation of UN Conferences and commitments, it’s
important to understand why the Millennium Goals may be unique in
some important ways:
All the world’s major economic players have signed on board the
commitment. Also important is the fact that as poorer countries
pledged to improve policies and governance and increase
accountability to their own citizens; wealthy countries pledged to
provide the resources. Since the commitment to achieve the goals
comes from the highest political levels, for the first time, entire
governments are committed to their achievement—including the trade
and finance ministers who hold the world’s purse strings.

25. Poverty and unemployment increase the prevalence of common mental
disorders by maintaining episodes rather than by precipitating their onset.
Financial strain was strongly associated with both onset and maintenance
of common mental disorders and was neither confounded nor modified by
more objective risk factors.
Although it is most likely that financial strain was simply the most
accurate measure of standard of living it may also represent an aspect of
personality such as proneness to pessimism or worry. There is a need to
better understand the nature of this risk factor and its relation with poverty
and unemployment if we are to meet the major public health challenge of
reducing the prevalence of these costly and disabling disorders.

26. Culture and Globalization:
The Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter famously characterized capitalism as a
process of ―creative destruction.‖ While this phenomenon may help propel economic
development, many people around the world are coming to question the impact that
the worldwide expansion of the capitalist model is having on the most precious
aspects of their identity.
For many people, their own cultural values are too important to put a price tag on,
and no destruction can be considered ―creative.‖
On the other hand, globalization can also be a profoundly enriching process, opening
minds to new ideas and experiences, and strengthening the finest universal values of
humanity.
Many policy makers have not yet considered how the protection of local or
indigenous cultural values conflicts with the forces of globalization.

27. Globalization does more than simply increase the
availability of foreign-made consumer products and disrupt
traditional producers.
The expansion of trade in cultural products is increasing
the exposure of all societies to foreign cultures. And the
exposure to foreign cultural goods frequently brings about
changes in local cultures, values, and traditions. Although
there is no consensus on the consequences of globalization
on national cultures, many people believe that a people’s
exposure to foreign culture can undermine their own cultural
identity.

28. Political Effects
•Government are not able to finance growing population or provide work for
them so informal sector becomes dominant
Political
•Most of the population is made up of young people so the government
focuses on policies important to the young.
•There are fewer older people so pensions become less important to the
government
•The government has to make policies to bring population growth under
control
Population (Growth) Management
Countries need to control rapid population growth and they also need to
develop in a way that’s sustainable. This means developing in a way that
allows people today to get the things that they need but without stopping
people in the future from getting what they need.

29. Voice of the Government Official according to One-child Policy :
According to Joseph Chamie, former head of the United Nations population
division and now head of the Center for Migration Studies :
―Ending China's "one-child" policy would cause a population spike ‖
"Today the fertility level in China is around 1.7 children per woman. If China were
to relax its one-child policy, then it’s reasonable to expect that fertility would rise.
How much? Well, if fertility increased to replacement level of 2.1 (an increase of
just under a half a child), which is not unreasonable given desired family size; the
country’s annual number of births would increase by nearly 30 percent, or
approximately five million additional births. By midcentury, this would add up to
nearly a quarter-billion more Chinese than currently projected by the U.N. And
given China’s impact on the environment, especially greenhouse gas emissions,
this change of policy clearly portends a great deal."

30. Voice of the Businessmen according to One-child Policy :
According to Hasketh, Lu, and Xing :
"One child" is only partly responsible for reducing China's fertility rates‖
They observed: "the policy itself is probably only partially responsible for the
reduction in the total fertility rate. The most dramatic decrease in the rate
actually occurred before the policy was imposed. Between 1970 and 1979, the
largely voluntary "late, long, few" policy, which called for later childbearing,
greater spacing between children, and fewer children, had already resulted in a
halving of the total fertility rate, from 5.9 to 2.9. After the one-child policy was
introduced, there was a more gradual fall in the rate until 1995, and it has more
or less stabilized at approximately 1.7 since then."

31. Voice of the Farmers according to One-child Policy:
Based of the news report in Beijing:
“Farmers riot in China over 'one child' policy”
―Police clashed violently with protesters in southern China as thousands of angry
farmers rioted over the nation's controversial "one-child" family planning policies,
residents said Monday.
Angry farmers besieged up to four township governments in Guangxi province on
Friday and Saturday, with police and protesters clashing in at least one demonstration,
they said.
The demonstrations occurred after local governments this month dispatched "family
planning work teams" to levy fines on families that were violating government
population control policies, they said.

32. One woman in Shapi township, speaking on condition of anonymity, said up to
20,000 people had gathered and rioted there on Saturday, hurling rocks,
breaking windows and torching public property.
"The farmers were really angry because the family planning team was going
around to homes and making farmers pay fines if they had too many kids," the
woman said.
"If the farmers had no money they took things from them. Property with value
they confiscated, things with no value they destroyed."
Local and provincial government and police departments refused to comment
on the unrest.

33. On Friday, similar demonstrations erupted in neighbouring Shuiming township,
with locals confronting up to 1,000 police armed with clubs and dogs, one witness
said.
"It's hard to say how many people were there, you could say there was a sea of
people," a man in Shuiming township informed.
Hong Kong press reports said up to 50,000 farmers protested the family planning
policies in the four Guangxi townships in recent days.
China has since the 1970s enforced strict family planning measures to control its
population, which at 1.3 billion people is the world's biggest.
Reports of abuse by authorities enforcing the law, such as forced late-term
abortions, are common.

34. “计划生育政策” (jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè)
Literally means:
China's One Child Policy:
- was established by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 to limit
communist China's population growth.
Although designated a "temporary measure," it continues a quarter-
century after its establishment. The policy limits couples to one child.
Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forced sterilization
accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies.

35. It is not an all-encompassing rule because it has always been restricted to
ethnic Han Chinese living in urban areas. Citizens living in rural areas
and minorities living in China are not subject to the law. However, the
rule has been estimated to have reduced population growth in the country
of 1.3 billion by as much as 300 million people over its first twenty years.
This rule has caused a disdain for female infants; abortion, neglect,
abandonment, and even infanticide have been known to occur to female
infants.

36. Recent Effects of the One Child Law:
Now that millions of sibling-less people in China are now young adults in or nearing
their child-bearing years, a special provision allows millions of couples to have two
children legally.
If a couple is composed of two people without siblings, then they may have two
children of their own, thus preventing too dramatic of a population decrease.
Although IUDs, sterilization, and abortion (legal in China) are China's most popular
forms of birth control, over the past few years, China has provided more education
and support for alternative birth control methods.

37. Statistically, China's total fertility rate (the number of births per woman) is
1.7, much higher than slowly-declining Germany at 1.4 but lower than the
U.S. at 2.1 (2.1 births per woman is the replacement level of fertility,
representing a stable population, exclusive of migration).
In 2007, there were reports that in the southwestern Guangxi Autonomous
Region of China, officials were forcing pregnant women without permission
to give birth to have abortions and levying steep fines on families violating
the law. As a result, riots broke out and some may have been killed,
including population control officials.

38. The Future of China's One Child Law
Minister of the State Commission of Population and Family Planning
Zhang Weiqing confirmed in early 2006 that China's one child policy is
consistent with the nation's plan for population growth and would
continue indefinitely. He denied rumors that the policy become less
stringent to permit a second child to the general population

39. 1) China's One Child Policy was created in 1979 by Chinese leader Deng
Xiaoping to temporarily limit communist China's population growth. It
has thus been in place for more than 32 years.
2) China's One Child Policy most strictly applies to Han Chinese living in
urban areas of the country. It does not apply to ethnic minorities throughout
the country. Han Chinese represent more than 91% of the Chinese
population. Just over 51% of China's population lives in urban areas. In rural
areas, Han Chinese families can apply to have a second child if the first child
is a girl.

40. 3) One major exception to the One Child Policy allows two singleton
children (the only offspring of their parents) to marry and have two children.
Additionally, if a first child is born with birth defects or major health
problems, the couple is usually permitted to have a second child.
4) When the One Child Policy was adopted in 1979, China's population was
about 972 million people. In 2012 the population of China is about 1.343
billion people, 138% growth over that time period. By contrast, India's
population in 1979 was 671 million and in 2012 India's population is 1.205
billion people, which is 180% over the 1979 population. By most estimates,
India will surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2027 or
earlier, when both countries' population is expected to reach about 1.4
billion.

41. 5) If China continues its One Child Policy in the decades to come, it will
actually see its population decrease. China is expected to peak in
population around 2030 with 1.46 billion people and then begin falling to
1.3 billion by 2050.
6) With the One Child Policy in place, China is expected to achieve zero
population growth by 2025. By 2050, China's population growth rate will
be -0.5%.
7) China's sex ratio at birth is more imbalanced than the global average.
There are about 113 boys born in China for every 100 girls. While some
of this ratio might be biological (the global population ratio is currently
about 107 boys born for every 100 girls), there is evidence of sex-
selective abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide of infant
females.

42. 8) For families who observe the One Child Policy, there are rewards: higher wages,
better schooling and employment, and preferential treatment in obtaining
governmental assistance and loans. For families who violate the One Child Policy,
there are sanctions: fines, employment termination, and difficulty in obtaining
governmental assistance.
9) Families who are permitted to have a second child usually have to wait from three
to four years after the birth of the first child before conceiving their second child.
10) The recent peak total fertility rate for Chinese women was in the late 1960s,
when it was 5.91 in 1966 and 1967. When the One Child Policy was first imposed,
the total fertility rate of Chinese women was 2.91 in 1978. In 2012, the total fertility
rate had dropped to 1.55 children per woman, well below the replacement value of
2.1. (Immigration accounts for the remainder of the Chinese population growth rate.)

44.  Culture is made up of traditions, beliefs, ways of life,
from the most spiritual to the most material.
 It gives us meaning, a way of leading our lives.
 Culture is not an add-on, an ornament that us human
beings can use. It is not a touch of colour.

45.  Childbirth, a time of transition and celebration, is
centrally important in societies, as their cultural values,
customs, and beliefs lend perspective to the meaning of
childbirth.
 A knowledge of cultures and the influence they have on
women’s perception of childbirth can help nurses in
promoting positive outcomes for women and their
families.

46. Nurses caring for childbearing families should consider
all aspects of culture, including communication, space,
time and family roles. Communication encompasses an
understating of not only a person’s language, including
dialect, style and loudness of speech, but also the
meaning of touch and gestures

47.  Marriage is the most important relationship and the strongest bond
between a man and a woman. With the marriage, the couple bring
into their lives different cultures, background and upbringing.

48.  In terms of the age in marrying, it may also vary on the
type of culture a person has. For example, in some
Chinese families, they actually make arranged
marriages for their children.

49.  Around the globe, cultural factors influence family size and as a
result, affect population growth rate. From a cultural standpoint,
religion can have a profound effect on family planning. Many
religions promote large families as a way to further the religion or
to glorify a higher power.
 For example
Orthodox Judaism encourages large families in order to perpetuate
Judaism.
Roman Catholicism promotes large families for the same reason,
and forbids the use of any "artificial" means of birth control.

50.  Devout followers of a religion with such values often have
large families even in the face of other factors, such as
economic ones. This can be seen in countries like Israel
(Judaism) and Brazil (Catholicism), which have high
percentages of religious followers in their populations.
Both countries have high birth rates and high population
growth rates.

51.  Various factors involving women can also affect family
sizes.
These factors include:
 education and employment opportunities available to
women
 the marriage age of women and the societal acceptance of
birth control methods.

52. CHINESE
■ Traditional Chinese values place the family and society over the
Individual. Many American-born Chinese may not be as traditional but
still hold values of respect for elders and authority.
■ The oldest son has obligations toward the family and is expected to
respect and care for parents.
■ The tradition of ―filial piety‖ is the value of total respect for the
family, especially the elders. This respect for elders was advocated by
Confucius, the famous Chinese philosopher and many
Chinese and Chinese-American families choose to follow these
ancient principles.

53. NATIVE AMERICAN
■ Traditionally, elders are respected for their wisdom,
experience,and knowledge.
■ Elders, regardless of tribe, assume significant roles as
teachers and caretakers of the young

54. VIETNAMESE
■ Elders are given high respect in Vietnamese society. They are
considered the carriers of tradition, knowledge, and wisdom.
Age is considered an asset, not a liability.
■ Elderly grandparents and parents stay with the family for support
and care.
■ Elders may prepare meals and care for grandchildren if both the
husband and wife work.
■ In Vietnam, elders are the leaders and decision-makers in the
family and often sought for advice.

55. BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICAN
■ Elders are respected, obeyed and considered a source of wisdom.
■ To survive to old age is often considered an accomplishment
reflecting personal strength, resourcefulness, and faith.
HISPANIC/LATINO
■ Elders are held in high esteem.
■ Old age is viewed as a positive time in the life of the elder.
■ Care for elders is provided by the extended family. It is expected that
children will care for their elderly parents.

56. KOREAN
■ Traditional Koreans value filial piety and respect for elders.
■ In Korean culture, children are taught to respect elders
whether they are right or wrong.
■ There is the expectation that the children will take care of
their parents in old age.

57. These challenges are real and will continue to shape the way the
issue of women's rights is handled in China's birth planning
program. Yet China is changing--and fast. Globalization is
producing fundamental transformations in China's society and
polity whose implications for women and birth planning no one
can predict. The history of the 1990s and early 2000s reveals the
critical role of international organizations in supporting both the
positive reforms in the state, and the emergence of new, quasi-
and non-state spaces of political critique and action. These
promising developments open up opportunities for new forms of
constructive engagement by Americans that support the reform
tendencies already in place.