Psychology as a science- area of applications – the study of
individual & individual differences-study of behavior stimulus
response behavior heredity and environment
human mind attitude- personality
Industrial Psychology deals with people's work related values.
As in today's industrial world its hard to maintain a good relationship with employees. A company maintain itself in market by understanding the needs and values of their employees. To achieve an organizational goal its important to know how to collaborate not only with their competitors but also with their workers.
Organizations use a variety of techniques to ensure a ‘fit’ between employees and the organization – some are more effective than others.
Designed appropriately, training that managers provide for employees can influence how those employees perform their jobs.
Stress and employee attitudes are important in influencing performance in the workplace.
Several person and situational factors impact on team effectiveness and group decision making.
Organizational culture is important for workplace performance, and can be measured across several different dimensions.
Power is an important construct in the workplace and can be defined and measured in several different ways.
There is evidence for discrimination against women at work.
Unemployment can have serious psychological effects.
Industrial Psychology deals with people's work related values.
As in today's industrial world its hard to maintain a good relationship with employees. A company maintain itself in market by understanding the needs and values of their employees. To achieve an organizational goal its important to know how to collaborate not only with their competitors but also with their workers.
Organizations use a variety of techniques to ensure a ‘fit’ between employees and the organization – some are more effective than others.
Designed appropriately, training that managers provide for employees can influence how those employees perform their jobs.
Stress and employee attitudes are important in influencing performance in the workplace.
Several person and situational factors impact on team effectiveness and group decision making.
Organizational culture is important for workplace performance, and can be measured across several different dimensions.
Power is an important construct in the workplace and can be defined and measured in several different ways.
There is evidence for discrimination against women at work.
Unemployment can have serious psychological effects.
Attitudes and Job Satisfaction - Organizational BehaviorFaHaD .H. NooR
This is a focus on Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Managers should be interested in their employees’ attitudes because attitudes give warnings of potential problems and influence behavior. Creating a satisfied workforce is hardly a guarantee of successful organizational performance, but evidence strongly suggests that whatever managers can do to improve employee attitudes will likely result in heightened organizational effectiveness. Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Attitudes are made up of three components. The cognitive component is made up of the belief in the way things are. The effective component is the more critical part of the attitude as it is calls upon the emotions or feelings. The behavioral component describes the intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. These three components work together to aid in our understanding of the complexity of an attitude. Sometimes we observe people who will change what they say so it doesn’t contradict their behavior. When attitudes and behaviors don’t line up, individuals will experience cognitive dissonance. This incongruity is uncomfortable and individuals will seek to reduce the dissonance to find consistency.
People are willing to live with some discomfort but the degree to which this is true depends upon the importance of the elements, how much influences the individual has in the situation, and the rewards available.
Attitudes and Job Satisfaction - Organizational BehaviorFaHaD .H. NooR
This is a focus on Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Managers should be interested in their employees’ attitudes because attitudes give warnings of potential problems and influence behavior. Creating a satisfied workforce is hardly a guarantee of successful organizational performance, but evidence strongly suggests that whatever managers can do to improve employee attitudes will likely result in heightened organizational effectiveness. Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Attitudes are made up of three components. The cognitive component is made up of the belief in the way things are. The effective component is the more critical part of the attitude as it is calls upon the emotions or feelings. The behavioral component describes the intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. These three components work together to aid in our understanding of the complexity of an attitude. Sometimes we observe people who will change what they say so it doesn’t contradict their behavior. When attitudes and behaviors don’t line up, individuals will experience cognitive dissonance. This incongruity is uncomfortable and individuals will seek to reduce the dissonance to find consistency.
People are willing to live with some discomfort but the degree to which this is true depends upon the importance of the elements, how much influences the individual has in the situation, and the rewards available.
The term psychology comes from the Greek roots psyche meaning soul or mind and logos meaning word or study
The term psychology comes from the Greek roots psyche meaning soul or mind and logos meaning word or study
Psychology is all about the study of mind of living beings and to learn the ways to join their environment. Such study of psychology has been divided into categories which are the types of psychology. Some of the psychology details may overlaps each other. Such as school psychology will say about the children and care about psychological disorder.
Sustainable development – meaning, social, economic and
environmental dimensions, principles of sustainable
development. Environment management systems – meaning,
scope, objectives, planning and implementation; ISO 14000;
environmental audit; 4Rs; environmental labeling. World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. Millennium
Development Goals and Sustainable
Development Goals – the role of and implications for business
Acts and Laws (objectives and key provisions):
1. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
2. The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
3. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
4. The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
5. The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
6. The Payment of Wages Act, 1936
7. The Trade Unions Act, 1926
8. The Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous
Provisions Act, 1952
9. The Employees Compensation Act, 1923
10. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
Concept of Social Justice, Working conditions in Organised and
Unorganised sectors; Origin and growth of concept of Labour
Welfare; Scope of Labour Welfare within and outside Factory
premises; Theories of Labour Welfare; Role of Government,
employers and worker trade union vis-a-vis Labour Welfare; Role of Labour Welfare Officer.
Individual and Group-group and intergroup dynamics; managing group in an organization- intragroup behavior and intergroup behavior; self-change- resistance to change- nature of the change-transactional analysis
Reference of industrial disputes for settlement - Settlement
machinery for Industrial Disputes, Conciliation Officer, Board of
Conciliation, Court of Enquiry, Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal
and National Tribunal and Arbitration, their composition, powers,
and duties,
Lay-off and Retrenchment –difference between lay-off and
Retrenchment their application, necessary preconditions for their
application, lay-off and retrenchment compensation, special
provisions relating to lay-off, retrenchment, and closure in certain establishments, penalty, and punishment for illegal lay-off or retrenchment, the consequences of illegal lay-off or retrenchment.
Strike and Lockout - Legal and illegal strikes and lockouts,
Justified and unjustified strikes and lockouts, Strike and lockout in public utility services and other industries, Distinction between
lockout and closure, strike and lockout.
Industrial Relations and Trade Unions
Concept of Industrial Relations - Factors affecting industrial
relations, the importance of Industrial Relations, Collective
bargaining;
International Labour Organisation: Genesis, development and
dimensions, aims, and objectives, Organs of the International
Labour Organisation; Role of the Trade Unions in Modern
Industrial Society of India - Trade Union of Employers and
Workers, their forms and types in India.
principles of reinforcement and Motivation- Types of motivation-Theories of motivation-Requirements of sound motivation-methods of motivating people in the organization; job satisfaction and working environment, work design
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Industrial Psychology Unit 1
1.
2.
3. What is psychology?
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior,
according to the American Psychological Association.
It is the study of the mind, how it works, and how it
affects behavior.
4.
5. Branches of psychology
Clinical psychology
Clinical psychology integrates science, theory, and practice in
order to understand, predict and relieve problems with
adjustment, disability, and discomfort. It promotes adaption,
adjustment, and personal development.
A clinical psychologist concentrates on the intellectual,
emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral
aspects of human performance throughout a person's life, across
varying cultures and socioeconomic levels.
6. Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology investigates internal mental processes,
such as problem solving, memory, learning, and language. It
looks at how people think, perceive, communicate, remember,
and learn. It is closely related to neuroscience, philosophy, and
linguistics.
Cognitive psychologists look at how people acquire, process, and
store information.
Practical applications include how to improve memory, increase
the accuracy of decision-making, or how to set up educational
programs to boost learning.
7. Developmental psychology
This is the scientific study of systematic psychological
changes that a person experiences over the life span,
often referred to as human development.
It focuses not only on infants and young children but
also teenagers, adults, and older people.
Factors include motor skills, problem solving, moral
understanding, acquiring language, emotions,
personality, self-concept, and identity formation.
8. Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology looks at how human
behavior, for example language, has been affected by
psychological adjustments during evolution.
An evolutionary psychologist believes that many human
psychological traits are adaptive in that they have
enabled us to survive over thousands of years.
9. Forensic psychology
Forensic psychology involves applying psychology to criminal
investigation and the law.
A forensic psychologist practices psychology as a science within
the criminal justice system and civil courts.
It involves assessing the psychological factors that might
influence a case or behavior and presenting the findings in court.
10. Health psychology
Health psychology is also called behavioral medicine or
medical psychology.
It observes how behavior, biology, and social context
influence illness and health.
11. Neuropsychology
Neuropsychology looks at the structure and function of
the brain in relation to behaviors and psychological
processes. A neuropsychology may be involved if a
condition involves lesions in the brain, and assessments
that involve recording electrical activity in the brain.
12. Occupational psychology
In a corporate setting, a psychologist can help boost
productivity and enhance employee retention.
Occupational or organizational psychologists are involved in
assessing and making recommendations about the performance
of people at work and in training.
They help companies to find more effective ways to function,
and to understand how people and groups behave at work.
This information can help improve effectiveness, efficiency, job
satisfaction, and employee retention.
13. Social psychology
Social psychology uses scientific methods to understand how
social influences impact human behavior. It seeks to explain
how feelings, behavior, and thoughts are influenced by the
actual, imagined or implied presence of other people.
A social psychologist looks at group behavior, social perception,
non-verbal behavior, conformity, aggression, prejudice, and
leadership.
Social perception and social interaction are seen as key to
understanding social behavior.
14. Science of Psychology
The science of psychology benefits society and enhances our
lives.
Psychologists examine the relationships between brain function
and behavior, and the environment and behavior, applying what
they learn to illuminate our understanding and improve the
world around us.
15. Individual psychology, body of theories of the Austrian
psychiatrist Alfred Adler, who held that the main motives of
human thought and behavior are individual man’s striving for
superiority and power, partly in compensation for his feeling of
inferiority.
Every individual, in this view, is unique, and his personality
structure—including his unique goal and ways of striving for it—
finds expression in his style of life, this life-style being the product
of his own creativity.
Nevertheless, the individual cannot be considered apart from
society; all important problems, including problems of general
human relations, occupation, and love, are social.
16. Individual differences
Individual differences stand for the variation or deviations among
individuals in regard to a single characteristic or number of
characteristics.
It is stand for those differences which in their totality distinguish
one individual from another. So, we can say that individual
differences is the differences among humans that distinguish or
separate them from one another and makes one as a single unique
individual.
17.
18. TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Differences in Interest
Interest may refer as a motivating force that impels us to attend to
a person, a thing, or an activity. So in educational field differences
in interest means you observe some students like a particular
subject, teacher, hobby or profession than other.
Difference in Attitude
Difference in attitude is psyche related to some thing. Few
learners have positive attitude towards a specific topic, subject,
and profession than other. The role of education in society is to
develop positive attitude.
19. Difference in Values
Values are the things that are given importance by an
individual. Some learners value materialist life style other moral
or religious life style etc. So education must mould the mind of
young generation to have a balance values between materialism
and spiritualism.
Study Habits
It is clearly observable that some students markedly differ from
other students in study habits. Some students are studious and
study all the subjects with interest but other may not. Some study
in isolation and some in group.
20. Difference in Psychomotor Skills
Psychomotor Skill is related to some skill acquisition. Some
students differ in this area also. Some students like football,
other cricket, etc. Some students easily learn operating a
machine and some may not. A wise teacher should diagnose
students’ psychomotor skills abilities and encourage them in that
direction.
Difference in Self Concept
Difference in self concept is the totality of attitudes, judgment,
and values of an individual relating to his behavior, abilities, and
qualities. So some students have positive self concept than boost
their confidence level and perform better against those who have
negative self image.
21. Causes of Individual Differences
1. Hereditary (Nature)
Individuals have various endowments, abilities, and capacities
provided by hereditary. Which decide the path of progress and
development of an individual.
Hereditary also put limits upon individuals’ growth and
development in various dimensions.
Hereditary also contributes to sex, intelligence, and other specific
abilities.
22. 2. Environment (Nurture)
Environment also plays key role in individual differences. No
person from birth to death gets the same environment. Individual
differences occur on the basis of simulation received by
individual from his or her internal and external environment.
This may include family set up, peer group, economic statues,
education etc.
23. How to Study Human Behavior
The study of human behavior has played an important role in
improving the lives of people who have mental health and
behavioral disorders. It has also facilitated advancements in areas
such as early childhood education, organizational behavior
management, and public health.
24. Behaviorism: it’s the environment
Influenced by prominent thinkers like John B. Watson and B.F.
Skinner, behavioral psychology gained popularity between 1920
and 1950. With its focus on observable behavior instead of mental
states, behaviorism provided a systematic way to study human
behavior.
Behaviorists argue that behavior is learned in interaction with our
environment, and that all behaviors are learned through
experience
25. What is classical conditioning?
In his experiments with dogs, Pavlov paired the sound of a bell
(new stimulus) with the presentation of food (naturally occurring
stimulus). Eventually, the dogs started salivating when hearing
the bell, even when no food was presented (new association).
And voilà, new behavior is learned.
26. What is operant conditioning?
The second learning principle, operant conditioning, describes the
way our behavior is shaped by consequences. Specifically, it
states that reward and punishment can influence the likelihood
that behaviors occur again.
27. Social learning theory: it’s other people
Social learning theory was proposed in the 1970’s by Albert Bandura, who
believed that conditioning alone could not account for all behaviors. At its core,
social learning theory proposes that people learn from observing
others.
This observational learning does not only occur when observing another person,
but also when listening to descriptions of behavior or viewing symbolic models.
From very early on, this provides us with many learning opportunities.
Importantly, social learning theory emphasizes that behavior is also influenced
by mental states, like motivation or thoughts.
Another difference with behaviorism is that observational learning does not
necessarily lead to permanent behavioral changes. In other words, people
might learn new information without actually showing new
behaviors.
28. Relational Frame Theory: it’s our language
Relational Frame Theory (RFT) was developed in the 2000’s by
Steven Hayes, Dermot Barnes-Holmes and Brian Roche, and
builds upon classic behaviorism. What’s new in this theory is the
role of human language in learning new behavior.
Specifically, RFT researchers argue that language enables us to
learn new information indirectly. The key learning processes of
this theory are centered on relations between stimuli, or
relational frames.
29. What is Personality
Personality is the product of social interaction in group life. In
society every person has different traits such as skin, color, height
and weight. They have different types of personalities because
individuals are not alike.
It refers to the habits, attitudes as well as physical traits of a person
which are not same but have vary from group to group and society
to society, everyone has personality, which may be good or bad,
impressive or unimpressive.
30. It develops during the process of socialization in a culture of a
specific group or society.
One cannot determine it of an individual exactly because it varies
from culture to culture and time to time.
For example, a killer is considered criminal in peace time and hero
in war.
The feeling and actions of an individual during interaction moulds
the personality.
It is the sum of total behaviors of the individual and covers both
overt and covert behaviors, interests, mentality and intelligence.
It is the sum of physical and mental abilities and capabilities.
31. Types of Personality
Extrovert Personality
This type has the tendency to live mostly outside the like to live
with others. Those individuals are highly socialized and have
contact with outside people in the society. They want to join other
groups who are more in number. These type of people are drivers,
excessive drinkers, smokers, robbers, thieves, wicked persons etc.
32. Introvert Personality
Introvert is opposite to extrovert. Those people
are always live alone in their rooms and do not
want to go outside. They have their own
imaginary world. They are teachers, scientists,
thinkers and philosophers.
33. Ambivert Personality
Between extrovert and introvert personalities there is a third one
type called ambivert.
People belonging to this type enjoy both the groups and attend
them. They have middle mind and want to live in both parties.
Sometimes they join outside people but sometimes they live in their
own rooms.
34. Personality
Development Tips
Should be a better listener
Good conversation
Be positive in outlook and
attitude
More reading and building
interest
Should be a good courteous
Interaction with new people
Helpful to other people
Give respect if you want
respect
Confident about yourself
35. Five Personality Traits സ്വഭാവവിശേഷങ്ങൾ
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness: the quality of wishing to do one's work or duty well
and thoroughly.
Extraversion: It indicates how outgoing and social a person is
Agreeableness
Neuroticism: the degree to which a person experiences the world as
distressing, threatening, and unsafe.