Bunyaviruses.pptx
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Bunyaviruses are spherical, enveloped RNA viruses between 90-100nm in diameter that are mostly transmitted by arthropods like ticks and mosquitos. They replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells and consist of five genera. Laboratory diagnosis of bunyavirus infections can be done through serologic tests like ELISA, complement fixation, and neutralization tests. Rapid diagnosis is also possible through antigen detection and detection of IgM antibodies. Prevention measures include using insect repellent, maintaining general hygiene, and limiting contact with vectors.
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Bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a family of arthropod-borne or rodent-borne, spherical, enveloped RNA viruses. Bunyaviruses are responsible for a number of febrile diseases in humans and other vertebrates. They have either a rodent host or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.
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Bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a family of arthropod-borne or rodent-borne, spherical, enveloped RNA viruses. Bunyaviruses are responsible for a number of febrile diseases in humans and other vertebrates. They have either a rodent host or an arthropod vector and a vertebrate host.
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2. Antigenic types and Classification
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Indirect Rapid Immunohistochemistry Test (IRIT)
Immunochromatographic techniques
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slide 9 DNA and RNA viruses.pdf
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are herpes simplex viruses that cause lesions above or below the waist, respectively. They enter cells and transport their DNA to the nucleus to begin replication. Immediate early proteins activate transcription of early and late proteins. New virions exit the cell and can cause latent or recurrent infections. PCR and viral culture are used for diagnosis.
HPV can cause warts or cancers and has DNA genomes. Early proteins E6 and E7 inactivate tumor suppressors and may cause cancer. Types 16 and 18 increase cancer risk. Virions assemble in differentiating skin cells. PCR detects high-risk HPV.
Poliovirus is a picornavirus that causes paralysis. It enters cells and
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Neuroviruses. Rabies virus. Encephalitis.
This document discusses neuroviruses that cause encephalitis in humans, including rabies virus and arboviruses. It provides details on the classification, morphology, and pathogenesis of rabies virus, as well as methods for laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis. It also summarizes the general characteristics of arboviruses, focusing on encephalitis viruses in the Flaviviridae family, including Japanese encephalitis virus and Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus. Laboratory diagnosis of these viruses can be done through virus isolation in cell culture or animals, or serological methods like complement fixation test, immunofluorescence assay, and ELISA.
generalpropertiesofviruses-140309015013-phpapp02.pdf
Viruses are acellular organisms that replicate inside host cells using host cell machinery. They have either RNA or DNA genomes but not both. Viruses consist of a protein capsid that encloses and protects their nucleic acid. Inside host cells, viruses hijack the host's metabolic machinery and ribosomes to produce new viral components which then assemble and exit the cell. The viral life cycle consists of attachment, entry, uncoating, replication, assembly and release stages. Viruses are cultivated using techniques like cell culture, embryonated eggs and animal inoculation to study them and produce vaccines.
Influenza
Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses with segmented, single-stranded RNA genomes that cause influenza in humans and some animals. There are four main types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Types A and B cause seasonal epidemics in humans. Influenza A viruses bind to host cells using hemagglutinin and release from cells using neuraminidase. They replicate in the nucleus and bud from the cell surface. Seasonal epidemics are driven by antigenic drift, while pandemics arise through antigenic shift. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and causes fever, cough, and muscle aches. Diagnosis is through viral culture, rapid tests, or PCR. Vaccination and antiv
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Rabies is a fatal viral illness that affects the central nervous system. It is transmitted primarily through bites from infected animals. The rabies virus infects muscle tissue at the bite site and then travels along nerves to the brain. In the brain it causes inflammation and the formation of eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions called Negri bodies. Initial symptoms are nonspecific but later symptoms involve anxiety, hydrophobia and muscle spasms. There is no cure once symptoms appear and death usually occurs from respiratory failure.
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Bunyaviruses.pptx
- 1. Title
- 2. Submitted By: Muhammad Usama(062) Muhammad Ramzan(061) Muhammad Iftikhar(063) Submitted To: Dr.Rais Ahmed Course Title: Diagnostic Microbiology
- 3. General Characteristics Bunyaviruses are spherical 90 to 100 nm in diameter Single standard enveloped RNA viruses Mostly transmitted by arthropods e.g. ticks, mosquitos and sand flies
- 4. Consist of five genera: Bunyavirus Phlebovirus Nairovirus Hantavirus Tospovirus
- 5. Replication In endosome, viral glycoproteins facilitate membrane fusion at acidic pH, thus allowing bunyaviruses to uncoat and deliver their genomic RNA into host cytoplasm. Bunyaviruses replicate in cytoplasm where the viral polymerase L catalyzes both transcription and replication of the viral genome
- 6. Laboratory diagnosis Serologic tests used to diagnose bunyavirus infections include the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and complement fixation, fluorescent antibody, neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition tests.
- 7. Sampling: The virus can be isolated from blood(or from brain, liver, and other organs postmortem) during the viremic phase, but not usually after the third day of fever.
- 8. Rapid Diagnosis: Antigen detection system and detection of specific IgM antibodies are becoming available as mean of rapid diagnosis.
- 9. Preventions • Agricultural workers and others working with animals should use insect repellent on exposed skin and clothing. • General hygiene • Limiting contact with vector saliva, urine and feces