This document provides information on the building services systems for a domestic building project, including the electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, and rainwater/surface drainage system. It includes introductions and functions, components, operations, and relevant legal requirements for each system. Drawings and diagrams are provided to illustrate the systems, including a site plan, floor plans, roof plan, reflected ceiling plan, and schematic diagrams. The project aims to demonstrate understanding of applying appropriate building services systems in design.
The document discusses the key building service systems for a building project, including the electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, and rainwater/surface drainage system. It provides details on the introduction, components, operation, and relevant regulations for each system. The electrical system section specifically describes the TNB meter, consumer box, emergency lighting, ceiling fans, sockets, downlights, and switches. The water supply section covers the direct, indirect, and sump/pump systems.
The document provides a case study of the building services systems at PJ Trade Centre, a premier grade A office development in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It discusses the mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, mechanical transportation, and electrical supply systems. Specifically, it describes the ducting system at PJ Trade Centre, which uses exposed rectangular ducts ranging from 1m x 1.5m in size to convey supply, return, and exhaust air throughout the building. It also examines the extract ventilation, pressurization, and exhaust systems that aid the building's fire protection. Regulations from the Uniform Building By-Law and other standards are referenced.
The document discusses electrical installation in buildings. It begins by differentiating between single-phase and three-phase electrical supply, noting that three-phase is used for large buildings due to higher electrical loads. It then covers types of electrical wiring including open, hidden, and conduit wiring. Equipment used in electrical wiring such as fuses, earth circuits, and lightning conductors is also explained. Finally, common electrical symbols used in building plans are presented along with general safety guidelines for electrical work.
The document discusses the goals and principles of designing electrical installation and power distribution systems. It aims to 1) ensure safety, 2) minimize initial investment, and 3) maximize service continuity, flexibility, efficiency and power quality. The design considers factors like load locations and characteristics, sources of power, utility requirements and voltage levels. Low voltage distribution systems typically use star or bus topologies in a three-level scheme. Regulations in Malaysia govern aspects like supply voltage ranges and schemes based on maximum demand levels.
This document summarizes sources of electricity generation and electrical distribution systems. It discusses the three major classifications of power production: thermal, nuclear, and hydroelectric. It then describes how electricity is distributed from power stations at high voltages through transformers before reaching consumers at lower voltages. The document outlines different earthing systems used in electrical installations and components like meters, consumer units, and circuit breakers used for protection.
This document provides an introduction to designing electrical power systems. It outlines several key factors to consider, including safety, reliability, flexibility, maintenance, and cost. Safety of equipment and personnel is the most important design consideration. The system should also be reliable, easy to operate and maintain, and able to accommodate future load and equipment changes. Additional topics covered include power sources, supply systems, climate conditions, load calculations, and basic electrical theory concepts needed for design such as Ohm's law, voltage, current, resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
Building Services Engg. (Electrical installations)Ritesh Ambadkar
This document discusses the basics of domestic electrical installations. It covers:
- How single-phase 240V power is supplied to homes from the electricity board
- The two common ways power enters a building - underground duct or overhead supply
- How the supply passes through the meter and consumer unit to circuit breakers/fuses
- Typical circuits for lighting, power outlets, and high-load appliances like cookers
- Protection methods like insulation, earthing, and circuit protection devices
- Requirements for busbar systems in high-rise buildings to distribute power safely
- Recommended illuminance levels for different types of tasks and areas.
Electrical system design of garden project at belhaven (10 Storey High Rise B...Nithya Susan Varghese
High Rise Buildings require advanced System Design. Electrical System Design was done for a 10 storey building in Trivandrum. It included 2 floors for parking, 2 floors for Commercial purpose, 2 floors for Owner's Penthouse, and the remaining as residential apartments.
The document discusses the key building service systems for a building project, including the electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, and rainwater/surface drainage system. It provides details on the introduction, components, operation, and relevant regulations for each system. The electrical system section specifically describes the TNB meter, consumer box, emergency lighting, ceiling fans, sockets, downlights, and switches. The water supply section covers the direct, indirect, and sump/pump systems.
The document provides a case study of the building services systems at PJ Trade Centre, a premier grade A office development in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It discusses the mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, fire protection, mechanical transportation, and electrical supply systems. Specifically, it describes the ducting system at PJ Trade Centre, which uses exposed rectangular ducts ranging from 1m x 1.5m in size to convey supply, return, and exhaust air throughout the building. It also examines the extract ventilation, pressurization, and exhaust systems that aid the building's fire protection. Regulations from the Uniform Building By-Law and other standards are referenced.
The document discusses electrical installation in buildings. It begins by differentiating between single-phase and three-phase electrical supply, noting that three-phase is used for large buildings due to higher electrical loads. It then covers types of electrical wiring including open, hidden, and conduit wiring. Equipment used in electrical wiring such as fuses, earth circuits, and lightning conductors is also explained. Finally, common electrical symbols used in building plans are presented along with general safety guidelines for electrical work.
The document discusses the goals and principles of designing electrical installation and power distribution systems. It aims to 1) ensure safety, 2) minimize initial investment, and 3) maximize service continuity, flexibility, efficiency and power quality. The design considers factors like load locations and characteristics, sources of power, utility requirements and voltage levels. Low voltage distribution systems typically use star or bus topologies in a three-level scheme. Regulations in Malaysia govern aspects like supply voltage ranges and schemes based on maximum demand levels.
This document summarizes sources of electricity generation and electrical distribution systems. It discusses the three major classifications of power production: thermal, nuclear, and hydroelectric. It then describes how electricity is distributed from power stations at high voltages through transformers before reaching consumers at lower voltages. The document outlines different earthing systems used in electrical installations and components like meters, consumer units, and circuit breakers used for protection.
This document provides an introduction to designing electrical power systems. It outlines several key factors to consider, including safety, reliability, flexibility, maintenance, and cost. Safety of equipment and personnel is the most important design consideration. The system should also be reliable, easy to operate and maintain, and able to accommodate future load and equipment changes. Additional topics covered include power sources, supply systems, climate conditions, load calculations, and basic electrical theory concepts needed for design such as Ohm's law, voltage, current, resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
Building Services Engg. (Electrical installations)Ritesh Ambadkar
This document discusses the basics of domestic electrical installations. It covers:
- How single-phase 240V power is supplied to homes from the electricity board
- The two common ways power enters a building - underground duct or overhead supply
- How the supply passes through the meter and consumer unit to circuit breakers/fuses
- Typical circuits for lighting, power outlets, and high-load appliances like cookers
- Protection methods like insulation, earthing, and circuit protection devices
- Requirements for busbar systems in high-rise buildings to distribute power safely
- Recommended illuminance levels for different types of tasks and areas.
Electrical system design of garden project at belhaven (10 Storey High Rise B...Nithya Susan Varghese
High Rise Buildings require advanced System Design. Electrical System Design was done for a 10 storey building in Trivandrum. It included 2 floors for parking, 2 floors for Commercial purpose, 2 floors for Owner's Penthouse, and the remaining as residential apartments.
Building services engineers are responsible for designing, installing, and monitoring mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems in modern buildings to ensure safe and comfortable operation. This includes systems like HVAC, electrical power distribution, lighting, plumbing, fire alarms and more. Engineers must consider factors like building codes and regulations, load calculations, transformer and generator sizing when designing these complex building systems. Proper lighting design also requires considering illumination levels, fixture types and lighting controls.
Telecommunication Services for High Rise BuildingsPang Shuen
The document discusses telecommunication services for high-rise buildings. It introduces telecommunication systems and challenges in high-rise buildings like fire safety and efficient service. It covers applications like fiber optics and copper cables. It also discusses structured cabling systems, main distribution frames, telecom rooms, and network architectures. Finally, it examines potential problems like damage to cables, maintenance issues, and space shortages as well as examples of cable types. A case study on the Petronas Twin Towers elaborates on its sophisticated internal telecom infrastructure designed to support worldwide operations.
The electrical installation in a home begins at the electricity meter, which measures energy consumption. Individual power lines run from the meter to the control and distribution panel, which contains devices like the power control switch, automatic main switch, residual current device, and miniature circuit breakers to regulate circuits and protect against overloads. The number of circuits depends on the home's size and electrical needs, ranging from basic installations sufficient for common devices to higher-level installations supporting electric heating or air conditioning. Common circuits found in homes include single-point lighting, multi-point lighting, and grounded or ungrounded outlets.
This presentation includes Electrical services basic layout and basic terminologies related to electrical services and its also includes types of wiring and system of wiring....
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
This document defines and discusses various types of final circuits and their load estimations. It begins by defining a final circuit and outlet. It then discusses 7 types of final circuits: 1) circuits feeding fixed equipment or 2A sockets, 2) circuits feeding 13A sockets (BS 1363), 3) circuits feeding sockets (BS 196), 4) circuits feeding sockets (BS EN 60309-2), 5) circuits feeding fluorescent or discharge lighting, 6) circuits feeding motors, and 7) circuits feeding cookers. For each type, it provides details on load assumptions, cable sizing, and protection device ratings based on IEE guidelines. It also discusses diversity factor and defines maximum demand.
#Building wiring system#presentation#Wire is a single electrical conductor, w...Bint Shameem
#An “electrical power system” can be defined as a network of electrical components used to supply, transform, transfer and distribute electrical energy. An “electrical wiring system” instead, is responsible for powering specific elements within a system, that need electricity to work.
Guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings Vijay Kumar
This document provides guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings. It covers topics such as the electricity supply specifications, planning wiring work, features of electrical wiring including examples of lighting and socket outlet circuits, selection of cables and accessories, control and protection systems, earthing, and inspection and testing requirements. Safety is an important focus of the guidelines to avoid electrical accidents. Planning work includes determining load requirements, calculating maximum demand, and submitting plans. Wiring examples shown include single phase and three phase systems.
The document provides an overview of mechanical and electrical systems in building and land development projects. It discusses the roles of M&E engineers in the initial design process and obtaining necessary approvals from authorities. The document then covers several topics in more depth including: [1] the design of power distribution systems in buildings; [2] principles and goals of electrical system design; [3] low voltage distribution schemes; [4] statutory regulations; and [5] TNB supply schemes and maximum demand levels. It also provides introductions to mechanical systems including air conditioning, cold water, and building transportation systems.
The document discusses cable selection and wiring systems. It describes the components of cables including conductors, insulation, sheathing, armouring, and types. Factors that influence cable sizing are discussed such as current rating, ambient temperature, installation conditions, and protective device rating. The proper method for calculating cable size is outlined in eight steps. Guidelines for selecting the size of conduit and trunking to house cables based on cable and conduit/trunking factors are also provided.
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
This document discusses different types of electrical loads and wiring systems. It describes domestic, commercial, street light, agricultural, industrial, and other loads. It also outlines overhead and underground supply systems. Several wiring systems are covered, including cleat, casing capping, CTS, metal sheathed, and conduit wiring. Each system is described and their advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document provides information on selecting wiring systems based on factors like durability, appearance, cost, safety, and maintenance.
The document discusses electrical wiring systems used in buildings. It describes different types of wiring such as cleat wiring, wood casing wiring, CTS wiring, conduit wiring, and metal sheathed wiring. It covers topics like wire selection criteria based on current and voltage ratings, wire insulation materials, and Indian Standards for electrical wiring installations. Color coding of wires is also mentioned.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
The document discusses the design considerations for electrical installations. It covers topics like supply systems, distribution systems, conductors and cables, protection devices, earthing, and circuit breakers. The key points are:
1) Electrical supply systems are classified based on voltage into LV, MV, HV and EHV ranges. Distribution systems can be single or three-phase using 2, 3 or 4-wire configurations.
2) Selection of cables considers current rating, voltage drop and insulation ability to withstand temperatures. Stranded conductors improve flexibility. Fuses and circuit breakers protect against overloads, short circuits and earth faults.
3) Earthing is important for safety and connects earth terminals to electrodes buried in
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Electrical Plan Electrical System Electrical Design Marcep Inc.
The document discusses the basics of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. It covers key concepts like alternating current, step-up transformers, transmission lines, distribution substations, voltage levels, electrical units like volt, ampere, watt, power factor, tariff structures. It provides efficiency profiles at different stages of electricity supply system and definitions of various electrical terms. It also gives examples of payback calculation to improve power factor by installing capacitors.
Diploma i boee u 5 electrical wiring & safety and protectionRai University
This document discusses various types of electrical wiring systems including cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, casing and capping wiring, and conduit wiring. It describes the key factors to consider when selecting a wiring system such as durability, safety, accessibility, cost, and maintenance. Safety devices for appliances like fuses, switches, and earth wires are also explained. The document emphasizes the importance of electrical safety and describes precautions to prevent electric shocks.
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
Design considerations of electrical installations
Types of Loads
Estimation of load
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Electric supply system
Overhead supply system
Underground cable system
Selection of type of wiring
Durability
Appearance
Cost
Safety
Accessibility
Maintenance cost
System of wiring
This document provides definitions and information about electrical wiring accessories. It discusses different types of wiring systems used in residential and commercial buildings like cleat wiring, casing and capping wiring, conducting wiring, and C.T.S. or T.R.S. wiring. It also covers wiring accessories required for domestic wiring, curriculum for house wiring, types of conducting wiring, and advantages and disadvantages of different wiring methods. The document concludes with a summary of the electrical accessories market trends.
This document summarizes different types of electrical distribution and protection equipment, including fuses, fuse holders, circuit breakers, wires, switches, and wiring methods. Fuses contain a fusible element that melts when too much current flows, interrupting the circuit. Circuit breakers can be manually or automatically reset after tripping. Common wiring methods include cleat wiring, batten wiring, casing capping, and conduit wiring, which fully encloses wires.
This document is a student's project on building services systems for their design studio final project building. It includes sections on the electrical, water, sewerage/sanitary, and rainwater/surface drainage systems. For each system, it describes the introduction and function, operation, required materials and components, and relevant regulations. The electrical system overview includes components like the distribution board, electrical meter, switches, and lighting fixtures. The water system covers the cold and hot water networks, as well as components like the water tank, pipes, valves and boiler. The sewerage system discusses traps, gullies, septic tanks and vents. Finally, the rainwater system introduces surface drainage requirements for roofs and pavements
This document provides an overview of the building service systems for a proposed elementary school project. It includes sections on the electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, and rainwater/surface water management. For each system, it describes the key components, operation, and relevant regulations from the Uniform Building By-Laws. The electrical system will utilize a three-phase 480/277V power distribution setup. The water system includes components like meters, tanks and valves. Regulations control damp prevention, pipe sizing and placement. The sewerage system is governed by laws regarding waste disposal and ventilation. Roof drainage requirements and permissions for drain connections are also regulated.
Building services engineers are responsible for designing, installing, and monitoring mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems in modern buildings to ensure safe and comfortable operation. This includes systems like HVAC, electrical power distribution, lighting, plumbing, fire alarms and more. Engineers must consider factors like building codes and regulations, load calculations, transformer and generator sizing when designing these complex building systems. Proper lighting design also requires considering illumination levels, fixture types and lighting controls.
Telecommunication Services for High Rise BuildingsPang Shuen
The document discusses telecommunication services for high-rise buildings. It introduces telecommunication systems and challenges in high-rise buildings like fire safety and efficient service. It covers applications like fiber optics and copper cables. It also discusses structured cabling systems, main distribution frames, telecom rooms, and network architectures. Finally, it examines potential problems like damage to cables, maintenance issues, and space shortages as well as examples of cable types. A case study on the Petronas Twin Towers elaborates on its sophisticated internal telecom infrastructure designed to support worldwide operations.
The electrical installation in a home begins at the electricity meter, which measures energy consumption. Individual power lines run from the meter to the control and distribution panel, which contains devices like the power control switch, automatic main switch, residual current device, and miniature circuit breakers to regulate circuits and protect against overloads. The number of circuits depends on the home's size and electrical needs, ranging from basic installations sufficient for common devices to higher-level installations supporting electric heating or air conditioning. Common circuits found in homes include single-point lighting, multi-point lighting, and grounded or ungrounded outlets.
This presentation includes Electrical services basic layout and basic terminologies related to electrical services and its also includes types of wiring and system of wiring....
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
This document defines and discusses various types of final circuits and their load estimations. It begins by defining a final circuit and outlet. It then discusses 7 types of final circuits: 1) circuits feeding fixed equipment or 2A sockets, 2) circuits feeding 13A sockets (BS 1363), 3) circuits feeding sockets (BS 196), 4) circuits feeding sockets (BS EN 60309-2), 5) circuits feeding fluorescent or discharge lighting, 6) circuits feeding motors, and 7) circuits feeding cookers. For each type, it provides details on load assumptions, cable sizing, and protection device ratings based on IEE guidelines. It also discusses diversity factor and defines maximum demand.
#Building wiring system#presentation#Wire is a single electrical conductor, w...Bint Shameem
#An “electrical power system” can be defined as a network of electrical components used to supply, transform, transfer and distribute electrical energy. An “electrical wiring system” instead, is responsible for powering specific elements within a system, that need electricity to work.
Guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings Vijay Kumar
This document provides guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings. It covers topics such as the electricity supply specifications, planning wiring work, features of electrical wiring including examples of lighting and socket outlet circuits, selection of cables and accessories, control and protection systems, earthing, and inspection and testing requirements. Safety is an important focus of the guidelines to avoid electrical accidents. Planning work includes determining load requirements, calculating maximum demand, and submitting plans. Wiring examples shown include single phase and three phase systems.
The document provides an overview of mechanical and electrical systems in building and land development projects. It discusses the roles of M&E engineers in the initial design process and obtaining necessary approvals from authorities. The document then covers several topics in more depth including: [1] the design of power distribution systems in buildings; [2] principles and goals of electrical system design; [3] low voltage distribution schemes; [4] statutory regulations; and [5] TNB supply schemes and maximum demand levels. It also provides introductions to mechanical systems including air conditioning, cold water, and building transportation systems.
The document discusses cable selection and wiring systems. It describes the components of cables including conductors, insulation, sheathing, armouring, and types. Factors that influence cable sizing are discussed such as current rating, ambient temperature, installation conditions, and protective device rating. The proper method for calculating cable size is outlined in eight steps. Guidelines for selecting the size of conduit and trunking to house cables based on cable and conduit/trunking factors are also provided.
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
This document discusses different types of electrical loads and wiring systems. It describes domestic, commercial, street light, agricultural, industrial, and other loads. It also outlines overhead and underground supply systems. Several wiring systems are covered, including cleat, casing capping, CTS, metal sheathed, and conduit wiring. Each system is described and their advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document provides information on selecting wiring systems based on factors like durability, appearance, cost, safety, and maintenance.
The document discusses electrical wiring systems used in buildings. It describes different types of wiring such as cleat wiring, wood casing wiring, CTS wiring, conduit wiring, and metal sheathed wiring. It covers topics like wire selection criteria based on current and voltage ratings, wire insulation materials, and Indian Standards for electrical wiring installations. Color coding of wires is also mentioned.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
The document discusses the design considerations for electrical installations. It covers topics like supply systems, distribution systems, conductors and cables, protection devices, earthing, and circuit breakers. The key points are:
1) Electrical supply systems are classified based on voltage into LV, MV, HV and EHV ranges. Distribution systems can be single or three-phase using 2, 3 or 4-wire configurations.
2) Selection of cables considers current rating, voltage drop and insulation ability to withstand temperatures. Stranded conductors improve flexibility. Fuses and circuit breakers protect against overloads, short circuits and earth faults.
3) Earthing is important for safety and connects earth terminals to electrodes buried in
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Electrical Plan Electrical System Electrical Design Marcep Inc.
The document discusses the basics of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. It covers key concepts like alternating current, step-up transformers, transmission lines, distribution substations, voltage levels, electrical units like volt, ampere, watt, power factor, tariff structures. It provides efficiency profiles at different stages of electricity supply system and definitions of various electrical terms. It also gives examples of payback calculation to improve power factor by installing capacitors.
Diploma i boee u 5 electrical wiring & safety and protectionRai University
This document discusses various types of electrical wiring systems including cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, casing and capping wiring, and conduit wiring. It describes the key factors to consider when selecting a wiring system such as durability, safety, accessibility, cost, and maintenance. Safety devices for appliances like fuses, switches, and earth wires are also explained. The document emphasizes the importance of electrical safety and describes precautions to prevent electric shocks.
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
Design considerations of electrical installations
Types of Loads
Estimation of load
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Electric supply system
Overhead supply system
Underground cable system
Selection of type of wiring
Durability
Appearance
Cost
Safety
Accessibility
Maintenance cost
System of wiring
This document provides definitions and information about electrical wiring accessories. It discusses different types of wiring systems used in residential and commercial buildings like cleat wiring, casing and capping wiring, conducting wiring, and C.T.S. or T.R.S. wiring. It also covers wiring accessories required for domestic wiring, curriculum for house wiring, types of conducting wiring, and advantages and disadvantages of different wiring methods. The document concludes with a summary of the electrical accessories market trends.
This document summarizes different types of electrical distribution and protection equipment, including fuses, fuse holders, circuit breakers, wires, switches, and wiring methods. Fuses contain a fusible element that melts when too much current flows, interrupting the circuit. Circuit breakers can be manually or automatically reset after tripping. Common wiring methods include cleat wiring, batten wiring, casing capping, and conduit wiring, which fully encloses wires.
This document is a student's project on building services systems for their design studio final project building. It includes sections on the electrical, water, sewerage/sanitary, and rainwater/surface drainage systems. For each system, it describes the introduction and function, operation, required materials and components, and relevant regulations. The electrical system overview includes components like the distribution board, electrical meter, switches, and lighting fixtures. The water system covers the cold and hot water networks, as well as components like the water tank, pipes, valves and boiler. The sewerage system discusses traps, gullies, septic tanks and vents. Finally, the rainwater system introduces surface drainage requirements for roofs and pavements
This document provides an overview of the building service systems for a proposed elementary school project. It includes sections on the electrical supply system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, and rainwater/surface water management. For each system, it describes the key components, operation, and relevant regulations from the Uniform Building By-Laws. The electrical system will utilize a three-phase 480/277V power distribution setup. The water system includes components like meters, tanks and valves. Regulations control damp prevention, pipe sizing and placement. The sewerage system is governed by laws regarding waste disposal and ventilation. Roof drainage requirements and permissions for drain connections are also regulated.
This document provides information about electrical estimating and contracting. It discusses various concepts covered in the subject including interpreting electrical diagrams, preparing estimates for domestic, commercial, and industrial installations, and generating related documentation. It also covers electrical wiring diagrams, symbols, and safety practices for electrical work. Key topics include classifying electrical diagrams, defining wiring and circuit diagrams, converting between multi-line and single-line representations, and safety requirements specified in Indian electricity rules.
This document provides information on various topics related to electricity and electrical systems in buildings. It discusses different sources of electricity generation in India as well as defines key electrical terms like current, voltage, and electrical energy. It also describes components of electrical systems like transformers, overhead power lines, fuses, circuit breakers, meters, and earthing systems. Furthermore, it covers different types of electrical wiring and distribution systems used in residential buildings.
This document provides information on the building services systems for a domestic building project, including the water supply, electrical supply, sewerage and sanitation, and rainwater drainage systems. It includes descriptions of system components, relevant regulations, and diagrams of the proposed systems. Six technical drawings are attached showing the site plan, ceiling plan, floor plans, and roof plan with the layout and components of the different building service systems. The project aims to enhance understanding of applying appropriate building services systems in consideration of regulations.
This document discusses various topics related to tunnel engineering and automation, including:
- Smart tunnel projects and electrical surge protection requirements
- Causes of arcing faults and fire accidents in electrical systems
- Effects of surges in DC and AC systems
- Tunnel machinery, equipment, and monitoring requirements for tunnels in snowy areas
- Train control systems, rolling stock communication networks, and traffic support equipment
- Network connectivity and importance of traffic management
- Tunnel monitoring and risk assessment for safety
This document provides information on lightning protection systems for electrical installations in India. It discusses different lightning protection methods including simple rods, meshed cages, catenary wires, and early streamer emission (ESE) air terminals. ESE systems are presented as the best practice as they can protect large structures with a single terminal by generating an upward leader earlier than simple rods. The document outlines the components of an ESE system and provides an example of using one ESE terminal, two down conductors, and two earthing systems to protect an area. Standards for lightning protection in India are also mentioned.
The document provides information on smart hospital projects being undertaken in India. It discusses plans to build multi-specialty hospitals in major cities with modern infrastructure like power grids, building management systems, networking, data management, and patient information systems. It emphasizes the importance of electrical safety in hospitals through practices like maintenance-free earthing, exothermic welding, surge protection, and lightning protection. The presentation promotes JMV LPS Ltd.'s electrical safety products and solutions for smart hospitals and cities like copper-bonded grounding rods, jointing kits, lightning arrestors, and surge protection devices.
The document discusses smart hospital projects in India that incorporate various electrical safety and networking technologies. Key points include:
- India's plan to build multi-specialty hospitals in major cities with modern infrastructure, including power grids, backup generators, solar/wind power, building management systems, and networking.
- The projects will implement best practices for electrical safety such as maintenance-free earthing systems, minimized joints, surge protection, and lightning protection according to international standards.
- Various electrical equipment, medical facilities, water/waste systems, parking, and other infrastructure will be incorporated using smart communication and networking.
This document provides information on cables and cable termination for electricians. It defines key terms and lists common electrical conducting and insulating materials. It describes the construction and applications of PVC, PVC/PVC, and flexible cords. It also covers tools, marking, fixing, clipping, terminating cables, and the roles of electrical bodies and rules. The purpose is to familiarize electrician apprentices with cables, tools, and installation standards.
Fertilizer and Chemical Process Plant ,Food and Pharma , PDIL,EIL,Development Consultant India Pvt Ltd Tata Consulting Engineers;MECON;HURL,PLC and DCS Manufacturer /System Intergrators/EPC Companies Handling Electrical and C&I Projects.
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The document provides information on the building services systems for a domestic building, including the water supply, electrical, and sewage/sanitary systems. It discusses the components and regulations for each system. The water supply section describes the water meter, storage tank, pipes and valves. The electrical section discusses the meter, distribution board, switches and outlets. The sewage section outlines the underground drainage system and regulations from IWK. The document provides details on each system to demonstrate understanding of applying basic building services.
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The document is a lab manual that provides instructions and procedures for various electrical engineering experiments. It includes:
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A thorough study and analysis of the following services systems associated to the building, which are:-
i. water supply system
ii. electrical supply system
iii. sewerage, sanitary & drainage system
iv. mechanical transportation system
v. mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system
vi. fire protection system
The document discusses requirements for supplying electricity to a detached garage from a dwelling. It provides two methods: 1) running a cable from a spare circuit in the dwelling's consumer unit to a small consumer unit in the garage or 2) spurring a cable from the dwelling's ring final circuit. Both require RCD protection and consideration of any extraneous conductive parts like metal pipes. The electrical contractor must verify the existing installation can support the load and meets all safety standards before inspection, testing and issuing a certification of the work.
The document discusses construction solutions for a community library project in Kuala Lumpur. It proposes a saw tooth steel roof system to provide even daylighting. A composite steel frame structure is proposed for its durability and lighter weight. For the facade, a bifold vertical shutter system using timber louvres is proposed for the front to provide shading, and a perforated steel facade is proposed for areas requiring visual screening. Sectional drawings show structural details and connections between the proposed systems.
This document provides details on a group project to design a 3-storey apartment block using Industrialized Building System (IBS). It includes an introduction to IBS in Malaysia, the main IBS systems used, and details on the precast concrete system being implemented. Precast components discussed include hollow core panels, slabs, beams, columns, stairs, and toilet pods. The manufacturing process for these precast elements is also outlined.
The document provides details on a case study of the acoustic design of the Damansara Performing Arts Centre auditorium in Malaysia. It includes the auditorium layout plans, an introduction to acoustic phenomena like absorption, reflection and reverberation. It also discusses key considerations for acoustic design in auditoriums such as volume, seating arrangement and use of sound absorbers. Methodology details the equipment used like a sound level meter to collect acoustic data and analyze design aspects like shape and seating layout that could impact sound propagation.
This document provides an analysis of daylight and artificial lighting for two spaces - a projection area (Space A) and exhibition space (Space B) - within a proposed community library design. For each space, the document analyzes daylight factors, shadow casting, daylight contours, and artificial lighting requirements using lumen and PSALI methods. It determines that Space A receives sufficient natural light but Space B is quite dark and requires artificial lighting. Switching arrangements are proposed to adjust artificial lighting based on daylight levels. In summary, the document evaluates daylight and develops artificial lighting solutions for two key spaces in a community library design project.
Comparative Analysis: Theories of architectureJy Chong
This document compares the contact points of two streets - Medan Pasar in Kuala Lumpur and Tung Chau Street in Hong Kong. Medan Pasar has a rich historical and cultural context but its identity has faded due to an influx of migrants. Contact points are segregated by community group with different activities for tourists, local workers, and migrants including homeless individuals. In contrast, Tung Chau Street has stronger community ties as it is located between residential buildings and contact points are designed for local residents. The streets differ in urban form with Medan Pasar having a narrower scale and irregular layout while Tung Chau Street was planned with wider roads and public green spaces that attract more optional social activities.
Theories of architecture and urbanism reaction paperJy Chong
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The document provides calculations for the dead load, live load, and ultimate load on several beams (H'45, GJ'5, FC'5) in a building. It calculates the load contributions from slabs, walls, and the beam self-weight, then applies load factors to determine the ultimate load. It also calculates the reaction forces and draws the shear force and bending moment diagrams for each beam.
This document outlines the design of a reinforced concrete building structure. It includes an introduction describing the building as a residential bungalow for a school principal in Sibu, Sarawak. The design brief summarizes the assumed dead and live loads, including beam and slab self-weights, brick wall weight, and live loads for different rooms. The document also includes the structural proposal plan showing the layout of beams, columns, and slab. Detailed calculations of beam and column analysis are divided among group members.
This document contains plans for the ground floor and first floor of a building, including the layout of plumbing fixtures and drainage systems. The ground floor plan shows a one way two lane road and car park area outside the building entrance. Both floor plans include legends defining plumbing symbols like water closets, urinals, sinks, drains, and ventilation pipes.
Jalan Pudu is a historic district in Kuala Lumpur that dates back to the 1880s. It was originally a village but grew rapidly in the early 1900s as the neighboring Petaling Street became overcrowded. Jalan Pudu is known for its wet market, shops selling electronics, and traditional businesses. However, in recent decades some historical buildings have been demolished and gentrification has changed the community as newer commercial developments moved in. Efforts are needed to preserve the cultural heritage and unique character of Jalan Pudu.
This document provides details of a group project to create measured drawings and a model of the Old State Museum of Kedah building. The 16 student group members are listed, along with their student IDs. The document includes a key plan, location plan, site plan, ground floor plan, first floor plan, roof plan, and clerestory plan of the building at scales of 1:50, 1:200 and not to scale. Construction materials and dimensions are annotated on the plans. The starting and completion dates for the project are provided, along with those who drew, checked, measured, recorded and facilitated the plans.
The Kedah State Museum is located two kilometers from the town center of Alor Setar, Kedah. It faces the main road and is near the state mosque. The old museum and new museum buildings have similar features but different sizes and architectural styles. Traditional Malay houses and event halls are located on the museum grounds. The roof of the old museum has 12-star ornamentation that distinguishes it from other buildings.
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This document provides details of a student project to design and build a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design inspiration and concept, precedent studies, structural analysis, accessibility, components, materials, joints and connections, construction process, and final design. The design was inspired by the posture of a flying bird and consists of interconnected tetrahedrons and a cuboid structure. Structural analysis was conducted to ensure the design can withstand wind and rain loads. Construction involved building the floor, seat, and roof structures and connecting the components.
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This document defines key terms and formulas related to circles, including the circumference, diameter, radius, area, arcs, sectors, segments, chords, and semicircles. Circumference is defined as 2πr or πd. Area of a circle is πr^2. Arc length formulas are given for degrees and radians. Sector area formulas are also provided for degrees and radians. Formulas are provided for finding the length of a chord given the radius and central angle or radius and distance to the center. The perimeter and area formulas for a semicircle are defined as well. Examples are included to demonstrate the application of each formula.
The document summarizes a video about applying concepts of social psychology to a group project. It discusses how social loafing, stereotypes, optimistic bias, negative reinforcement, and attribution influence the group's dynamics and progress. Specifically, it provides examples of how some group members relied on others to do the work, stereotyped one member as lazy, dismissed risks by thinking they would not be the last to finish, changed their behavior after a warning from the lecturer, and were attributed to face consequences due to their own behaviors rather than external factors.
A stupid superhero tries to save a woman being attacked but fails and gets beaten by the bad guys. Though he loses, onlookers learn from his sense of justice and bravery. The incident is filmed and uploaded to YouTube, where other people watch it and become fans of the superhero, influenced by the video to see him as a role model.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Building services project2
1. BUILDING SERVICE (BLD 60903)
Project 2: Application of Building Services
Building Services Diary:
Electrical Supply System
Water Supply System
Sewerage and Sanitary System
Rainwater/ Surface Drainage System
Prepare By:
Chong Jia Yi
0320869
Tutor:
Mr. Azim
2. INDEX
A) INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
B) INFO AND DATA OF BUILDING SERVICES
1 Electrical Supply system
1.1 Introduction and function of electrical system
1.2 Components of electrical system
1.3 Operation of electrical system
1.4 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other relevant Acts, Laws or
guidelines
2 Cold water and hot water supply system
2.1 Introduction and function of water supply system
2.2 Components of water supply system
2.3 Operation of water supply system
2.4 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other relevant Acts, Laws
or guidelines
3 Sewerage and sanitary system
3.1 Introduction and function of sewerage system
3.2 Components of sewerage and sanitary system
3.3 Operation of sewerage and sanitary system
3.4 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other relevant Acts, Laws
or guidelines
4 Rainwater /Surface water drainage system
4.1 Introduction and function of rainwater drainage system
4.2 Components of rainwater/ surface water drainage system
4.3 Operation of rainwater/ surface water drainage system
4.4 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other relevant Acts, Laws
or guidelines
C) DRAWINGS
1. Site plan – access (1:200)
2. Ground floor plan – surface water drainage, sewerage layout (solid/waste water), sanitary
layout (1:100)
3. Roof plan – rainwater drainage system (1:100)
4. Reflected ceiling plan – electrical fittings, points layout, meter and DB layout (1:100)
5. Schematic diagram – Sewerage (solid/waste water) system (NTS)
6. Schematic diagram – Water supply system (NTS)
D) SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
E) REFERENCES
Introduction of project
3. This project is an individual assignment on application of basic building services. This is an individual
project to apply building services systems to a domestic sized building. This exercise requires us to
demonstrate our understanding on the application by producing technical drawings incorporating the
necessary building services.
The objectives of this project are to develop our understanding and knowledge of building services
systems in design and construction. This project also requires us to apply appropriate building services
system and solution for our Studio 4 design which is a specific design to demonstrate a comprehensive
understanding of applicability of specific building services systems in the design in response to practical
considerations. It also develops our ability to resolve issues related to specific building services systems.
1) Electrical Supply system
1.1 Introduction and function of electrical system
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and
use electric power. In Malaysia, the sole provider for electricity supply is TNB (Tenaga Nasional
Berhad). While coal, oil and gas as the main fuel used to generate the electrical power, renewable
energy plant such as hydropower (water) and biomass also introduced in Malaysia.
1.2 Elements of electrical system
A) LED Down light
A light fixture that is installed into a hollow opening in a ceiling. It concentrating the light in a downward direction,
appears to have light shining from a hole in the ceiling.
It is suitable for the school building as it provide ambient lighting in energy saving and economic way. It reduce
25% of power consumption compared to ordinary energy saving lamps, in addition, it have longer service life.
Therefore, the cost on electricity is reduced. Moreover, it contains no mercury and other harmful substances that
may lead to environmental pollution.
B) Ceiling fan
Diagram: Component of Downlight system Diagram: Installation of DownlightExample of downlight
4. A ceiling fan is a device suspended from the ceiling of a room, which employs hub- mounted rotating paddles to
circulate air.
C) Fluorescent Tube
A fluorescent light tubes are a low-pressure mercury-vapour gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce
light. It is more efficiently than incandescent lamps as the typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems
is 50–100 Lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output, but less
than that of a typical LED bulb. It produced diffused light which is good for even lighting without harsh shadows.
D) One way and two way Switch
To control electrical devices by making and breaking the electrical circuit
Example of two gang one way switch
Diagram: guideline for ceiling fan installation
Diagram: Ceiling fan wiring diagram
Example of fluorescent tube Component of fluorescent tube
5. E) Single switched socket
To allow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current (AC) power supply in
a building.
F) Electrical meter
From the service fuses, the electricity is fed to the TNB meter to measure the
usages in terms of Kilowatt. The Incoming fuse and the meter are the property of
TNB and tampering with them is a criminal offence.
G) Distribution box
It distributes electricity to various spaces in the building
Example of socket
Figure 1. Electrical meter
Example of distribution box
6. 1.3Operation of electrical system
From local utility company, electricity arrives at the building by a power line or underground though
a conduit. The building have three-wire service—two hot wires and one neutral. Throughout the
building, one hot wire and one neutral wire power conventional 120-volt lights and appliances; both
hot wires and the neutral wire make a 240-volt circuit for large appliances such as air conditioners
and electric furnaces. An electric meter is mounted where the electricity enters the building to
calculate the usage of electricity.
The main panel is usually right next to or under the meter. This is the central distribution point for
the electrical circuits that run to lights, receptacles, and appliances throughout the building.
A circuit consists of a hot (black) wire that goes from the main panel to a series of lights,
receptacles, or appliances, and a neutral (white) wire that returns to the main panel. A grounding
wire also returns to the main panel and, from there, to the earth. The purpose of the ground is to
divert electricity from any short-circuiting hot wires into the earth, preventing electric shock.
Subpanels in other area of the building, connected to the main panel, provide power to areas that
have a number of different circuits or large appliances, such as the kitchen and laundry room. They
also are equipped with a secondary set of circuit breakers for safety purpose.
1.4 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other relevant
Acts, Laws or guidelines
7. ELECTRICAL REGULATION 1994
Regulation 15.
Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc.
(1) Any apparatus, conductor or accessory for the purpose of connection to an installation shall
be sufficient in size, power and number to serve the purpose for which it is intended and
shall be constructed, installed, arranged, protected, worked and maintained in such a
manner as to prevent danger.
(2) A conductor shall be insulated and effectively protected or so placed or safeguarded in
such a manner as to prevent danger.
(3) A conductor which is neither protected by metallic sheath nor conveyed in a conduit shall
be protected by an insulating bush or tube, where is passes through a wall, partition, floor,
or the roof of a building or other structure.
(4) Every cable or metallic conduit in which cables are run can be buried in plaster provided
that the cable or conduit is of such material that corrosion of the cable or conduit will not
cause weakening of the insulation and consequent danger from leakage of current.
(5) A cable or metallic conduit in which cables are run may be buried in pure cement or
concrete.
(6) Any conductor or apparatus that is exposes to the weather, water, corrosion, undue heating
or used in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or
protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.
Regulation 16.
Switch, switchfuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc.
(1) Any switch, switchfuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker or isolating link shall be—
(a) constructed, placed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger;
(b) constructed and adjusted in such a manner as to and maintain efficient contact;
(c) provided with an efficient handle insulated from the system and arranged in such a manner
that the handle cannot inadvertently touch any live part;
(d) constructed or arranged in such a manner that it cannot accidentally come into contact with
any live conductor when left in the "off" position;
(e) constructed in such a manner that it cannot be left in partial contact with any live conductor;
and
(f) constructed in such a manner that an arc cannot be maintained when used for breaking a
circuit on load.
8. (2) Any circuit breaker or contactor used for changing a source of supply shall have poles which
include a pole for the neutral.
(3) Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be—
(a) constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it exceeds a
given value for a sufficient time to prevent danger; and
(b) constructed, guarded or placed in such a manner as to prevent danger of overheating, arcing
or from the scattering of hot metal or other substance.
(4) A fuse in subregulation (3) shall be either of such construction or protected by a switch so
that the fusible portion shall be readily renewed without danger.
2) Cold water and hot water supply system
9. 2.1 Introduction to water supply system
Water supply system provide water supply by a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic
components. Untreated raw water is collected from a surface water source such as an intake on a lake
or a river or from a groundwater source, for instance water well drawing from an underground aquifer
within the watershed that provides the water resource. It was then transferred to the water purification
facilities using uncovered aqueducts, covered tunnels or underground water pipes. The water is
distributed to buildings at various area after treatment at water treatment plant.
2.2 Elements of Water supply system
A) Water Meter
To measure the amount of the water that the building consume hence it affect the water billing
amount.
B) Gate Valve
It is a valve with a sliding part that controls the extent of the opening. Gate valves are designed for fully
open or fully closed service. They are installed in pipelines as isolating valves, and should not be used as
control or regulating valves.
Operation of a gate valve is performed doing an either clockwise to close (CTC) or clockwise to open
(CTO) rotating motion of the stem. When operating the valve stem, the gate moves up- or downwards
on the threaded part of the stem.
Water meter that located outside of the building
Example of gate valve
Diagram: Components of gate valve
10. C) Stop cock
D) Plastic polyethylene tanks
It used to store water that before it distribute water to various part of the
building. Plastic polyethylene tank is used as plastic is an inert material, it has
no chemical effect on the incoming water. The container is opaque to prevent
the exposure of stored water to sunlight, to eliminate the possibility of algal
growth.
E) Copper Pipe
Copper tubing is used for supply of hot tap water. It is joined using flare
connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper pipe is chosen
because it is non-toxic and does not corrode easily. The ductile quality of
copper pipes aid in to the integrity of the system as well as lowering
installation costs as it eliminate elbows and joints of the pipe
F)HDPE (High- Density Polyethylene) Pipe
HDPE pipes have long lifespan and service life about 50 years to
100 years, hence reduces investment costs in infrastructure
projects. It is flexible structure, although at the same time is
hard and highly resistant to abrasion. Moreover, fatigue
resistance of the HDPE is relatively high as instantaneous flow or
pressure differences does not cause fatigue. It is environmental
friendly as well as it does not make any degassing, which is
consistent with the nature contain harmful toxins.
A stopcock is a form of ball valve used to control the
flow of a water into the building. 22mm diameter
stop cock compression tap that made of brass is used
because of its durability.
Diagram: Example of brass stopcock
Example of plastic polyethylene tank
Example of copper pipe
Example of HDPE pipe
11. G)Water filter
It remove impurities from the water before it
distribute to different areas of the building.
2.3 Operation of water supply system
The water supply systems integrated use of 3 types of systems including the direct supply system,
indirect supply system and sump and pump supply system.
Fresh water is transmitted directly from the public water mains to households from the higher gradient
of slope to the building that at lower floors by means of hydraulic pressure inside the mains under the
direct supply system.
Under the indirect supply system, a water pump is used to draw water from the public water coming
from the ground level of the building, to the water tank located at the rooftop of the building and fresh
water drawn into the rooftop water tank is then transmitted to each of the spaces through a network of
sub-mains.
Under the sump and pump supply system, water is transmitted to the receiving end by fitting a
pressure pump to the supply water the area located at the higher part of building.
2.4 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other relevant
Acts, Laws or guidelines
UBBL 84
1) Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the dampness and moisture into a building
2) Damp proof courses where provided shall comply with BS 743 (material for Horizontal
D.P.C.)
UBBL 89
A chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the wall at the back of the chase
not less than 100 mm thick in external wall and not less than 100mm thick in a party wall and shall not
wider than 200mm.
Example of water filter that located
outside of the building
Diagram: Installation of water filter
12. UBBL 123
1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or to the
dimension of such ducts or enclosures shall be:
a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossing of
branches and mains together with support and fixings; and
b) Sufficiently large permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to
enable repairs and extension and modifications to be made for each or all of the services
accommodated
13. 3) Sewerage and sanitary system
3.1 Introduction sewerage and sanitary system
Sewerage system is the system of pipes, chambers, manholes, etc that aim to conveys sewage or
surface runoff such as stormwater, meltwater, rainwater to sewerage treatment plant. It comprise
components such as perimeter drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and screening
chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer. It ends at the entry to a sewage treatment
plant. It is the system of pipes, chambers, manholes, etc. that conveys the sewage or storm water.
3.2 Elements of sewerage and sanitary system
A) Manhole
Manholes is reinforced concrete chambers that constructed at suitable intervals along the
sewer lines for providing access into them. They are used to carry out inspection, cleaning and
removing obstruction in the sewer line. It allows joining of sewers or changing the direction of
sewer or alignment of sewer or both. It aid in ventilation of sewage as they allow the escape of
considerable gases through its perforated cover.
B) Septic Tank
Its’s main function is to receive all wastewater from the building, separate solids from the
wastewater flow to avoid reduction and decomposition of accumulated solids. Hence, it provide
storage for the separated solids including sludge and scum, then pass the clarified wastewater
(effluent) out to the drain field for final treatment and disposal.
Moreover, it provides a relatively dormant body of water where the wastewater is retained long
enough to let the solids separate by both settling and flotation. This process is often called
primary treatment and results in three products: scum, sludge, and effluent. Scum is the
substances lighter than water (oil, grease, fats) float to the top, where they form a scum layer.
Aerobic bacteria work at digesting floating solids. Sludge is solids such as soil, grit, bones,
unconsumed food particles settle to the bottom of the tank and form a sludge layer.
Effluent is the clarified wastewater left over after the scum has floated to the top and the
sludge has settled to the bottom. It flows through the septic tank outlet into the drain field.
Example of man hole
Diagram: Standard dimension of the manhole
14. C) Grease trap
Kitchen wastewater flows through grease trap before entering the sewer waste system. This
receptacle intercepts and captures grease in order to reduce the amount of fats, oils and
greases that enter sewers.
D) Vent pipe
Vent pipe is a pipe, attached to drainage pipes near one or more traps,
which leads to outside air to admit air or takes air away from the
drainage pipes and prevents the trap seals from being broken by air
pressure within the drainage
pipes.
Example of septic tank Diagram: the components of the septic tank
and the process of discharge wastewater
Diagram: The components of grease trap
Diagram: Location of vent pipe
15. E) Gully trap
F) P trap
P trap is installed under the sinks in the bathroom and kitchen
to traps debris that has drained from the sink and prevents it
from forming a clog deep within the plumbing system. It stops
sewer gases from passing into the home as well.
G) Floor trap
Floor trap is providing minimum 50 mm depth water seal to
prevent the foul gasses entering into the building. It usually
install inside the toilet and wet kitchen to collect wastewater
from the bathroom, wash area, wash basin, kitchen sinks.
H) Soil Pipe
A Soil Vent Pipe is a vertical pipe usually attached to the
exterior of a property.
It connect the underground drainage system to a point just
elevated from the roof guttering and carry waste from WCs,
showers, baths and sinks. It allows odours emanating from
the drainage system to escape into the air. It also serves the
additional purpose of allowing air into the internal drain
pipe system to prevent a siphoning affect from occurring.
Example of gully trap
Example of P-trap that made of steel
Example of floor trap
Diagram: Location of soil pipe
A gully trap is provided outside the
building before connecting to external
sewerage line. It also collects waste
water from the kitchen sink, wash
basins, baths and wash area.
It can prevent the foul gases entering
in to the building by providing water
seal has minimum 50 mm depth and it
also prevents entry of bugs and insects
from sewer line to waste water pipes.
Diagram: Detail of gully trap
16. 3.3 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other relevant
Acts, Laws or guidelines
Street, Drainage & Building Act 1974
Section 57
No water pipe, stack pipe or down spout used for conveying surface water from any preemies shall
be used or be permitted to serve or to act as ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.
Sewerage services act, Act 508
An act to amend and consolidate the laws relating to sewerage systems and sewerage services
throughout Malaysia for the purpose of improving sanitation and the environment and promoting
public health: and to provide for matters connected there with and incidental there to.
Law of Malaysia Act 133
Section 56
No pipe used for the carrying of rainwater from any roof shall be used for carrying off the soil or
drainage from any privy of water closet or any surface water.
Section 61
The local authority may erect or fix to any building such as pipes as are necessary for the ventilation
of the drains and sewer belonging to it
Water Service Industry Act 2006
Section 63
The government may direct the owner or management of any premise to install or construct a
private sewerage system or septic for the premises
17. 4) Rainwater /Surface water drainage system
4.1 Introduction of Rainwater /Surface water drainage system
Surface water comprise of rainwater which runs off roofs and paved areas as well as the water that
drains to the public sewer from activities such as car washing.
It is a requirement in building law that adequate provision is made for rainwater to be carried from
the roof of buildings. For instance, roofs must be designed with a suitable fall, which is minimum
1:80, towards either a surface water collection channel or gutter that conveys surface water to
vertical rainwater pipes, which in turn connect the discharge to the drainage system.
4.2 Components of rainwater/ surface water drainage system
A) Sump
A sump is a large pit lined with concrete or a
purpose made liner to collect water to be
pumped away, essential in collecting water
for some land drainage systems where the
area being drained slopes away from the
house drains or is installed on clay.
B) Rainwater downpipe – 200mm zinc
Rainwaters flows down the roof, into the gutters and then is
channelled down and away from the building’s foundation.
Zinc downpipe is chosen for its durability and resistance to
corrosion.
C) Gutter- 200 mm
Gutters serve a purpose to prevent water ingress into the
fabric of the building by conveying the rainwater away from
the exterior of the walls and their foundations. Hence, it
avoid water running down the walls that lead to dampness
in the affected rooms and provides a favourable
environment for growth of mould, and wet rot in timber.
Box radius standard gutter are used to incorporate the curve
roof design of the school. Ease of installation also one of its
advantages.
Diagram: Structure of sump
Diagram: structure of rainwater downpipe
Example of box radius gutter
18. D) Perimeter drain
A perimeter drain is a plastic or PVC perforated pipe that installed underground, around the
perimeter of the building. The perforations consist of thousands of tiny slits that allow water to
perforate to the underground pipe, and be drained away from the foundation of the building. A
mesh permeable covering serve a purpose to prevent soil from getting into the pipe. It is then
covered by a layer of gravel, and backfilled with soil. The water then carries water toward the
main sewer system through the weeping tile that slopes away from the home.
I) Vent cowl- Weatherproof TAVC10 (50mm)
Vent Cowls serve a purpose to provide air circulation through tanks
where water is piped directly into the top or side of the tank. It
designed to fit the top of toilet vent pipes, to reduce pan
syphoning.
In this building, vent cowl with 0.955mm stainless steel screen is
used to improve water quality at the same time allows the tank
water to breathe.
4.3 Operation of rainwater/ surface water drainage system
The roof of building shall be constructed with gradient in order to receive and drain rainwater to the
gutter. Then the rainwater channel to the perimeter drain via the gutter. After the perimeter drain
receive the water, it convey it to the soakaway underground. The flooring of the building are
designed to be perforated to discharge the water directly to the local water course.
Diagram: Cross section of the perimeter drain Example of the mesh cover of perimeter drain
19. 4.4 Specific clauses from the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) or other
relevant Acts, Laws or guidelines
Department of irrigation and Drainage Malaysia(DID)
DID and local authority are responsible for the drainage. Local authority is responsible for the
construction and maintenance of the local drainage system while DID is responsible for the rivers
which flow within and outside of the boundary of local authority area. For instance, flooding caused
by choked drains and culverts fall under the responsibility of the local authority, while flooding
caused by over spilling of drain and rivers due to inadequate capacity is normally responsibility of
DID.
UBBL 115
Roof Drainage
All roof of building shall be constructed to drain effectively and sufficient channel shall be provided
in accordance with the requirement of these law for receiving and conveying all water which may
fall on and from the roof
Drainage system
Under law 115
All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channel,
gutter, chutes, or trough which shall be provided in accordance with the requirement of these By-
laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and off from the roof
2) For buildings required to install SPAH, the design and construction of SPAH shall conform o the
following requirement:
a) Rainwater must not flow into the public water tank. Water from the public water tank can
flow into the rainwater tank subjected to it being equipped with one way non return valve
or the over flow pipe in the rainwater tank is located at least 225mm lower from the inlet
pipe to the rainwater tank
b) SPAH outlet /rainwater shall be clearly marked with ‘Not For Drinking or Bathing’
c) Gutters used shall have sufficient slop to prevent stagnant water
d) Rainwater pipe shall be in green colour.
20. Summary and conclusion
In this project, I had learned to identify relevant information related to water and electrical
supply, liquid waste disposal, sanitary and rainwater management system. Moreover, I had
deeper understanding to the planning of building services within the design and
construction peripheries. Last but not least, I am able to propose the most suitable systems
for a specific type of building upon finish this project.
Reference
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3. Hall, Frederick E. 1997. Building Services and Equipment. Volume 2. 2nd Edition.
4. Hall, Frederick E. 1999. Building Services, Technology and Design. 3rd Edition. Longman.
5. Stein, Benjamin & Reynolds, John S. 2000. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. New York,
John Wiley.
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water-bill/surfacewaterdrainage/
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