Building service-final-report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
CENTRE FOR MODERN ARCHITECTURE STUDIED IN SOUTH ASIA
(MASSA)
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) (ARCHITECTURE)
BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)
PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
TUTOR: Mr. SIVARAMAN
GROUP MEMBERS:
SAURABHA IYER 0320569
MUHAMMAD MUBARAK 0319984
MUHAMMAD NABEEL ALI JUMOON 0320583
GHAIDA RASHAD NOMAN 0315601
KIMBERLY WONG JIN SIEW 0315145

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Abstract
1.2 Acknowledgment
2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (MUHAMMAD MUBARAK, SAURABHA L.K IYER)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review
2.2.1 Components of Active and Passive Fire Protection System
2.3 Active Fire Protection System
2.3.1 Smoke Detectors
2.3.2 Triggers
2.3.2.1 Manual Call Point
2.3.2.2 Fire Intercom System
2.3.3 Alarm Bell
2.3.4 Central Command Centre
2.3.5 Fireman Switch
2.3.6 Fire Hydrant
2.3.7 Water Storage Tank
2.3.8 Sprinkler
2.3.8.1 Upright Sprinkler
2.3.8.2 Recessed Pendant Sprinkler
2.3.9 Fire Sprinkler Pump
2.3.9.1 Jockey Pump
2.3.9.2 Duty Pump
2.3.9.3 Standby Pump
2.3.10 Wet Riser and Hose Reel System
2.3.10.1 Wet Riser
2.3.10.2 Hose Reel
2.3.11 Fire Rated Automatic Shutter
2.4 Passive Fire Protection System
2.4.1 Fire Emergency Staircase
2.4.2 Fire Rated Doors
2.4.3 Signs
2.4.4 Emergency Lights
2.4.5 Access Consideration and Emergency Escape Plan
2.4.6 Fire Resistant Wall
2.4.7 Separation of Fire Risk Area

2.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (MUHAMMAD NABEEL ALI JUMOON)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature review
3.3 Case Study: Air condition system in Centro mall
3.4 Centralized air conditioning system
3.4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
3.4.2 Chiller
3.4.3 Cooling tower
3.5 Piping system
3.6 Fan Coil Unit
3.7 Split air-conditioning system
3.7.1 Outdoor unit
3.7.1.1 Compressor
3.7.1.2 Condenser
3.7.1.3 Evaporator
3.8 Duct system
3.8.1 Supply air duct
3.8.2 Return air duct
3.8.3 Exhaust air duct
3.9 Diffusers
3.9.1 Supply air diffuser
3.9.2 Return air grilles
3.10 Findings and Analysis
3.11 Conclusion and Recommendations
4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (GHAIDA RASHAD NOMAN)
4.1 Introduction
4.3 Case Study
4.3.1 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
4.3.2 Supply Ventilation System
4.3.3 Exhaust Ventilation System
4.3.4 Combined Ventilation System

4.4 Components of the Ventilation System
4.4.1 Axial Flow Plan
4.4.2 Ductwork
4.4.3 Supply Air Diffuser, Grille
4.4.4 Return Air Griller, Fan
4.4.5 Fire Damper
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (KIMBERLY WONG JIN SIEW)
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction
5.2.1 Codes and Standard Used
5.3 Elevators
5.3.1 Elevator Types
5.3.2 Traction Elevators
5.4 Centro Business Center Overview
5.4.1 Lifts Lobby
5.4.2 General components of an Elevator System
5.4.2.1 Fireman Lifts
5.4.3 External Components
5.4.3.1 Passenger Lifts
5.5 Emergency
5.5.1 Fire Emergency
5.5.2 Emergency Situation
5.5.2.1 Alarm Button
5.5.2.2 Control Room
5.6 Geared Traction Elevators
5.6.1 Machine Room
5.6.2 Geared Traction Machine
5.6.3 Safety Components
5.6.3.1 Air Conditioning
5.6.3.2 Smoke Detectors
5.6.3.3 Exhaust Vent
5.6.3.4 Emergency Lights

5.7 Escalators
5.8 Escalator Configuration
5.8.1 Escalator Basic Component
5.8.1.1 Landing Platform
5.8.1.2 Truss
5.8.1.3 Steps
5.8.1.4 Track
5.8.1.5 Railing
5.8.2 Safety
5.8.2.1 Skirt Deflector Brushes
5.8.2.2 Handrail Signs
5.9 Conclusion
5.9.1 Advantages
5.9.2 Disadvantages
6.0 REFRENCES

Our case study build is Centro mall, Klang. Centro Mall caters to
the shopping needs and conveniences of the surrounding
catchment. It is designed to provide shoppers a comfortable
and pleasant shopping experience.
Opened in 2005, the mall comprises of 750 car park bays with
more than 96 retail shops. Centro Mall has a diversified tenant
mix ranging from some of the finest dining in Klang to a fitness
center, family entertainment, branded and independent fashion
boutiques, warehouse sales, mobile service center, 24 hours
laundry services and much more! Come to Centro Mall to
celebrate your special occasion at our Let's Eat F&B area or
simply relax with friends with a drink at our Alfresco Street.
1.0 Introduction
FIGURE 1.1: CENTRO MALL

1.1 Abstract
The research report will be looking into the working of the services system in Centro Mall, Klang. The
services studied would be fire protection system, mechanical transportation, mechanical ventilation and
air conditioning system. Through analysis and synthesis on the components and the functions of the
systems in a building operation. A conclusion of these system will be generated through our
understanding of these service in regards to the Uniform Building- By- Law, Malaysian standards
requirements are well as other relevant rules and requirements
1.2 Acknowledgment
First and foremost, we would like to thank Mr. Eby and MS. Dashni the members of the management
team of the Centro Mall, Klang. We would like to thank them for their permission to study their building
and appreciate their time contribution in explaining us the working of the various systems. In addition,
we would like to express our deepest appreciation for providing us with all the guidance which helped
us complete our report on time. Nevertheless, we would also like to thank our tutor Mr. Sivaraman who
has been guiding us throughout the tutorial sessions. Last but not the least we would like to thank all
the group members who put in their effort to make this report a success.
FIGURE 1.2 GROUP PICTURE

2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
2.1 Introduction
Fire protection system are one of the most crucial system to be included in every building’s design and
construction. In the event of fire outbreak, the fire protection system will ensure that the building is
equipped and capable of controlling and extinguishing the fire. The fire protection system is divide into
two major components known as the active fire protection system (AFPS) and the passive fire protection
system (PEPS). These components are further divided into their individual sub-components, each with
different characteristics and function.
For this research paper we will study in depth of the chosen building Centro Mall, Klang to have a
deeper understanding of the fire protection system adopted by the commercial building which is an
upscale neighborhood shopping mall. Both active and passive fire protection system is being studied
here and compared to the rules and regulation set by fire and rescue department of Malaysia.
Fire protection
system
Passive fire
protection
system
Active fire
protection
system
FIGURE 2.1

Fire safety
Fire plays a vital role in our everyday life. However it is important to have appropriate building services
and regulations to control fire because of release of heat and products (i.e. smoke, toxic and
combustible products) are hazardous to life and properties. The two types of fire protection systems
are:
(A) PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Passive fire protection is the installation of products or system which when installed prevent the
passage of hot gasses and flame from passing between fire isolated compartments, by creating a fire
resistant compartment between rooms and floors, passive fire protection greatly slows the spread of
the fire from the room where it originated. These products and system do not require mechanical or
electrical activation and once installed require no maintenance.
(B) ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Unlike passive fire protection, active fire protection system interact with the surroundings. E.g. By
operating fans for smoke extraction, operating a fire sprinkler to control or extinguish a fire, or opening
a vent to allow assisted natural ventilation. Active systems are particularly useful in larger buildings
where it is difficult to ventilate central areas through natural opening such as windows, smoke and heat
extraction systems are often used.
Passive fire protection (PFP) in the form of compartmentalization was developed prior to the invention
of or widespread use of active fire protection (AFP), mainly in the form of automatic fire sprinkler
systems. During the same time. PFP was the dominant mode of protection provided in facility designs.
With the widespread installation of fire sprinklers in the past 50 years, the reliance on PFP as the only
approach was reduced.
Lobby groups are typically divided onto two camps favoring active or passive fire protection. Each camp
tries to garner more business for itself through its influence in establishing or changing local and
national and fire codes.
The relatively recent inclusion of performance based or objective based codes, which have a greater
emphasis on life safety than property protection, tend to support active fire protection initiatives and
can lead to the justification for a lesser degree of fire resident rated construction. At times it works the
other way around. As firewalls that protrude through the roof structure are used to “sub-divide”
building such that the separated parts are of smaller area and contain smaller fire hazards and do not
necessarily require sprinklers.
The decision to favor active protection versus passive fire protection in the design of a new building may
be affected by the life cycle costs. Life cycle costs can be shifted from capital to operational budget and
vice-verse.

THREE THINGS NEED TO BE PRESENT IN ORDER TO PRODUCE FIRE:
 Fuel
 Oxygen
 Heat to raise temperature
Fuel, oxygen and heat are referred to the fire triangle. Further clarifies the definition of
combustion by adding a fourth component which is chemical chain reaction, depicting the
concept of the rapid, self-sustaining oxidation reaction. The fire Tetrahedron depicts the growth
of ignition into fire. Therefore, by removing one of these components above, fire will
extinguish. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by removing one or more components of
the triangle.
Fig 2.2 Fire triangle

2.2.1 Components of active fire protection system and Passive fire protection system
A. Active fire protection system
1. Smoke Detector
2. Trigger (Manual Call Point and Fire Intercom System)
3. Sprinkler System
4. Fire Control Room
5. Fire Alarm Panel
6. Water Tank
7. Fire Sprinkler Pump
8. Wet Riser and Hose Reel System
9. Fire Hydrant
10. Fireman Switch
11. Fire Rated Automatic Shutters
12. Portable Fire Extinguisher
B. Passive fire protection system
1. Fire emergency staircase
2. Fire rated doors
3. Signs (exit)
4. Emergency lights
5. Access consideration and emergency escape plan
6. Fire resistant walls – fire wall
7. Separation of fire risk area

2.3 Active fire protection system
2.3.1 Smoke Detector
According to UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke detector for lift lobbies.
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or
photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close features which after thirty seconds of any
interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. It is widely
used in many places due to the fact that it is very useful as an active fire protection device and
at the same time, very easy to obtain. There are two basic parts to a smoke detector: a sensor
to sense the smoke and very loud electronic alarm to alert people. Smoke detector can run off a
120 volt house current or a 9 volt battery, it all depends on how the devices are planned for the
building.
There are two types of smoke detector, Ionization Detector and Photoelectric Detector:
1- The Ionization Detector
Ionization refers to the process where molecules become either positively or negatively
charged. Inside an ionization detector is an air-filled compartment where two electrodes in this
case, small, thin wires that conduct electricity are installed. A constant electric current passes
between these two electrodes in the absence of smoke. When smoke enters the compartment,
however, its particles become ionized, disrupting the constant electrical current between the
two electrodes. This sudden change triggers the alarm mechanism in the device. This type of
detector does a good job in detecting flames, but one drawback is that it's prone to triggering
false alarms because of its sensitive smoke detection process.
FIGURE 2.3 SMOKE DETECTOR

2- Photoelectric Detector
Inside this circular device is an enclosed space where, on one end, a beam of infrared light (or
light from a LED) travels unblocked toward the other end of the enclosure where a photo-diode
(a tiny, tubular component that turns light into electric current) is mounted. The light beam
does not hit the photo-diode; it is directed slightly away from it. However, when smoke is
present in the area, it enters the smoke detector and gets into the space where the light beam
and light detector (the photo-diode) are mounted. Smoke particles scatter the previously
straight light beam and cause some of it to hit the photo-diode. The photo-diode will then
convert the light into an electrical pulse that sounds the alarm. This type of smoke detector is
effective in detecting smoke coming from smoldering fires, but some reports show that it may
need substantial amounts of smoke particles to disturb the light beam before the alarm
mechanism is activated.

2.3.2 Triggers
2.3.2.1 Manual Call point
Manual Call point (Manual pull point or Break glass alarm) are used to allow building occupants
to signal that a fire or other emergency exists within the building. They are usually connected to
a central fire alarm panel which is in turn connected to an alarm system in the building, and
often to a local fire brigade dispatcher as well. Manual call points are used to initiate an alarm
signal, and operate by means of a simple button press. They can form part of a manual alarm
system or an automatic alarm system. There will be an indicator on the monitoring unit for
visual indication to locate the call point easily, and there should be a visual identifier of the unit
which triggered the alarm, typically a mechanical flag which operates on a latch and must be
manually reset, e.g. by a key.
Analysis
Break glass alarm are usually placed near the stairs to easily allow people to trigger the break
glass during the fire emergency.
FIGURE 2.4 TRIGGER

LOWER GROUND FLOOR BREAK GLASS ALARM DIAGRAM

2.3.2.2 Fire Intercom System
The Fire intercom system must be placed on every floor of the building. All the intercom system
are linked to the Master Console (remote handset station or Central command centre). The fire
control room will usually have a Master control panel and a remote handset to a system. When
the fire intercom system receives a call, the alert lamp will flash at the master control panel and
an audible signal can also be heard. There is also a fault indicator unit which is used to indicate
the type of fault from the master control panel.
Analysis:
The fire intercom system are mostly placed at the staircase, so in any case of emergency
immediate alert can be sent to master control console.
FIGURE 2.5 TELEPHONE BOMBA

LOWER GROUND FLOOR FIREMAN INTERCOM DIAGRAM
GROUND FLOOR FIREMAN INTERCOM DIAGRAM
LEVEL 1 FIREMAN INTERCOM DIAGRAM

2.3.3 Alarm Bell
According to UBBL 1984 Section 237: Fire alarms.
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule of these By- laws.
(2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding
9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with two stage
alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected
section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.
(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master
control.
A fire alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and warn people through
visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are
present. These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, and heat. They may also be
activated via Manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. It
functions by the means of an electromagnet, consisting of coil of insulated wire wound round
the iron rod. Once electric is applied, the current will flow through the coils. The rod will
become magnetic and attract a piece iron attached to the clapper. Once the clapper hits the
bell it will create a repetitive loud ringing sound.
FIGURE 2.6 ALARM BELL

2.3.4 Central Command Centre (Fire Alarm Panel)
According to UBBL 1984 Section 238: Command and control centre.
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control
centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade
communication, sprinkler, water-flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone
connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.
A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), or Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU), is the controlling
component of a Fire Alarm System. The panel receives information from environmental sensors
designed to detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and
provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to
prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply
electrical energy to operate any associated sensor, control, transmitter, or relay.
General requirement for fire control room:
 Control room dimensions should take into account the 5th and 95th percentile user.
 Adequate access should be provided throughout the control room. However, the layout
should discourage flow from general circulation areas to ensure that necessary lines of
sight are not obscured.
 Operational links between control room operators, such as communications and lines of
site should be considered during the design stage.
 Distances between workstations should mean that operators are not sitting within each
other’s intimate zones’. As a guide the minimum spacing distance should be between 300 -
700 mm.
FIGURE 2.7 CONTROL ROOM FIGURE 2.8 CONTROL ROOM

 Temperature and airflow should be adjustable. As a guide, ‘comfortable’ temperature
for office work should be between 18.3°C and 20.0°C with airflow between 0.11 and
0.15 m/s.
 Lighting should be such that it does not create veiling reflections on VDUs or other
reflective surfaces that require monitoring.
 The type of lighting should be adequate for the task i.e. for office work a lux (lux is the
unit of illuminance - measured using a light meter at the work surface) figure of
between 500 - 800 is suggested.
 The average noise level within the control room shall not exceed 85 dB (A) during the
length of the working day.
 Noise levels should not interfere with communications, warning signals, mental
performance (i.e. be distracting).
 All employees and contractors on site should know what each alarm means and what
the required response is, if the cause of the alarm has the potential to affect them.
Fire Control room facilities should include:
 Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator board with facilities for sounding and switching
off alarms and visual status indication for relevant fire pumps, smoke control fans, air
handling systems, generators and other required fire safety equipment installed in the
building depending on circumstances and the system present in each building.
 A telephone connected directly to the external exchange.
 The control console of the emergency warning and intercommunication system EWIS
 A blackboard or a white board not less than 1200mm wide
 A pin board not less than 1200mm x 1000mm
 A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plans
 A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board.


FIGURE 2.9 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE CONTROL ROOM FUNTIONING

2.3.5 Fireman Switch
According to UBBL 1984 section 253: Emergency power system.
(1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event
of failure of normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of system supplying power and
illumination essential for safety to life and property.
(2) Emergency power system shall provide power for smoke control system, illumination, fire alarm system,
fire pump, public address system, fire lifts and other emergency system.
(3) Emergency system shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency operation of all
equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other
lift.
(4) All writing of emergency system shall be in mental conduit or of fire resisting materials, insulated cables,
laid along areas of least fire risk.
(5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or
group of building concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting
and power will be available within 10 seconds of interruption of the normal supply. The supply system
for emergency purpose shall comprise one or more of the following approved types:
(a) Storage Battery
Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 87 1/2 percent of
the system voltage, the total load of the circuit supplying emergency lighting and emergency power
for a period of 1 1/2 hour.
(b) Generator Set
A generator set driven by some of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply
circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting
the prime mover on failure of normal service.
The fireman switch is a specialized switch disconnector/isolator. These switches can often be
seen on the outside wall of shops, industries or commercial buildings, and also usually placed in
the fire staircase area for high rise buildings. They are used by firemen to turn off neon lighting
or other electrical equipment in case of fire to prevent the overheated equipment from
exploding.
FIGURE 2.10 FIRMEN SWITCH

2.3.6 Fire Hydrant
According to UBBL 1984 section 225: detecting and extinguishing fire.
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarm
together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with requirement as specified on the Tenth Schedule to
these by Laws.
(2) Every building shall be served with at least one fire hydrant located not more than 9.15 meters from the
nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances,
additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
Fire hydrant installation consists of a system of pipework connected directly to the water
supply mains to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide
water to the firemen to fight the fire. The fire fighter attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then
opens a valve on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water. This user can attach this
hose to a fire engine, which can use a powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly
split it into multiple streams.
FIGURE 2.11 FIRE HYDRANT

2.3.7 Water Storage Tank
According to UBBL 1984 Section 247: Water storage.
(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation shall be provided in
accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tank within the building, other than for hose reel system, shall be located st ground,
first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installation where full capacity is provided without need for
replenish shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
The firewater storage tank is located at the basement level 1 in the fire pump room. The wet
riser system and water sprinkler system uses the same water. The volume of water contained
into the tank is sufficient to supply water to the whole building. During the fire emergency
water is transferred from the tank to the pump and the pump pressurizes the water to all
sprinklers. Similarly when the wet risers are turned on, the water flows from the tank to the
pump, pressurized upward to the wet riser, supplying water to those that are activated
FIGURE 2.12 WATER STRORAGE TANK

LOWER GROUND FLOOR FIRE PUMP ROOM DIAGRAM

2.3.8 Sprinkler
According to UBBL, 1984 Section 226: automatic system for hazardous occupancy.
When hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other
automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fire in the hazardous
material stored or handled of for the safety of the occupants.
2.3.8.1 Upright Sprinkler
Water is projected upward from the upright sprinkler and has a built in deflector that deflects
water downward. Water is sprayed in a circular motion because of the deflector. The upright
sprinkler are usually built in inaccessible areas such as mechanical room that contains
obstructions such as ducts or areas that lacks ceiling pipe to be built into.
2.3.8.2 Recessed Pendant Sprinkler
The recessed pendant sprinkler shoots water downward from the ceiling and shoots out water
in circular motion, just like upright sprinkler. These types of sprinklers are much more common
and are used in almost any type of rooms that are accessible such as office, corridors and lobby.
Since recessed pendant sprinkler is built on the ceiling, the connecting pipes will be hidden in
the ceiling to avoid unattractive appearance.
FIGURE 2.13a UPRIGHT SPRINKLER FIGURE 2.13b RECESSED PENDANT SPRINKLER

1 WATER STORAGE TANK
2 PUMP CONTROL PANEL
3 PUMP SYSTEM
4 PUMP SWITCH
5 FIRE SPRINKLER CONTROL VALVE
6 SPRINKLER HEAD
7 SPRINKLER DRAIN
FIGURE 2.14: DIAGRAM OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM
SOURCE: http://www.shahfiresafety.in/service.html

2.3.9 Fire Sprinkler Pumps
2.3.9.1 Jockey Pump
A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain pressure in the
sprinkler pipes. This is to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will be a pressure
drop, which will be sensed by the fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause the fire
pump to start. A jockey pump is sized for a flow less than the flow to one sprinkler in order to
ensure a system pressure drop.
2.3.9.2 Duty Pump
Duty pump pressurizes the water in the system in order to maintain the system in running
order when the pressure in the pipe goes down. However, in case of a fault where duty pump
fails to work, the standby pump will be activated automatically.
2.3.9.3 Standby Pump
Functions the same as the Duty Pump. When the Duty Pump is under maintenance or stop
working, the Standby Pump will act as a backup. Usually the Standby Pump can be controlled by
a control panel where it can be switched off manually.
FIGURE 2.15 FIRE WATER SPRINKLER PUMP

2.3.10 Wet Riser and Hose Reel System
According to UBBL 1984 Section 231: Installation and testing of wet rising system.
(1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5
meters above fire appliance access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
(3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimeters diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at a
pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least twenty four
hours.
(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeter instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose
not less than 38.1 millimeters diameter equipped with an approved types cradle and a variable for nozzle.
(5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from ground floor level to the roof and shall
be equipped with a three way 6.5 millimeters outlets above the roof line.
(6) Each stage of wet riser shall not exceed 61 meters, unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S but in no case
exceeding 70.15 meters.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 248: Marking on wet riser, etc.
(1) Wet risers, dry risers, sprinklers and other installation pipes and fitting shall be painted red.
(2) All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly
identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.
FIGURE 2.16 HOSE REEL SYSTEM FIGURE 2.17 WET RISE SYSTEM AND HOSE REEL SYSTEM

2.3.10.1 Wet Riser
Wet fire main water supply pipe installed in a building for fire-fighting purposes and
permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply, and fitted with landing valves at
specified points. In order to pressurize water from the water tank to the wet riser, the jockey
pump, duty pump and standby pump are connected to it.
1 PUMP SYSTEM
4 FIRE HYDRANT
FIG2.18 DIAGRAM OF WET RISER SYSTEM

2.3.10.2 Hose Reel
Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically
in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire. The fire Hose Reel is very
important component which is intended for the users of the building. All hose reels deliverers
much more water than portable extinguishers and given than it contains a large amount of
water source makes it a key device that could save many lives and the building in the fire
emergency. The hose length should be at least 45 meters made of reinforced rubber. The hose
reel can be found along the corridor most of the time.
2 PUMP SYSTEM
4 HOSE REEL
FIG 2.19 DIAGRAM OF HOSE REEL SYSTEM

2.3.11 Fire rated automatic shutters
The fire roller shutter door is designed to provide a fire resistant between different areas of a
building. It is made of steel ideally employed for applications where there are high risks of fire
or where open areas are able to channel the fire out. The main purpose of the fire roller shutter
dos is to prevent the spread of fire and damage to the building by giving it a barrier, whilst also
protecting certain areas of the building especially designated fire escape routes.
There are two types of operations:
Electrical operation: doors operated by a geared motor and handled in the main control room
Manual operation: actuation of the door is by manual hand chain. The door is left open and
left to close under activation from a fire.
At Centro Mall, Klang the rollers shutter was facilitated by a fire exit door beside it. The roller
shutter would automatically close in case of a fire and the occupant can exit from the fire rated
fire exit door. The fire roller shutter can hold the fire up to 1 hour within which the occupants
get enough time to get to safety
FIGURE 2.20 AUTOMATIC SHUTTER
FIGURE 2.21 AUTOMATIC SHUTTER FIGURE 2.22 FIRE ESCAPE BESIDE AUTOMATIC SHUTTER

2.3.12 Portable Fire Extinguisher
According to UBBL, Section 227: portable extinguishers.
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant code of practice and shall be sited in
prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of
the same method of operation.
A fire extinguisher, or extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or
control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control
fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route,
smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department.
Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing
an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
Centro Mall uses only type of portable fire extinguisher, which is dry-powder extinguisher. It
uses a specially fluidized and siliconized monoammonium phosphate powder. Often termed
‘mufti-purpose’ extinguishers as they can be used on flammable solids (such as paper, wood,
plastic etc.) flammable liquids and flammable gases (but it is NOT usual to extinguish the flame
of a gas fire). Also safe on live electrical equipment.
FIG 2.24 Source: http://www.health-safety-
signs.uk.com/
FIG2.23 Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher

2.4 Passive fire protection system
2.4.1 Fire emergency staircase
According to UBBL 1984 section 168 staircase.
(1) Except as provide for in by-laws 194 every upper floor shall have mean of egress via at least two separate
staircase.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape
purpose the remaining staircase shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any floor discharging
into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these bylaws.
(3) The required width of the staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimeters.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircase shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the
required width of the staircase or landing.
FIGURE 2.25 FIRE EXIT FIGURE 2.26 FIRE EXIT
FIGURE 2.27 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE FIGURE 2.28 FIRE EXIT DOOR

Analysis
The fire emergency staircase leads the occupants of the building to escape to a safer area or an
assembly area during a fire or an emergency incident. Based on the law, all building should
have at least two means of different exits that consist of separate exits or doors that leads to a
passage or other space giving access to separate exits in different directions. According to
standards, the thread of the staircase should not be more than 255mm and the riser should be
lesser than 180mm.

2.4.2 FIRE RATED DOORS
According to UBBL 1984 section 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls
(1) Fire doors of an appropriate FRP shall be provided.
(2) Opening in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FPR in
accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the ninth schedule to these by laws.
(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FPR of not less than half the
requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the ninth schedule to these by laws but in no case less
than half hour.
(4) Opening in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FPR
of half hour.
(5) Fire door including frames shall be constructed to specification which can be shown to meet the
requirement for the relevant FPR when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951
FIGURE 2.29 FIRE EXIT SIGN
FIGURE 2.30 FIRE RATED DOOR MARK
FIGURE 2.31 HINGE ON THE FIRE EXIT DOOR
FIGURE 2.32 FIRE EXIT DOOR SIGNS

Analysis
A passive fire protection system that provides fire resistance rating. The fire rated door can
delay the fire from spreading and is an ideal fire proofing device. Fire doors are usually built
along the escapes routes and fire escape stairs’ corridors to ensure safety while the occupants
are escaping the fire. All fire rate doors in Centro Mall, Klang are 1 hour rated. Most fire doors
are intended to be open at all times. Some fire door open with an electromagnet.

FIGURE 2.33 FIRE RATED DOOR CLASSIFICATION
SOURCE http://www.schuham.com/architectural-wood-doors/fire-rated.php

FIGURE 2.34 FIRE RATED DOOR INSTALATION
SOURCE
http://www.tsscuae.com/category?name=Door+%26+Frame+Details&catid=179
&sheet=19

2.4.3 SIGNS
ACCORDING TO UBBL SECTION 172: Emergency exit signs
(1) Story exits and access to such exit shall be marked by marked by readily visible signs and shall not be
obscured by any decorations, furniture or other equipment.
(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the
direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
(3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimeters high
with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red
against a black background.
(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy.
(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.
Analysis
Fire escape signage direct the path to safety area, usually to the outdoor or the assembly area.
It is located on top of the all the doors that lead to the outside of the building, and can be seen
with the word “KELUAR”. Emergency lights will be installed within the sign to provide light in
case the electricity source was cut off during a fire. The bright neon green color and big block
letters written on provides a clear signage too the occupants, thus during an emergency,
occupants will be directed accordingly to safety by following the sign and confusion will be
reduced.
FIGURE 2.35 FIRE EXIT SIGN FIGURE 2.36 KELUAR (EXIT) SIGN

2.4.4 EMERGENCY LIGHT
By the nature of the device, an emergency light is designed to come on when the power goes
out. Every model, therefore, requires some sort of a battery or generator system that could
provide electricity to the lights during a blackout. The earliest models were incandescent light
bulbs which could dimly light an area during a blackout and perhaps provide enough light to
solve the power problem or evacuate the building. It was quickly realized, however, that a more
focused, brighter, and longer-lasting light was needed. The modern emergency floodlight
provides a high-lumen, wide-coverage light that can illuminate an area quite well. Some lights
are halogen, and provide a light source and intensity similar to that of an automobile headlight.
Early battery backup systems were huge, dwarfing the size of the lights for which they provided
power. The systems normally used lead acid batteries to store a full 120-volt charge. For
comparison, an automobile uses a single lead acid battery as part of the ignition system. Simple
transistor or relay technology was used to switch on the lights and battery supply in the event
of a power failure. The size of these units, as well as the weight and cost, made them relatively
rare installations. As technology developed further, the voltage requirements for lights
dropped, and subsequently the size of the batteries was reduced as well. Modern lights are
only as large as the bulbs themselves - the battery fits quite well in the base of the fixture.
Analysis
Emergency lighting is normally required to function fully automatically and give illumination of
a necessarily high level to enable all users to evacuate the building safety during a fire
emergency. Most new buildings now have emergency light installed during construction. It is a
part of the fire safety facility of a building. A backup lighting will automatically come on when
the power supply to the normal lighting provision fails. If the emergency light failed to operate,
it may lead to sudden darkness and possible danger to the occupants, either through physical
danger or panic.
FIGURE 2.37 EMERGENCY LIGHT FIGURE 2.38 EMERGENCY LIGHT

2.4.5 ACCESS CONSIDERATION AND EMERGENCY ESCAPE PLAN
According to UBBL, 1984 section 178: Exits for institutional and other places of assembly.
In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with
staircase, corridor and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any
undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke
there from.
Analysis
Emergency floor plan are located in every single floor and are all drawn according to the plan of
that floor, usually located outside of the elevator, fire doors and for malls like Centro mall, the
plans are located are some intervals. Fire exit and emergency staircase must be stated very
clearly in the plan and every shortest possible escape route must also be stated in the plan.
During a fire emergency, occupants must always follow the plan in order to get to safety.
FIGURE 2.39 ANNOTATED FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 2.40 ANNOTATED FLOOR PLAN

2.4.6 Fire Resistant Walls – Fire Wall
Analysis
A firewall is a fire resistant barrier used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated period of time.
Firewalls can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire areas and are constructed in
accordance with the locally applicable building codes. Firewalls are a part of a passive fire
protection system. Fire barrier walls are typically made of drywall/gypsum board partitions with
wood or metal framed studs. They are typically continuous from a floor below to a floor or roof
above or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall, having a fire resistance rating
equal to or greater than the required rating for the application.
FIGURE 2.41 FIRE RESISTENT WALLS

2.4.7 Separation of fire risk area
According to UBBL 1984 Section 169: exit route.
No exit route may reduce in width along in path of travel from storey exit to the final exit.
Analysis
Based on the law in UBBL, the width of all escaping routes should be the same in size in order to
prevent occupants from escaping without sufficient human space. The separation of fire risk
area should be planned in the planning stage of the building to prevent the fire from spreading
quickly. By planning wisely the risk of fire can be reduced greatly.

2.5 Conclusion and recommendation
In conclusion active and passive fire protection system both play an important role to protect a
building during a fire breakdown. The overall system of the firefighting system is Centro Mall,
Klang complies with the UBBL by laws and is very systematic and has new machinery installed.
The new system is well updated and will avoid unwanted alarms with false alarm. Besides that,
the building also has updated their appliances following the requirement of bomba and every
core of the building is filled with fire appliances for the safety of the occupants. The overall
system in the building has a proper appliance which used for different function of the spaces to
ensure the safety of the occupants. There are no further recommendations that we could
suggest for the fire because the fire safety coverage are in the building is wide enough to
ensure the occupants safety.

3.1 Introduction
Air conditioning system is a mechanical way of cooling down the air temperature in a building,
by removing the heat, so as to provide the user with good thermal comfort and air quality. There
are different types of air conditioning systems, namely; Window air conditioner, Split air
conditioner, packaged air conditioner and central air conditioning system. These are used
depending on the size of the building.
Being a tropical climate, Malaysia is quite a hot country. In a lot of buildings, there is the need to
cool down the interior temperature so as to achieve thermal comfort. Mechanical ventilation and
air- condition are used when passive ventilation are not available.
The main use of an air conditioner is to cool down the temperature of a room. This involves the
science of heat transfer. This eliminates the heat from the room while keeping the air cool inside.
There are three basic components; compressor, condenser and evaporator. Usually the
compressor and condenser are located outside of the air-conditioned area while the evaporator
is located inside. The liquid used inside the air-conditioning system is called refrigerant. The most
efficient and popular refrigerant is the R-410A. It contains hydro-fluorocarbon(HCF) which is less
harmful to the ozone layer compared to CFC and HCFC which were found in previous refrigerant
types.
The evaporator turns the refrigerant to vapor. Once it is evaporated, it starts absorbing heat from
the room and leaves only cool air that will be sent to the room. The evaporated refrigerant is
them pumped to the outdoor unit. It goes through the compressor where the pressure of the
vapor is increased. The refrigerant is then able to move through the system to the condenser.
The condenser consists of coils in which the compressed refrigerant vapor goes through
Fig.4.2a
Source:
http://www.air-
conditioning-
and-
refrigeration-
guide.com/air-
conditioning-
circuit-and-
cycle-
diagram.html

3.3 Case study: Air conditioning system in Centro mall
The Centro mall uses two different types of air conditioning system. One is the central air
conditioning system which is used in large spaces of the mall like the atrium and the ball room.
The other type is the Fan-coil Unit air conditioning system which is used in the shops. Each shop
has their own FCU as they have to rent it and it allows more control on the temperature of each
room. As for the offices, split air conditioner is used because these are smaller rooms and also
require more control on the air temperature.
Fig.3.3.a Ground floor plan- Area covered by:
Central air conditioning system
FCU air conditioning system
Cooling tower
Chiller
Cooling water
pump
To AHU
From AHU
Fig.3.3.b
Chiller and
cooling
tower
control
system
Atrium shop

3.4 Centralized air conditioning system
3.4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
The AHU is used to control the circulation of air for ventilation
and air conditioning. The air is supplied, from the different
spaces throughout the mall, by ventilation ductwork. The air
delivered is filtered, to prevent any impurities to affect the
human health, and the temperature and humidity level is
controlled so as to achieve thermal comfort. The air in the AHU
is cooled down by the refrigerant coming from the chiller.
3.4.2 Chiller
The chiller that is used is a centrifugal type and it is located inside the building. Its main function
is to cool down the water that circulates through the system. It uses vapor compression cycle to
reject the heat from the water.
The evaporator, found inside, removes heat coming from the
chilled water. The heat is then used to change the refrigerant from
liquid to vapor.
The compressor, also found inside the chiller, consists of a prime
mover and a centrifugal water pump. By converting kinetic energy
into pressure, it increases the pressure and temperature of the
refrigerant gas, which can reach up to 200°F.
The refrigerant gas is sent to the condenser, where it is condensed
to liquid state by removing the heat from it. The heat raises the
temperature of the cooling water which is then sent to the cooling
tower to extract the heat.
The temperature of the chilled water can range from 2°C to 7°C.
The size of the chiller room is around 5% of the total floor area of
the rooms that need air conditioning. The height of the chiller room
is around 3.5m-4.6m, depending on the size of the machines.
Fig.3.4.2a- Components of the
chiller Source:
http://goo.gl/hIRxOr
Fig.3.4.1a- Centralized AC
system

Analysis: There are multiple chillers used (3 chillers on one floor) as per the UBBL. This allows for more efficient
cooling of the specific spaces in the mall.
3.4.3 Cooling tower
It is placed on the roof of the building. The heat from condensed water coming from the chiller is absorbed
and evacuated by the cooling tower. It is located on the roof of the building. The condensed water is
pumped to the top of the cooling tower. The condensed water, in the form of droplets, is then dispersed
uniformly, inside, on the cooling fins (Fig.4.4.3a). The fins help in cooling the water using air ventilation
that flows through it. The induction fan at the top extracts the heat from the interior of the cooling tower.
A certain amount of water is lost due to evaporation during the cooling down process. Therefore, fresh
water coming from a separate tank is introduced into the cooling tower. After being cooled down, the
water is sent back to the chiller and the process is repeated.
Fig.3.4.2b- Chiller
According to MS 1525:2007
Code 8.8.2:
Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a
single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load
Code 8.2.3:
Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capabilities exceeding
the design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or
otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit base on the required cooling load.

Cooling
fins
Cooled
water
3.5 Piping system
Pipes used and function:
CWS – Condensed water supply
Used to transport cool condensed water from the cooling tower to the chiller.
CWR - Condensed water return
Used to transport hot condensed water from the chiller to the cooling tower.
CHWS - Chilled water supply
Used to transport chilled water from the chiller to the AHU to cool the refrigerant.
Fig.3.4.3b- Cooling tower process
Source:
http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_
hvac/cooling_tower.html
Fig.3.4.3a- Water droplets flowing on the
louvres inside the cooling tower
Fig.3.4.3c- Fans of the cooling towers
Fan
Water pipe
According to MS 1525:2007, code 8.8 Balancing:
The system design should provide means for balancing the air and water systems such as but not limited
to dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.

CHWR – Chilled water return
Used to transport water from the AHU to the chiller for cooling it down.
3.6 Fan Coil Unit
The Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is used in the individual shops in the shopping mall. This type of air-
conditioning system allows more control of the air temperature in each shop. The FCU consists
of three main components; a finned tube coil, a fan and a filter. The process starts by the inner
fan which absorbs the warm air, from the room, into the FCU. The warm air first goes through a
filter so as to remove any impurity. While the warm air is going inside the FCU, it is mixed with
fresh air coming from outside. The fan then blows the mixed air through the fined tube coil. There
is chilled water, coming from the central plant, which flows through the tube coil. When the air
is blown through the coil, containing chilled water, it cools down to the temperature needed.
Then after a while, the air heats up, is absorbed into the FCU and the process is repeated. The
temperature of the air can be controlled by adjusting the speed of the fan and using a remote
thermostat. The thermostat will control the flow of chilled water in the tube coil to reach the
specific temperature.
The FCU uses a duct system which is placed at different places of the ceiling so as to provide a well
distributed airflow throughout the room.
CWR
CWS
CHWS
CHWR
Chiller
According to MS 1525:2007, code 8.6 Piping insulation:
All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent
excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation
under some conditions.

The type of FCU used in the shops. The multiple vents allow connection to multiple ducts that can be
spread across the room for a uniform air distribution.
3.7 Split air-conditioning system
This type of air-conditioning is used in the offices as these spaces are quite small and therefore
doesn’t require large air conditioning system like the centralized. It also allows more control on
the temperature of the air in the room. The split air conditioner consists of two main
components: The indoor unit and the outdoor unit. The two components are connected by
copper tubes. The indoor unit consists of a fan and an evaporator while the outdoor unit is a
compressor.
Fig.3.6a: How the air circulation works
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Chilled-Water-Fan-
Coil-Horizontal-Fan_60176766613.html
Fan
Fresh air
Fig.3.6b: Ducted fan-coil unit.
Source: http://www.evergreen-
environmental.co.uk/air_conditioning.html
FCU Duct work Diffuser0
Fig.3.6c: Position of FCU and diffuser in the shops

3.7.1 Outdoor unit: In the Centro mall, the outdoor units are placed in specific spaces so as not
to ruin the façade and the aesthetic of the mall (Fig.4.7.1b). Since there is a lot of air movement
in and out of the outdoor unit, most of the time heat, adequate free space is given to the unit
so as not to have any obstacle blocking the air flow. The
outdoor unit consists mainly of; a compressor, a condenser, an
expansion valve and a fan.
As soon as the thermostat inside the outdoor unit detects the
heat, it starts operating the compressor
3.7.1.1. Compressor
Considered the most important part of the air-conditioning
system, the compressor is used to increase the pressure of the
refrigerant gas before sending it to the condenser. During this
compressing process, the heat in the gas rises. The heat is
evacuated to the outside using a fan. The refrigerant’s pressure
is increased so that the thermal heat transfer process is more
efficient.
3.7.1.2. Condenser
The high pressure refrigerant gas goes into the condenser. The gas goes through a series of
copper tubing. This removes the heat from the gas and changes it to a liquid state. There are
aluminum fins on the condenser which helps cooling down the refrigerant at a much faster rate.
The heat released from the refrigerant is evacuated using a fan.
3.1.7.3. Evaporator
The high pressure, chilled, liquid(refrigerant) is then transferred to the evaporator system
through a tube. The evaporator is part of the indoor unit and it consists of copper tubing coil, in
which the refrigerant flows. The fan in the unit collects warm air from the room, filters it and
pushes it through a chamber containing the refrigerant. This cools down the air to the required
temperature. The cool air is then blown to the room. After absorbing the heat from the air, the
refrigerant’s temperature increases and it flows back to the compressor and the process repeats.
Fig.4.7.
1a
Compo-
nents
of a
split AC
Fig.3.7.1b
Outdoor
units of the
Split air-
conditioner
Outdoor unit
Fig.3.7.1b Level 15 floor plan(cropped)
Indoor unit

3.8 Duct system
Duct systems are used to carry cool air from the AHU to the spaces which needs to be air conditioned.
Another duct is used to bring the return air to the AHU. The air is distributed to the rooms through
diffusers, which is found at the end of the duct. The diffuser allows the cool air to be released in a greater
area. The shopping mall uses an all-air single duct type system. The material which it is made of is
galvanized steel. The duct, connected to the AHU is spread out through the atrium and corridors. This
allows an even distribution of cool air. A duct wrap insulation is used to prevent the cool air, flowing inside,
from heating up due to outside temperature. This increases the efficiency of the air-conditioning system.
UBBL 1996, section 41:
1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant building
bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the
discretion of the local authority
2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the
permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the
air conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air- conditioning system failing, not
less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the
enclosure during period when air conditioner is not functioning.
3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or air conditioned.
4. Where pennament mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or
corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule
to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting
shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
Fig.3.7.1c Indoor unit found inside the elevator
machine room. It is used to cool down the machines.

The duct system consists of 3 airflow type:
Supply air duct
The supply air duct is the one that carries cooled air
from the AHU to the spaces that needs cooling. The
supply system is an extended plenum system where
there is a main supply duct and several smaller ducts
connected along it.
Return air duct
The return air duct is used to take in the warm air of
the room and transport it to the AHU to be cooled
down. It uses a fan that takes in the warm air. The air
then goes through a filter so as to get rid of any
impurity.
Exhaust air duct
This duct is used to extract unwanted air (warm/polluted/impure air) from the interior spaces to the
outside. A fan is use for this process. It is used in places like machine rooms or in kitchens.
Fig.3.8a Duct system from AHU
Source: http://www.envirohygiene.ie/air-duct-
cleaning/
Fig.3.8b Ground floor plan show duct work and position of diffusers
for the centralized air conditioned atrium
Diffuser
Secondary supply
duct
Main supply duct

Analysis: The size of the ducts follows the UBBL as it is big enough for the required air flow, piping
and servicing. It has openings that allows the maintainer to perform servicing and cleaning of the
filters/fans/mechanisms inside the duct.
3.9 Diffusers
3.9.1 Supply air diffuser
The supply diffusers are placed at the end of the air supply duct. The diffuser helps in distributing the
conditioned air evenly by spreading it out in a specific area. It also decreases the velocity of the air
coming so as to prevent any discomfort. The diffusers decrease the noise created inside the duct and
therefore prevent any sound pollution that can disturb the space. There are different shapes of diffusers
like rectangular, square and round. The Centro mall uses square shaped diffuser in the atrium as it can
cover larger area of the space. Strip rectangular supply diffuser is used in the ballroom. It is evenly
placed across the room so as to provide better air conditioning.
UBBL 1996, section 123: Pipes and service ducts
1. Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or
conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be-
a. Adequate for the accommodation of pipes, cable or conduits and for crossings of
branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and
b. Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls
there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all
of the services accommodated.
2. The access opening to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to
enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
Fig.3.9.1a Square diffuser used in the atrium
Fig.3.9.1b Strip diffuser used in the ballroom

3.9.2 Return air grilles
The return air grilles are used to extract warm air from the room to the AHU. The air is extracted by the
fans found in the air grilles. The air then goes through a filter so as to get rid of any impurities, such as
dust. The filters need to be replaced each month so as not to affect the performance and efficiency of the
air conditioner.
3.10. Finding and Analysis
The room temperature in the Centro shopping mall is maintained at around 22°C-24°C
throughout the area. Therefore, the thermal comfort is achieved in this building. The ballroom
however did not completely meet the thermal comfort level due to the temperature of the air
being high inside. There was also not a good air flow and movement
3.11. Conclusion and Recommendations
The atrium and other large indoor spaces used centralized air-conditioning system which was
suitable for them due to the large area. The shops can each control the desired temperature to
According to MS 1525:2007
Code 8.1.2 Indoor design conditions:
In general, and individual feels comfortable when metabolic heat is dissipated at the rate at which it is
produced. The human body temperature needs to be maintained at a constant 37±0.5°C regardless of the
prevailing ambient condition. The higher the space relative humidity, the lower the amount of heat the
human body will be able to transfer by means of respiration.
Code 13a:
At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26°C), the acceptable air velocity would be in the region of 0.15
to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort cooling is recommended
to have dry bulb of 23 to 26°C. The recommended design relative humidity is 55-70%. The recommended
air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. according to department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum air
movement is 0.7m/s.
Fig3.9.2a Return air
grilles

achieve the thermal comfort. This was possible with the use of fan-coil unit air-conditioning. The
offices used split unit air-conditioning system which helped to control the temperature of each
room, since some of them have smaller volume, which would not have a balanced air
temperature if a centralized air-condition was used.
However, since some office spaces were quite big, using several split air conditioners (in the
same space) is not very effective and is not sustainable. They could have used a fan-coil unit air-
conditioner instead for those large office spaces. This would decrease the number of split AC
used and would be more effective and better for the environment.
The ballroom did not have a good air temperature and air flow, even thought it was a big space.
This is the result of the type of diffuser used. The Strip diffuser is too narrow to evenly blow the
cool air around the space. Having a square or round diffuser, placed all around the room would
help in cooling the air and achieving a good thermal comfort.
The air-conditioning system and the installation in the Centro shopping mall complies to the UBBL
and MS 1525. They have frequent checks and servicing and also a good control on the equipment
used for air-conditioning. They can control the air flow and air temperature.

4. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction
Mechanical ventilation is the process of exchanging air condition and quality in an enclosed space
where natural ventilation fails to occur. The system works by expelling the stale air containing
water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants to the outside and
drawing in outside fresh air. The system works to continuously distribute and circulate the
outside air throughout the building. Hence it provides fresh air, controls humidity and prevents
heat concentration inside the building.
This chapter of the report will study the mechanical ventilation system used in Centro shopping
mall. Its aim is to create an overall understanding of the types of systems used, their function,
components and operation. Uniform Building B- Laws (UBBL) will be used throughout the
research in relation to the analysis to check if the building’s mechanical ventilation system meets
the requirements and regulations.

The modern building materials and complex construction techniques used nowadays have made
houses increasingly tighter, this has prompted the need for mechanical ventilation. Mechanical
ventilation is vital inside a building’s space as an alternative to the unreliable natural systems. It
preserves O2 content & removes CO2, it controls humidity for human comfort, prevents heat
concentrations from machinery, prevents condensation and most importantly dispose
contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and body odours and provides fresh air.
The basic components of mechanical ventilation are the fan, filters, ductwork, fire dampers and
diffusers. Mechanical ventilation can be found in various systems depending on the function of
the space. The three types of systems are supply ventilation system, exhaust ventilation system
and combined ventilation system.
A supply ventilation system will draw in fresh outside air into the building with a fan, the supply
ventilation system pressurizes a building forcing inside air out through other openings in
the building envelope. The air intake should be located appropriately and away from the outlet
location where it will not draw back polluted air. To minimize energy use, fans should be sized
and controlled to move only the amount of ventilation air required. This type of ventilation
systems is the most effective and most economical way to introduce fresh air in to the building.
Exhaust-only ventilation consist of a fan exhausting indoor air containing moisture,
contaminants, odors, and stale air. The fan creates negative pressures into the space, hence
outdoor makeup air is then drawn into the openings in the building envelope or through
dedicated vents. Exhaust system is commonly seen on kitchens, toilets, basements, attics and
crawl spaces. They are familiar to occupants and have low maintenance requirements. However,
there are concerns of exhaust ventilation regarding the climate. Depressurized living space in hot,
humid climates, makes moist outdoor air pulled into wall cavities condense against cooled
interior wall when AC is operating, causing moisture problems and mold growth.
The combined ventilation system also known as balanced ventilation consists of both supply and
exhaust system. The system consists of two fans and two ducts. One that draws in outside air
into the building, and the other one extracts the stale interior air, resulting in roughly balanced
airflows. Balanced ventilation system need to be properly designed and installed so that it will
neither pressurize nor depressurize a building space. Rather, they will introduce and extract
approximately same volume of fresh outside air and polluted inside air, respectively.

4.3 Case Study
The Centro shopping mall uses the three types of mechanical ventilation systems as well as the
FCU in certain spaces. This is due to the different functions, location and specifications of the
spaces inside the building.
 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is used inside the shopping lots
 Supply System is used in the staircase.
 Exhaust System is used in the basement.
 Combined/Balanced System is used in the generator rooms and kitchen.
4.3.1 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
In Centro mall, the fan coil units are located in the shopping lots and are controlled by the
tenants. The fan coil unit (FCU) is a device which consists of a heating and cooling coil and fan. It
acts as a mechanical ventilation system that control and regulate the temperature in the space
where its installed. It is usually found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, suitable
for small areas due to its simplicity. They are more economical to be installed as they don’t use
ductwork.
Figure 4.3.1.a Red color marks location of FCU at the Ground Floor, Centro Mall.
Figure 4.3.1.b Red color marks location of FCU at the 1st Floor, Centro Mall.

The FCU at the Centro mall uses a two-pipe fan coil unit. This consist of one supply and one return
pipe. As Malaysia’s climate is hot and humid the supply pipe supplies cold water to the unit at all
times of the year. The FCU at the shopping lots are concealed and installed at the ceiling void.
Figure 4.3.1.c Fan Coil Unit FCU installation (Similar to Centro Mall).
Source: Sajd, 2013, http://www.slideshare.net/rabeet/upload-29590586
Figure 4.3.1.d Fan Coil Unit FCU at Centro mall shopping lots.
Supply air grille
Return air grille
Ms 1525 code 8.4.4.1, Office-hour control
“ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy
use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces
served by the system.”

4.3.2 Supply Ventilation System
Centro mall uses pressurized system in staircase. Pressurization system prevent smoke leaking
passed closed doors into stairs by inserting clean air into the stair enclosure. The pressurization
of staircase work as the fan located at the top of the staircase push the air through the gaps
around the door.
Figure 4.3.2.c Red color marks location of the staircase (air supply grille) at the Ground Floor, Centro Mall.
Figure 4.3.2.d Red color marks location of staircase (air supply grille) at the 1st Floor, Centro Mall.
Outside air
pushes smoke
back
Open Escape Door
Stair Pressurization Fan
Figure 6.3.2.b Air supply grille at the staircase area, Centro Mall
Figure 4.3.2.a Stair pressurization system.
Source: Krantz, 2011,
http://www.douglaskrantz.com/StairPressurizationFan.html
When there's a fire, clean outside air is forced by the Stair
Pressurization Fan into the stairwell. The pressurization is used to
push back smoke, keeping the smoke out of the escape route.

The air supply grille at Centro mall is located at each floor of the staircase area this is because
single injection system at one location can fail when few doors are open near the air supply.
In the event of fire, the fan operates to keep the stairwell smoke free. However, this can lead to
over pressurization in the stairwell chamber making it difficult for the doors into the stairwell
chamber to be opened. This problem is solved by installing mechanical pressure relief damper in
the stairwell wall.
The fire control room at Centro mall is located at the basement. The automated control panel at
the fire control room will detect the fire and control the fan for pressurized system. When a fire
is detected, the fan will automatically be turned on to pressurize the escape routes.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 202: Pressurized system for staircase
All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as
required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization –
(d) where the mechanical system to present smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatic by a
suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system.
Figure 4.3.2.e Pressurized system control panel. Basement, Centro mall

4.3.3 Exhaust Ventilation System
The exhaust ventilation system in Centro mall is used in the parking. The parking area at the mall
has partial natural ventilation due to the absence of some walls, therefore it uses the exhaust-
only ventilation. The exhaust system is responsible to extract the stale air and harmful gases from
vehicles through the ductwork. Fresh air is then naturally replaced through the openings at the
parking.
The Ductwork at the car park are evenly distributed through out, connected with mechanical
extraction at the end. a lower level extraction point is also found at the parking, mainly for
extraction of carbon monoxide and other pollutant gases. The extract of air is run by the fan room
which is located at the end of the parking area.
Figure 4.3.3.c Metal ductwork found at the ceiling level which channels the hot air from
basement to the fan room, car park, Centro Mall
Figure 4.3.3.d Extract fan, car park, Centro mall
Figure 4.3.3.a Axial fan to extract hot air, car park, Centro Mall Figure 6.3.3.b Low extract point, car park, Centro Mall

4.3.4 Combined Ventilation System
The kitchen, pump room and motor room at Centro mall uses the combined ventilation system
due to the absence of openings in the spaces, hence no natural ventilation.
Ventilation needs to constantly be under control for proper operation of the machines. The
lift motor room at Centro mall has no openings. If the space gets over heated it will affect the
operation of the equipment and controls. Therefore, the room uses the combined ventilation
system consisting of an exhaust fan and make-up air for continuous cooling of the room. In
addition to that the room also uses a split air conditioner for maximum cooling of the space.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning
Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage are not necessary if the
rooms are equipped with mechanical ventilation or air conditions.
In case of air-conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to introduce
fresh air into the room within half an hour.
Figure 4.3.4.a Extract fan, lift motor room, Centro mall Figure 4.3.4.b Supply air grille, lift motor room, Centro mall

A fire pump room is part of the fire sprinkler system’s water supply. In Centro mall it is located in
an enclosed space at the basement. Therefore, combined ventilation system is used to provide
adequate fresh air intake and room exhaust ventilation to meet the needs of pump room air
quality. If inadequate exhaust is provided in a pump room while an engine is running, the radiated
heat from the engine and exhaust pipe will increase the room temperature causing improper
operation of the engines. Therefore, the ventilation system needs to be regularly checked.
Figure 4.3.4.c Metal ductwork which channels
the hot air out, fire pump room, Centro mall

4.4 Components of the Ventilation System
4.4.1 Axial Flow Plan
An axial fan is a compressor that increases the pressure of the air flowing through it. Blades
rotating around an axis draw air in parallel to that axis and force air out in the same direction.
(Pelonis, 2015) The flow is axially, linearly.
Axial fan is used for high flow rate. They are mainly used in simple extraction or cooling
applications with low system resistance, such as moving air from one large space to another.
Axial fan works in conjunction with the centralized mechanical ventilation system. It extracts hot
air from the basement and channels it to the centralized system through a series of ductwork.
Axial fan extract air works efficiently under low pressure. Therefore, it’s chosen in the basement.
Figure 4.4.1.a Axial fan to extract hot air, car park, Centro Mall Figure 4.3.4.b Axial fan components
Source: Choudhury, 2012,
http://www.slideshare.net/SHIVAJICHOUDHURY/fans-in-thermal-
power-plants

4.4.2 Ductwork
Mechanical ventilation uses ductwork for air exchange. The required air flow includes supply air,
return air and exhaust air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring adequate indoor air
quality as well as condition comfort. The ductwork used is galvanized ductwork with fiberglass.
Galvanized steel is the most common material used in fabricating ductwork as it provides
insulation.
4.4.3 Supply Air Diffuser, Grille
Diffusers are designed to control the flow of air entering the space. They are located at the
edge of the ductwork where the air is being supplied into the room. They do not require any
generation of power and are used to slow the air’s velocity and to enhance its mixing into the
surrounding. Diffusers at Centro mall are concealed to either the ceiling or walls
Figure 4.4.2.a Metal ductwork found at the ceiling level which channels the hot air from
basement to the fan room, car park, Centro Mall
Figure 4.4.3.a Supply air diffusers found in the interiors of Centro mall

4.4.4 Return Air Griller, Fan
Air grilles and fans are designed to remove warm air from interiors at specific period of time to
prevent overheating. Grills installed are adjustable, allowing tenants to control the amount of air
going through and shut the room off so furnace cannot pull air out of it. A return air grille is
installed with a filter to trap smaller particulate materials preventing them to go through
ductwork. This limits the amount of cleaning needed and keeps the system running smoothly,
reducing the risk of clogs caused by dust and other materials.
4.4.5 Fire Damper
Fire damper prevent the passage of flame from one room to the other. It also serves to resist the
passage of flame. The device is installed in ducts and air transfer opening of an air distribution or
smoke control system. They are designed to close automatically upon detection of heat. They are
installed in or near the wall or floor, at the point of duct penetration, to retain the integrity and
fire rating of a wall or floor. (Knapp, 2011)
Figure 4.4.4.a Return air griller found in the interiors of Centro mall
Figure 4.4.5.a Containment fire & smoke damper with smoke detector
Source: Belimo, 2013, http://blog.belimo.com/Blog/bid/71397/Code-Required-Testing-of-
Fire-Smoke-and-Combination-Dampers

5. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM

5.0 Mechanical Transportation System
5.1 Introduction
The Vertical Transportation System is a mean of transportation used to travel between floors in a higher
building and it is a must to put into consideration when designing a building with more than one storey.
The type of vertical mechanical transportation systems that are widely used in this modern advancement
means of transport are the escalators and elevators are available for the use for the convenience of the
users to travel within the building thus allow goods or vehicle to be transported efficiently and safely,
there are also special designs of elevators that are used to serve the elderly and disabled are mostly found
in every modern building.
The type of Vertical Transportation System that are used in Centro Mall, Jalan Batu Tiga Lima, Selangor
are Gearless Traction Elevator System.
5.2.1 CODES AND STANDARD USED
The international law of book is the building laws that every architect and engineer has to strictly
apply to every of the buildings that are build. The strict laws that are imposed to every building
are from the UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAW 1984 and the codes given by the MALAYSIAN
STANDARD which are rules of the laws of Malaysia. Including the safety requirements that has set
as an international standard will be compared to the codes given by the international law of
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and International Code Council will be compared to set
as the required building standards to ensure safety of the users and the buildings.

5.3 Elevators
The job of an elevator is to serve as lifting equipment for two or more levels. The basic elevators should
include the following components.
A basic elevator will have the following components:
1. Car
The elevator car is the vehicle, mainly maid by metal boxes that travels between and stops floors
carrying passengers or goods.
2. Hoist way
Hoist way or elevator shaft is the space that is surrounded by fireproof walls that allows the
elevator to run smoothly between floors which includes equipment to manage the opening and
closing of the elevator doors.
3. Machine/drive system
There are generally three types of driving machines which are the gearless machine, geared
machine and drum machine that are used to movements of the direction and speed of the
elevators.
4. Control system
Elevator Control System which controls the elevator by the speed, acceleration, speed or delay
of the door opening, the travel between floors, the level of floors and hall lantern signals.
5. Safety system
The safety system which consists of the components in order for the elevator to run safely and
the components are Hoist way door interlock, progressive safety gear, over speed governor,
buffers, final limit switches and other safety devices and switches.
Figure 5.1 Layout of an Elevator Safety System
Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-safety-system.html

Figure 5.2 Basic Elevator Components
Source:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-two.html
Figure 5.3 Gearless Machines Component
Source: teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ME415/ME415_elevators.pdf

Figure 5.4Top View of an Elevator Shaft
Source:http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/File:Sigma_elevator_shaft.JPG
Figure 5.5 Elevator Control System
Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_CIj_yt46Bo/T4Ro6aG9ViI/AAAAAAAABnc/KJaHaPwBEsk/s640/cop.JPG

5.3.1 Elevator Types
Elevators types are classified by as stated below:
1. According to hoist mechanism.
2. According to building height.
3. According to building type.
4. According to elevator Location.
5. According to Special uses.
The 4 types of elevators that uses the hoist systems are as follow:
1. Hydraulic Elevators
2. Traction Elevators
3. Climbing Elevators
4. Pneumatic Elevators
Types of elevators that are classified according to the building height are as follows:
Low rise Building
(2-5 floors)
Hydraulic Elevator that goes from 2 to 5 floors as it is only for light use duty. This applies to limited
number of passenger, services and light goods or vehicles.
Low to mid rise building
(5-15 floors)
Geared Traction Elevators are suitable for carrying moderate to heavy loads, eg freight.
(4-20 floors)
Compact Gearless Traction Elevators are used to carry moderate duty with higher speeds and it imposes
loads on building structures until 500 fpm at moderate performance.
High-rise building
(12-100 floors)
Gearless Traction Elevators are used to carry both passengers and freight and use to carry heavy duty
weights at high speed with maximum performance.

5.3.1.1 Traction Elevators
Traction elevators are elevators that works where the car is suspended by the ropes which is driven by
the electric motor which also means that the ropes which pass over a sheave and run by an electric motor
above the elevator shaft. It performs at a much higher speed than at hydraulic elevators thus functions
more efficiently
There are 3 types of traction elevators:
1. Geared Traction Elevators
Geared Traction Elevators are elevators that contain a gearbox that attach to a motor at which
the suspended ropes are driven by the wheel which has the advantages of low cost and travels at
speed of 500 feet per minute.
2. Gear-less Traction Elevators
Gearless Traction Elevators are elevators which has the wheel attached on the motor. It is the
elevator with the highest cost and the fastest speed and performance up to 2000 feet per minute.
3. Machine-Room-Less Elevators
Machine-Room-Less Elevators are elevators that do not have a machine room above the elevator
shaft. It is the most commonly used elevator with the moderate cost and the highest speed of up
to 500 feet per minute.

5.4 Centro Business Centre Overview
5.4.1 Lift Lobby
Figure 5.6 Ground Floor plan indicating the lift placement of lifts
Lifts are placed in center to allow easy access of the users to the lift lobby. There are more than one lifts
placed orderly in a row for the convenience of the users to reduce traffic flow in the lift thus reduce the
waiting time of the users. The lift lobby should be large enough to accommodate enough people especially
during traffic hours.

5.4.2.1 Fireman Lift
Figure 5.7 Ground Floor plan indicating the lift placements of all lifts and location of Fireman Staircase
There is at least one fireman lift placed next to the passenger lift. The fireman will access through the
fireman lift and there are more than fire escape staircases are placed nearby to allow easy access for the
users during emergency and allow them to reach for the nearest safety. This also prevents overcrowding
and thus providing enough space to allow users to escape in shortest period of time.

5.4.2 General components of an Elevator System
5.4.2.1 Fireman Lift
Figure 5.8 Fireman Lift in Centro Mall
The fireman lift is located in a separate lift which is placed in a row just beside the other passenger lifts.
There is at least one fireman lift found in the lift lobby at which the row of lifts are centralized including
the placement of the fireman lift which provide shorter travel distance to the end of the furthermost floor
as can be referred in the floor plan in Figure 5.8 Ground Floor plan indicating the lift placements of all lifts
and location of Fireman Staircase.
.
According to UBBL 1974 Section 243. Fire lifts.
(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby.
(4)Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same
protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not
more than 61 meters travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

5.4.3 External Components
5.4.3.1 Passenger Lifts
Figure 5.9 Ground Floor Lift lobby of Centro Mall
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 124. Lifts.
For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift
shall be provided.
In the Centro Mall, there are 32 floors in height with 10 lifts altogether. This satisfies the requirement of
the law where this plan also serves as a convenience for users to minimize waiting time and prevent
overcrowding in one lift.

5.5 Emergency
5.5.1 Fire Emergency
Figure 5.10 Smoke Detectors At Lift Lobby Figure 5.11 Lift Control System in the Control Room
In Centro Mall has satisfied the requirements of fire safety, providing smoke detectors to the lift lobby in
every floor. The lifts will be force stop by the control room when detection of any fire or emergency at
diagram at Figure 5.10 Smoke Detectors at Lift Lobby and Figure 5.11 Lift Control System in the Control
Room.
According to UBBL Section 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or
photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any
interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a present time.

5.5.2 Emergency Situation
Figure 5.12 Elevator Ventilation Slit
According to the Malaysian Standard 2007.MS1525. Codes of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of
Non-Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Building.
The car shall be provided with adequate ventilation (of not less than 10 air change per hour with the car
door close during the period when the lifts are available for use. The ventilating fans or blowers must be
fastened in place and is located above the car ceiling or outside the car’s enclosure.
In Centro Mall, it is seen that the ventilation outlets are hidden by a perforated stainless steel openings
which enclosed the car thus providing adequate amount of ventilation during the operating hours of the
lifts.

5.5.2.1 Alarm Button
Figure 5.13 Car Operating Panel of Passenger Lift
The alarm button can be found in the Car Operating Panel(COP) of an elevator. The alarm button runs as
an alarm bell to alert the workers in the control room in the case of emergency. The alarm is supposed to
be hooked up to a battery circuit in case of power loss, so it will continue to work even though the power
is out.
5.5.2.2 Control Room
Figure 5.14 Car Operating Panel in the Control Room Figure 5.15 Call Information for Lift Service
This is located in the operating room where the operator can easily detect the faulty lifts where the digital
readings will state as ‘faulty’. The operator will call the service hotline for maintenance which is the details
provided above the Car Operating Panel.
5.6 The Geared Traction Elevators

The Gearless Traction Elevators are used in Centro Mall. It is a geared traction elevators that have a
machine room above the elevator shaft. These elevators typically operate at speeds up to 500 feet per
minute (2.54 meters per second) and maximum rise of about 90 meters. In a geared traction machine,
they have a gearbox attached to the motor. The gearbox is used to help to drive the wheel to move the
ropes. This design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce cost has high-speed unit unlike
low-speed unit like gearless ones.
Figure 5.16 Diagram of Typical Geared Traction Elevators
Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AH1TSx3Dl_w/T4RlER5BPyI/AAAAAAAABmM/-SuvOQ3lcsw/s1600/main+components+of+elevator.JPG

5.6.1 Machine Room
Figure 5.17 Lifts Machine Room of Centro Mall Figure 5.18 Diagram of Lifts Machine Room of Electric Traction Passenger Lifts
The type of elevator used in the Centro Mall is the geared traction elevator. The gearbox machine is
attached to a motor. The motor rotation is used to reduce speed and the amount of speed is reduced by
0.1 using the speed reducer that transmits to the traction sheave.

5.6.2 Geared Traction Machine
Figure 5.19 Geared Traction Machine in Centro Mall
Figure 5.20 Structural Diagram of Geared Traction Machine
Source:http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/elevators/images/traction_method.gif

Figure 5.21 Components of Typical Geared Traction Machine
Figure 5.22 Lifts Control System in Machine Room of Centro Business Centre

5.6.3 Safety Components
5.6.3.1 Air Conditioning
Figure 5.23 Air-conditioning Equipment in the Elevator Machine Room
The air conditioning system is to cool the machine and prevent them from overheating. The motor which
is temperature sensitive which runs through friction overtime will cause it to overheat. The air
conditioning is place above the motor to allow denser cold air to sink providing cool air for the machines
thus maintaining the temperature of the room within the safe-temperature range during the operations
of the elevator equipment.
According to International Code Council Section 3006.2. Venting.
Elevator machine rooms that contain solid-state equipment for elevator operation shall be provided with an
independent ventilation or air-conditioning system to protect against the overheating of the electrical equipment. The
system shall be capable of maintaining temperatures within the range established for the elevator equipment.

5.6.3.2 Smoke Detectors
Figure 5.24 Smoke Detectors in the Machine Room
According to International Code Council Section 3006.3. Pressurization.
The elevator machine room serving a pressurized elevator hoistway shall be pressurized upon activation
of a heat or smoke detector located in the elevator machine room.
The smoke detectors located in the machine room which serves as a pressurized elevator hoistway, it
detects smoke and heat which then pressurize the machine room to prevent the outdoor smoke or heat
to be transferred to the machine room which can be seen in the diagram at Figure 5.24 Smoke Detectors
in the Machine Room.

5.6.3.3 Exhaust Vent
Figure 5.25 Exhaust Vent in the Machine Room Figure 5.26 Non-combustible Ducts in the Machine Room
According to International Code Council Section 3004.2. Location of Vents.
Vents shall be located at the top the hoistway and shall open either directly to the outer air or through
noncombustible ducts to the outer air. Noncombustible ducts shall be permitted to pass through the
elevator machine room, provided that portions of the ducts located outside the hoistway or machine
room are enclosed by construction having not less than the fire-resistance rating required for the
hoistway. Holes in the machine room floors for the passage of ropes, cables or other moving elevator
equipment shall be limited as not to provide greater than 2 inches (51 mm) of clearance on all sides.
The purpose of the exhaust vent is to extract smoke during the case of fire emergency and limit the
migration of smoke in the machine room which prevents the damage of equipment. It is located directly
below the ceiling, through the advantage of design of the machine room, where non-combustible
ductwork should be provided. The non-combustible ductwork should be serves as fire-resistance-rated-
construction equivalent to the requirements set by the machine room which also functions to clear
passage of smoke in the machine room where the machine room has satisfy the requirements.

5.6.3.4 Emergency Lights
Figure 5.27 Emergency Lights in the Machine Room
Emergency lights are placed in the machine room in case of emergencies. When the common lights are
shut off, the emergency lights are turned on. This allows the workers to see their surrounding and to
also allow them to exit the room safely.
According to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Section 26 80 0. Elevator Electrical Requirements.
F) Lighting Required in Elevator Machine Rooms: Fluorescent light fixtures shall be provided in elevator machine
rooms(and machinery spaces when present). Lighting shall be adequate to work on all equipment without
shadowing. ASME A17.1.

5.7 Escalators
Figure 5.28 Escalator in Centro Mall
An escalator is another means of vertical transportation system which functions to transport users to get
to the next floor. The escalator requires more physical movements as an escalator which only can lead
the user to one floor above thus requires the user to walk from one escalator to the next to get to the
next floor. There are at least two escalators that are placed in every floor of both opposite ends in order
to serve as a convenience to limit walking time to the next escalator and prevent overcrowding of traffic
in one escalator.

5.8 Escalator Configuration
Figure 5.29 First Floor Plan of Centro Mall with Indication of Escalators
Parallel escalators are used in the Centro Mall which has side by side escalators placed by a distance that
goes up and down, in different direction for each side. As like in the floor plan in Figure 5.29 First Floor
Plan of Centro Mall with Indication of Escalator. This serves as convenience of travel for users in each
opposite ends of the mall which also saves time and enables users to directly travel to different floor
without walking a distance which also enable to control the traffic when there are large capacity of people
moving at the same direction.

5.8.1 Escalator Basic Components
Figure 5.30 Basic Components of Escalator
Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hNGnLNFdG4E/T5Q-VTY_xtI/AAAAAAAAB1Y/lUSE2SHQueo/s1600/esclator+sections.JPG
5.8.1.1 Landing Platform
Figure 5.31 Landing Platform of Escalator in Centro Mal
The platform of an escalator serves as a floor plate and a comb plate that is made from stainless steel,
where users stand before they step onto the escalator. The plate is where the machinery is hidden below
that runs the escalator. The landing platform is known as a walk-on plate where users step to enter or exit
the escalator. It is the origin and exit of the comb segments which comes along with the comb lights placed
above it. The plate is removable during the times of maintenance, inspection and repairs by authorized
service workers.
According to Oak Brook, IL International Council Code 120-3-27-.48 Permanent Platform.
(3) The platform shall have a non-slip surface.

5.8.1.2 Truss
Figure 5.32 Escalator Truss Section
Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o5Ex3HrMH3g/T5Q_2c_Q5-I/AAAAAAAAB1o/8sax45BjYCw/s400/truss.JPG
The truss of an escalator which shows as a structural frame of an escalator that is consist of metal structure
that is built to support the lower and upper landings. The structure which are consists of two sides of the
cross braces across the top and bottom. The truss which is divided to three parts they are the lower
section, incline section and the upper section.
5.8.1.3 Steps
Figure 5.33 Running Steps of an Escalator
Source: http://a.rgbimg.com/cache1nUkE3/users/n/na/nazreth/300/mlCAZrK.jpg
The Step Plate is the surface where passenger steps which made from aluminum plate with longitudinal
cleats on its surface to prevent easy slip on the surface where the stairs is the step riser adjacent to the
cleats which includes the yellow demarcation lines for safety.
Demarcation lines

5.8.1.4 Track
According to the diagram in Figure 5.34 Diagram of Escalator Landing shows the relationship between the
steps and the tracks at which how the movement of escalator and the changing of steps transform to the
flat portion overtime. The track system acts as a series of step chain which continuously circulate the steps
from the bottom to the top platform. The system consists of two tracks which are the step- wheel track
and the trailer-wheel track which forms a staircase. The steps are formed at right angle into a stair shape
by the straight section of the truss. The track descends to the underside of the truss before the escalator
reaches its landing.
Figure 5.34 Diagram of Escalator Landing
Source: http://gluedideas.com/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Volume-8-Part-2-Edward-Extract/images/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Volume-8-Part-2-Edward-Extract_Picture11.jpg

5.8.1.5 Railing
Figure 5.35 Railing of an Escalator in Centro Mall Figure 5.36 Handrail Assembly Diagram
Source:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GUsbcUle7OA/T5RC_7BErwI/AAAAAAAAB2Y/-4uXnGyaGq4/s640/handrail+and+newel.JPG
The railing is serves as a support for passengers as they are riding on the escalator. The handrail is pulled
along the track by a chain through a series of pulleys in the main drive.

5.8.2Safety
5.8.2.1 Skirt Deflector Brushes
Figure 5.37 Skirt Deflector Brushes
Source: http://www.liftop.com/en/images/perfect_04_clip_image002.jpg
This safety component is to prevent clothing of the passengers caught in the gap between the edges of
an escalator. The safety components made up of brush section which is a non-metallic brush that can
easily slides along the brush holder, the brush holder is made from rigid aluminum and the end caps which
is a low friction aluminum secured by tampered proof screws. The brushes is made from soft materials to
prevent damage when come in contact with the clothing of the passenger thus they are placed
downwards to prevent any unwanted liquids or dirt to enter.
5.8.2.2 Handrail Signs
Figure 5.38 Handrail Safety Siigns
Source: http://images.mysafetysign.com/img/lg/S/passenger-only-escalator-plate-sign-s-4751.png

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