Building service project1

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
ARC 2423 BUILDING SERVICES
PROJECT 1 CASE STUDY
ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING
SERVICES SYSTEM
GROUP MEMBER STUDENT ID
LIM JIAN JUN 0316867
TEH GIE ENG 0136179
LOO MEI CHUEN 0316379
EVIN LOOI JYNN 0311852
CHOONG WAN XIN 0316146
JOANNE BERNICE CHUA YUNN TZE 0315905

PROJECT 1 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM 2 | P a g e
INDEX CONTENT
1. ABSTRACT
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION – KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE
4. Fire Protection system
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature review
4.2.1 Fire safety
4.2.2 Fire protection and prevention
4.3 Active Fire Protection System
4.3.1 Heat detector
4.3.2 Smoke detector
4.3.3 Triggers
4.3.4 Alarm bell
4.3.5 Central command center
4.3.6 Dry riser
4.3.7 Fire hydrant
4.3.8 Pump room
4.3.9 Wet riser and hose reel system
4.3.10 Sprinkler
4.3.11 Carbon Dioxide (co2) suppression system
4.3.12 Fire extinguisher
4.4 Passive fire protection system
4.4.1 Fire wall
4.4.2 Fire rated door
4.4.3 Smoke curtain
4.4.4 Separation of fire risk area
4.4.5 Emergency exit signage
4.4.6 6 Fire emergency staircase
4.5 Conclusion and recommendation

5. Water Supply System
5.1 Literature Review
5.2 Introduction
5.2.1 Indirect System
5.3 Case Study
5.3.1 Overviews of KLPAC water supply system
5.3.2 Water Supply System Components
5.3.2.1 Water Main
5.3.2.2 Water meter
5.3.2.3 Reinforced Concrete Cold Water Tank
5.3.2.4 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System
5.3.3 Plumbing Systems
5.3.3.1 Type of piping
a) Steel Cement Lined Pipes
b) Cast Iron Pipes
c) Copper Pipes
d) U-PVC Pipes
e) Galvanized Iron Pipes
f) HDPE Pipes
5.3.3.2 Fixtures and Connection of Pipes
5.4 Findings and Analysis
5.4.1 Analysis
5.4.2 Suggestion on Improvement
5.5 Conclusion
6. Sewage and Sanitary System
6.1 Introduction
6.3 Case Study
6.4 Components of System
6.4.1 Sanitary Appliances
6.4.1.1 Water Closet
6.4.1.2 Basins
6.4.2 Traps
6.4.2.1 Water Seal
a) Bottle and Sink Traps
b) Floor Trap
c) Gully Trap
d) Grease Trap
6.4.3 Pipework
6.4.3.1 Soil and Waste Pipe
6.4.3.2 Vent Pipe
6.4.4 Inspection Chamber
6.4.5 Manholes

6.4.6 Septic tank
6.4.7 Drainage
6.5 Analysis
6.6 Conclusion
7. Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature review
7.2.1 Air-Conditioning System
7.2.2 Mechanical Ventilation
7.3 Case study
7.4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
7.4.1.1 Air Filter
7.4.1.2 Blower/Fan
7.4.1.3 Heating/Cooling Coil
7.4.1.4 Vibrator Insulator
7.4.1.5 Damper
7.4.2 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
7.4.3 Ductwork
7.4.4 Supply Air Diffuser/Grille
7.4.5 Return Air Grille/Fan
7.4.6 Fire Exhaust Fans
7.4.7 Air-Cooled Chiller
7.4.8 Chilled Water Pump
7.4.9 Piping System
7.5 Findings & analysis
7.6 Conclusion
8. Electrical System
8.1 Introduction
8.2.1 Components of Electrical System Within the Building
8.3 Case Study: Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC)
8.3.1 Schematic Diagram of Electrical Flow in KLPAC
8.3.2 Electrical System in KLPAC
8.3.2.1 TNB High Tension (HT) Room
8.3.2.2 Consumer High Tension (HT) Rom
a) Safety
8.3.2.3 Transformer and Low Voltage (TX & LV) Switchgear Room
a) Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
b) Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
c) Bus System
8.3.2.4 Genset Room

a) Lithium Cadmium Battery
b) Diesel Fuel
c) Smoke Chamber
d) Safety
e) Maintenance
8.3.2.5 Electrical Room
a) Sub Switch Board (SSB)
8.3.2.6 Tenant Units
a) Distribution Board (DB)
b) Maintenance
8.3.2.7 Wiring
8.3.2.8 Earthing
8.4 Conclusion
9. Mechanical Transportation System
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Types of Elevator
9.4 Case Study
9.4.1 Drawings
9.4.2 Elevator Components
9.4.3 Geared Machine
9.4.4 Control System
9.4.5 Over Load and Fire Service Indicator
9.5 Analysis
9.6 Conclusion
10. References
11. Appendix

1.0 ABSTRACT
This research report will look into the details of the services present in Kuala Lumpur Performing
Arts Centre such as fire protection system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, air-
conditioning and mechanical ventilation system, electrical system and mechanical transportation
system. Thorough analysis and synthesis on the components and the functions of these systems shall be
conducted to further understand the importance of these systems in a building’s operation. A
conclusion of these systems will be generated through our understanding of these services in regards to
the Uniform Building By-Law, Malaysian Standards requirements as well as other relevant rules and
regulations.
2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to each individual that has helped and assisted us
in completing this research report. A special thanks to the person in charge of building services
department, Mr Sathish who provided good hospitality during out visit and given us his precious time.
Besides, he has been very kind in providing us as much information as he can, bringing us around the
building and providing explanations and answers to our questions and curiosity.
We would also like to thank Mr. Ken, who had been kind enough to give us permission to do an
in-depth study on the systems that runs in KLPac. In addition, we would like to express our deepest
appreciation for providing us with guidance to complete this report and giving us much suggestions
during our tutorial sessions. Never the less, we would like to thank each member that has put in effort in
cooperating with each other, especially those who has provided transportation to our site. By all means,
we would like to thank once again to everyone who had helped in making this project a success.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
Figure 2.1 Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre, KLPAC
The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (informally, KLPAC) or Pentas Seni Kuala Lumpur in
Sentul West is one of the most established centres for the performing arts in Malaysia. Located in Sentul
West Kuala Lumpur, it is a non-profit company whose aim is to "cultivate and sustain the performing
arts for the betterment and enrichment of communities within the Klang Valley and for the Nation."
Each year, KLPac and the Actors Studio plays host to more than a hundred major events, as well as many
other workshops, classes, film screenings and more. Many of KLPac's events are self-directed, self-
organized shows, as KLPac also rents out their facilities, equipment other for individual performing arts
events.
KLPac was founded in 1995, when Faridah Merican and Joe Hasham created the first privately
owned and operated theatre in Malaysia below Dataran Merdeka, called The Actor's Studio at
PlazaPutra. However, flash floods in Kuala Lumpur destroyed the underground complex in 2003. In May
2004, Yayasan Budi Penyayang Malaysia, YTL Corporation Berhad and The Actors Studio Malaysia
created a new jointly-owned platform to develop the performing arts, which became the Kuala Lumpur
Performing Arts Centre (KLPac) and it has long opened its doors ever since May, 2005.

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM by EVIN LOOI JYNN
4.1 Introduction
The main analysis of this chapter is about the active fire protection system and passive fire protection
system in Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC). A fire safety feature in a building is very
important especially in a big building. It is essential because it ensures the user’s safety and security
Both active and passive fire protection system is being studied here and explained in a detail manner.
They are discussed and is compared to the rules and regulation set by Bomba. This research paper had
concluded the analysis. Finally recommendation and improvement are also suggested.
4.2.1 Fire safety
Fire, is a source that plays an important role in our daily life since the discovery of this resource.
However, fire could be extremely dangerous if we do not know how to control and it make our life in
risk. Hence understanding the characteristic of fire is very helpful for us to design a well-performed fire
protection system.
In a building there are two types of fire protection system. One will be active fire protection system, and
the other one will be passive fire protection system. Active fire protection system is an approach or a
process of protecting a building or structure from fire by using the methods of applying automatic or
manually operated fire mechanical system in a building to provide safety to the users in a building.
There are couple examples of active fire protection system mechanism- fire alarm system, fire pump,
sprinkler, carbon dioxide fire suppression system and etc. all these system are extremely important in
order to provide protection and safety properly to the building itself and the users. One common
function that all the system shared in active fire protection system are to slow down the process of
burning in a building, putting out the fire and to notify the fire and smoke condition. For example, the
sprinkler system, when heat builds up in a space or fire area, it will causes the sprinkler head to burst
and releases spray of water to the fire and put the fire out. Besides that, it is important to keep in mind
that some fire active protection systems needs to manually operate by human. For example, the fire
extinguisher, which are provided in a building to allow people to fight during fire emergency. Active fire
protection system always required a certain amount of motion and response in order for it to function.
Next, passive fire protection system is a system that retards the speed of fire and smoke spreading as
protection of escape routes in order to prolong the escape time by designing and modifying
architectural elements with fire resistance characteristic. In this system, it consist of two major parts,
which are compartment of space with fire rated building components and the design of means of
escape. To prevent fire spreading from spaces to spaces, compartment such as firewall, fire rated door
and ceiling are took into consideration in this category. By making all these characteristic of fire proof,
the building failure because of fire would be greatly slower. Different types of fire rated components are
available in the market such as 1 hour fire resistant, 2.5 hour fire resistant and more. Besides, innovative
fire resistant technology also making passive fire protection system more effective. Smoke curtain is the
good example of modern compartment that used in building. On the other hands, means of escape are
the crucial design factor to determine the procedure and efficiency of escape to outside the building

during the event of emergency. This part includes emergency exit signage, travel distance as well as
emergency staircase design, which will be further discuss in the following topics.
Figure 4.1: Fire triangle
Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire:
 Fuel or combustible material
 Enough oxygen to sustain combustion
 The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire
 Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature
Fuel, oxygen and heat referred to the Fire Triangle. Further clarifies the definition of combustion by
adding a fourth component which is chemical chain reaction, depicting the concept of the rapid, self-
sustaining oxidation reaction. The Fire Tetrahedron depicts the growth of ignition into fire. Therefore, by
removing on of these components above, fire will extinguish. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire
by removing one or more components of Fire Triangle or Fire Tetrahedron.
Figure 4.2: The fire tetrahedron

4.2.2 Fire Protection and Prevention
Fire protection include
 Fire alarm devices
 Fixed firefighting equipment
 Having a permanent water supply
 Include portable firefighting equipment
Fire prevention include
 Include storage
 Ignition hazards
 Open yard storage
 Temporary building

4.3 Active Fire Protection System
Figure 4.3: Schematic flow-chart overview of active fire protection
The figure above showing the schematic diagram of active fire protection system specially designed for
KL PAC. Active fire protection system is a type of building services that help to resist and extinguish as
well as giving occupant defense from fire hazards with a series of designed systems and comprehensive
equipment. This topic will be analyzed and discussed all the components stated above in detail in the
following sub-topics.
TRIGGERS
SMOKE DETECTOR
CENTRAL
COMMAND
CENTER
FIRE DETECTION
HEAT DETECTOR
ALARM BELL
ACTIVE FIRE
MECHANICAL
SYSTEM
PUMP ROOM DRY RISER
WET RISER
&
HOSE REEL SYSTEM
SPRINKLER
CO2 FIRE
SUPPRESSION
SYSTEM

4.3.1 Heat Detector
Figure 4.4: Heat detector located in the generator room.
The heat detector above is a conventional l type heat detector that considered as a fixed temperature
unit type. The heat detector composed of a heat sensitive eutectic alloy that will reach the eutectic
point changing state from a solid to a liquid during fire. When the ambient temperature increases
sufficiently to predetermined level where the heat detector will operate. For most fixed temperature
hear detector, when the surrounding temperature reaches 58 Celsius, it will be trigger.
Figure 4.5: Red shaded indicate the location of heat detector on ground floor plan.
UBBL-SECTION 225.(1)
Every building shall be provided with means of
detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms
together with illuminated exit signs in
accordance with the requirements as specified
in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws

4.3.2 Smoke Detector
Figure 4.6: Smoke detector found in KL PAC office.
When a fire occurs in the building, the first procedure to be taken place in the active fire system is the
smoke detectors positioned on the ceiling on every floor. To protect the whole floor area, a few smoke
detectors placed everywhere around the particular floor in every level to detect the presence of smoke.
The closest smoke detector within where the fire is taken place will detect the smoke and then
automatically signals the fire alarm control panel located in the control room on the ground floor.
Figure 4.7: Red shaded indicate the location of smoke detector on ground floor plan.
UBBL-SECTION 225 (1)
Every building shall be provided with means of
detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms
together with illuminated exit signs in accordance
with the requirements as specified in the Tenth
Schedule to these By-Laws

4.3.3 Triggers
Figure 4.8: Fire triggers in KL PAC
In case of fire and smoke is not detected by the respective instruments, warning alert still can be
activated manually by the occupants through (break glass) and manual pull station by only firemen.
Break glass switch will send the warning signal to control panel while fire switch will cut off the electrical
power supply. Furthermore, these two instruments are located in different height. Break glass normally
located around 1.5m above the floor, whereas fire switch is above human normal height around 2m
above the floor in order to avoid vandalism chances. All these instruments can be found along the
corridors, emergency staircase, and emergency exit doors.

4.3.4 Alarm Bell
Figure 4.9: Fire alarm in KL PAC
The height of the manual break glass is 1500mm from ground level and is reachable for users that are
disabled. The fire alarm bell functions through the electromagnet. The working theory of it is actually
this way. When an electric current is imply, it will produce a repetitive buzzing sound over and over
again until certain time. There are 2 different types of alarm bell, one will be the vibrating type and the
other will be single stroke type. Vibrating type – ring continuously power supply is turned off. Single
stroke type – when power is supplied, the bell will ring once and stop and will not ring again until power
turned off and on again. The alarm bell is located at about 1200mm from the manual break glass and
2700mm from ground level. When the glass breaks and the alarm is triggered, the person in charge will
check via CCTV or send someone to check if the if the fire alarm is real or a false alarm. If it is false, the
person will immediately close the valve on the sprinkler system. The manual break glass is placed
around the building so that it is easily accessible by people when a fire occurs.
FIGURE 4.10: Red shaded indicate the location of the alarm bell on ground floor plan.
UBBL- SECTION 237
Alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db (A)
or +5db (A) above any background noises, which is likely to
persist for more than 30 seconds.

4.3.5 Central Command Center
Figure 4.11, 4.12 , 4. 13 : Multiple emergency voice alarm and communication system panel in security room
Figure 4.14 : Fire control and monitor panel in KL PAC.
A Fire Alarm Control Panel is a main controlling component of a fire alarm system; the function of this
control panels is to receive signals from all the detectors and triggers by cause of the presence of smoke
or fire. Once the control guards receiving the silent signals, they will command the nearest respective on
duty guards to check the area where the signal was sent around that zone. If the fire outbreak is caused
by system error signal, it will be deactivated.
Figure 4.15: Drawing of main fire alarm panel. Figure 4.16: Fire alarm indication panel in KL PAC.
UBBL-SECTION 238
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in
height shall be provided with a command and control
center located on the designated floor and shall contain a
panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade
communication, sprinkler ,water flow detectors fire
detection and alarm systems and a direct telephone
connection to the appropriate fire-station by-passing the
switch board.

Figure 4.17: Ground floor plan shows above the location of the fire command center/ fire control panel room (shaded red)
My personal opinion, in KL PAC the fire control panel room is located in the security room at ground
floor near the entrance. It is located there because is easier for the fire fighter to access in. I think is a
good strategy of placing it in such location.

4.3.6 Dry Riser
Figure 4.18: Dry riser inlet found in KL PAC.
The dry riser functions as a vacant pipe that will be charged with water when in use while the wet riser is
already fully charged with water before use. The dry riser is usually dry in form and it requires the fire
engine to pump the water into the system. A dry riser is connected with an inlet connection for the fire
brigade to connect their engine pumps and landing valves that is capable of taking full charged water
from the fire engine pump. Besides that, the breeching inlets where the firemen will pump the water
into it is required and be provided at the ground level and connected to the bottom of the dry riser.
UBBL- SECTION 230
 Dry rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3
meters but less than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.
 A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
 Dry shall be of minimum “class c” pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to
withstand 21 bars water pressure.
 Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two
hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.
 All horizontal runs of the rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 millimeters in 3.05
meters
 The dry riser shall be not less than 102 millimeters in diameter in buildings in which the highest
outlets is 22.875 meters or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet.
 102 millimeters diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4
millimeters dry risers shall be equipped with a four-way pumping inlet

4.3.7 Fire Hydrant
Figure 4.19: Fire hydrant found outside KL PAC building.
Water Hydrant fire-fighting system consist of hydrants connected to the same pipeline. It is an active fire
protection measures that contain source of water provided with municipal water service. The other end
of the pipeline is attached to the pumps and water supply tank of the firefighting room. The firefighting
hydrant line is a close loop pipe system to maintain the pressure in the water hydrant. The network of
pipes are located underground. The hydrants are used in case of emergency when there is need for
more water. The firemen will connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, pushing water into
the system. The valve will be turn open to provide a powerful flow and high pressure of water.
In my opinion, I think KL PAC need more extra fire hydrant for firemen convenient to put out the fire
because the distance between 2 hydrants is too far from each other.
Figure 4. 20: Red shaded indicate the fire hydrants could be found outside KL PAC building at ground floor.
UBBL- SECTION 225.(2)
Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not
more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access

4.3.8 Pump Room
Figure 4.21: Pressure gauge in pump room indicating Figure 4.22: Valves and pumps in the pump room
water pressure in each pump
Known as the sprinkler or the pump room. It provides as immediate and faster means of fire control and
delivers the required water flow. The pump room function with 3 elements that have different role on
their own, which is the duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump. Where there is any fault in the
system, it will be indicated in the pump room and control panel. The pressure gauge will control the
pressure so that it is at the right and appropriate water pressure. It will automatically cut out the water
at certain circumstances. The pump room is usually located at the basement.
A firefighting system consists of 2 main pumps; one is electrically driven while the other is diesel engine
driven, with an Auxiliary Jockey Pump connected to Hydrants and Sprinkler system. The main pumps
provide supply of Pressurized Water to the Fire Fighting System, which can be initiated either manually
or automatically as required. In an automatic system, a sudden drop in pressure causes the main pumps
to supply water to the firefighting system mains. The Main Pumps can only be stopped manually. The
system is also known as packaged system
The packaged system – 3 hydrant pumps for each fire dedicated hydrant tanks.
Figure 4. 23: Duty Pump Figure 4. 24: Duty Pump

Figure 4.25: Standby Pump Figure 4.26: Jockey Pump
A duty pump runs with an electrical motor pump to channel water to the sprinkler system whereas the
standby pump runs on a diesel engine. The jockey pump is a small Flow Multistage Pump used to
maintain the Fire Fighting System under Pressure as required for the Main Pumps. The Start and Stop of
Jockey Pumps needs to be automatically controlled through Pressure Switches.
I think the pump room in KL PAC are organized in such a way that the architect planned a good and
appropriate for it and have all the equipment in it to ensure safety function during fire.
Figure 4. 27: Diagram show the pump connection detail

Figure 4.28: Diagram showing pipe hanger in pump room.
Figure 4.29: Diagram showing pump room plan view

Figure4.30: Red shaded indicate the location of the Pump room on ground floor plan

4.3.9 Wet Riser and Hose Reel System
Figure 4.31: Hose reel that found in KL PAC.
The Hose reel System is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire and it comprises
of hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. The hose reel system generally
serves as an initial firefighting aid. When the hose reel is brought into use, the pressure in the pipe
immediately downstream and the pump check valves will drop below the field adjusting the pressure
setting of the pressure switch therefore triggering the pump to operate automatically to feed a steady
supply of water to discharge through the hose.
The firefighting hose reel is the part that us easily accessible. From my opinion, the fire hose reel outlets
should be properly housed in glass-fronted cabinet that is secured under lock and key. The hose reel is a
fixed type, comprising of a riser to channel water to the system, a sign for identification, a hose reel
cabinet, hose reel waterway, hose pipe and a nozzle to complete the installation.
Figure 4.32: Hose reel connection detailed drawing.
UBBL-SECTION 231
 Wet rising system shall be provided in
every building in which the top most floor
is more than 30.5 meters above the fire
appliance access level.
 A hose connection shall be provided in
each firefighting access lobby.

Figure 4.33: Diagram showing electrical single line for hose reel pump.
Figure 4.34: Schematic diagram of hose reel system in KL PAC building.

4.3.10 Sprinkle
Figure 4.35: Sprinkler on the ceiling.
A sprinkler system is meant to eliminate or decreases the spread of fire. It’s a requirement to install a
sprinkler system when the building exceeds 7000 m3 of volume. Usually placed at the ceiling, a small
device that shoots water downwards by a deflector plate that directs the water circular pattern over the
fire an on walls of the structure. Each sprinkler has an open compartment that holds a friable heat-
sensing quartz build, containing a colored liquid (usually red) that seals the water inlet. When the heat
reaches a certain temperature, the quartz expands and fractures, releasing the water. When the water
starts flowing, it’ll detect and start the alarm. The alarm will alert the fire brigade monitoring station. KL
PAC uses a wet pipe fire sprinkler system where the sprinkler’s heads are attached to a piping system
that contains water and are connected to a hydrant tank that supplies water so the system is prepared
to discharge water when the sprinklers are opened by the heat of the fire. Each of the sprinkler is
activated and performed individually when it is heated to a certain temperature. He sprinklers discharge
around 20 to 25 gallons per minute but it depends on the design system.
Sprinkler head works very efficiently, sprinkler head are usually fitted with a glass filled with glycerin-
based liquid which expands at a specific temperature, in room temperature, it is usually of 65 degree
Celsius in temperature. Water readily to be disposed when sprinkler head breaks out due to pressure
from valve at the rate of about 110L/min. To make sure the building functions its active fire system at its
best, each floor from basement floor to mechanical floor is equipped with enough number of sprinklers
that are functional.
The sprinkler system in KL PAC in each floor are places together in a reasonable direction and distance
from each other. They followed UBBL and it is a good example for other building when they place their
sprinkler.
UBBL-SECTION 225. (2)
 Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed
position on the exterior wall and shall be readily
accessible to the Fire Authority
 All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to
the nearest fire station to provide immediate and
automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

Figure 4.36 : Schematic diagram of sprinkler system

Figure 4.37: Red shaded indicate the location of sprinkler.
In KL PAC the main sprinkler tank supplies water supply for the sprinkler system located in the
basement. In passive firefighting system, Main Fire Pump room plays an essential part. This is because it
is where the duty sprinkler pump, standby pump and jockey pump are located. Sprinkler system will only
function with the existence of the respective pumps. The room also holds the wet risers for hose reel
located on every floor.
Figure : 4.38 : Compartmented sprinkler tank

Figure 4.39: Pump room plan view
Figure 4.40 : Section of sprinkler and hose reel compartmented tank.

Figure : 4.41
Figure 4.42

4.3.11 Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System (CO2)
Figure 4.43 : CO2 fire suppression system installed in gen set room for fire extinguishment.
Figure 4.44 : CO2 Fire suppression system was installed in L.V room for fire extinguishment.
Carbon dioxide in fire protection term, gases that protects electrical equipment from being burnt such
as it sectors, transformers and switchgears. Heat or smoke detectors will detect the heat and sound the
alarm and Co2 gas will flood to room from high pressure storage cylinders. The gasses are sent via pipes
to the ceiling and under floor distributors. Carbon dioxide is lethal to a person’s health so occupants
must evacuate swiftly in a limited amount of time. The cylindrical tanks are stored in the corners of
rooms. Once detected by the heat triggers, the co2 is 24 released, curtain walls go down and when
doors are shut, two indicators will show when the gas operation is over. Red means gases are still
present and green means it is already clear and safe to go in.
Figure 4.45 Location of the CO2 control room in KL PAC ground floor plan.

Figure 4.46: Diagram showing high pressure CO2 system detail. Figure 4.47: CO2 panel detail
Figure 4.48 Figure 4.49

4.3.12 Fire Extinguisher
A fire extinguisher, flame extinguisher, or simply as extinguisher is an active fire protection device used
to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. The number and location of fire
extinguisher are determined by the hazard of the occupancy. KL PAC uses one type of portable fire
extinguisher, and that is the dry powder extinguisher. Fire extinguisher are divides into many class, each
of them are specifically function and respond to different type of fire situation.
Figure 4.54 : diagram showing different class and types of fire extinguishers and their purposes.
UBBL-SECTION 227
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the
relevant codes of practice and shall be sired in prominent
positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and
similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of
operation.

4.4 Passive Fire Protection System
Figure 4.55: Overview flow chart of passive fire protection system.
The flow chart above showing the passive fire protection system that specifically designed for KLPAC
which all components of this system will be further discussed and covered in sub-topics in the following
pages.
4.4.1 Triggers
FIRE WALL
FIRE RATED DOOR
COMPARTMENT
SEPARATION OF
FIRE RISK AREA
MEANS OF ESCAPE
EMERGENCY EXIT
SIGNAGE
FIRE EMERGENCY
STAIRCASE
PASSIVE FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
SMOKE CURTAIN

4.4.1 Fire Wall
Figure 4. 56 : Firewall that found in KL PAC office
Fire Wall (also call as fire-rated wall) is a structurally designed fireproof barrier that commonly
constructed and applied in passive fire protection system. Different with the ordinary walls, firewall not
only used as a component of spatial division but also greatly separating fire areas and slower down fire
spreading from one space to other space during the events of emergency. Firewalls were designed to act
as a barrier between spaces and also retard fire spreading to give enough time for occupants to escape
from the building. In addition, walls in mechanical plans and machinery rooms were also designed as
firewalls as the content of the room is common fire source to cause event of fire.
From the personal view, the design and placement of compartment wall is very considerate and well
followed By- laws requirements by the architect, which this careful decision has ensured the safety of
the occupants as well as fire stopping issues.
UBBL-SECTION 138 (C)
Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building, which is
used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose failing within a different purpose group as, set out
in the Fifth Schedule to these by laws
Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these By-Laws to have FRP of one
hour or more shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials and, apart from any ceiling,
the required FRP of the wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non- combustible
material.

4.4.2 Fire Rated Door
Figure 4.57 Fire rated door
Fire rated door (also call as fire door) is an essential and important fireproofing component that
designers might take concerns when designing passive fire protection system. With the similar functions
as fire wall, fire door serves as critical compartmentalization of building entrances or exits in order to
prevent fire and smoke spreading. Especially to KL PAC building, 1.5 hours fire- rated door were installed
at the egress of fire staircase each floor as well as office entrances.
From the fire door location, we can see the architect considerably put the fire door to allow circulations
in normal day but the escape routes will be protected by all these fire door during the event of fire.
However timber and aluminum made fire-rated door is combustible and it will cause door failures when
the time is beyond limitation.
Figure 4. 58: Automatic door closers were installed in
Every fire exit door.
 Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided
 Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall
be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance
with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth
Schedule to these By-Laws
UBBL-SECTION 164. (1)
 All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of
the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing
doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of
sliding door.
Moreover, the automatic door closer hinge and devices were
installed to fulfill the requirements of By-laws Section 164 (1).
The purpose of installing this device is because the fire-rated
door is mean to be always closed all the time. On the other
hand, automatic door close hinges were also installed in the
entrances of office each floor before the glass and it is always
open for circulations. However the door closer will
automatically shut the fire door during the event of fire to
form compartment and prevent fire spreading.

4.4.3 Smoke Curtain
Figure 4.59 , 4.60 : Smoke curtain that was found in gen set room
Smoke curtain (also known as fire curtain or safety curtain) is a fabric that made of incombustible
material to prevent fire and smoke spreading. In KL PAC building, we could find the smoke curtains were
installed on the top of entrances of every single mechanical and electrical systems rooms, for example,
transformer room. A smoke and fire detector were installed in all these room for detecting purposes.
During the event of fire, smoke curtain will be automatically dropped down to form a barrier between
interior and exterior to prevent fire spreading from room to another space. Thus, it is really effective in
isolating fire source with the cooperation of another components of passive fire protection system
.
Figure 4.61 : Red shaded indicate the location of smoke curtain in KL PAC
UBBL – SECTION 161. (1)
Any fire stop required by the provision of this Part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent
or retard the passage of flame.

4.4.4 Separation of Fire Risk Area
According to the law and regulations stated above in By- laws, separations of fire risk area should be
involved in the spatial planning of the building to prevent fire spreading quickly from one point to the
other point. In KL PAC, electrical and mechanical plans and rooms located evenly in ground floor,
basement. With this location distribution, the risk of fire is greatly reduced as the areas were located in
different spaces throughout the building.
UBBL – SECTION 139
The following area uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are
located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by local
authority based on the degree of hazard:
 Boiler rooms and associated duels storage area
 Laundries
 Repairs shops involving hazardous processes and materials
 Storage area of materials in quantities deemed hazardous
 Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas
 Linen rooms
 Transformer rooms and substations
 Flammable liquid stores

4.4.5 Emergency Exit Signage
Figure 4.62 Emergency exit signage
Fire escape doors are indicated with neon green Exit signs above it, and emergency lights are installed
within it to give some light if the main electrical supply has been cut off (blackout). Exit emergency
signage indicate the way to safety outdoor area or assembly point. It is a clear and effective guidance
tool, helping to reduce panic and confusion by providing a clear directional system. These signs are lit
24/7 for emergencies. The letters are written in block letters sufficiently big enough to be seen and
bright green to attract attention when lights are out. In Malaysia, the exit signage is written in Malay,
the word “KELUAR” means EXIT. Based on the photo, the exit signage is located above the fire doors,
directing the occupants towards the fire escape staircases. The signs are located at specific positions
with no surrounding disturbance. It is a stand-alone sign.
UBBL-SECTION 172.
 Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be
obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment
 A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every
location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
 Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150mm
high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be
in red against a black background.
 All exist signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

4.4.6 Fire Emergency Staircase
Figure 4.63 : Fire emergency staircase
Fire escape staircase allow the occupants of the building to escape from the building to a safer area or
assembly point when there is fire event or any emergency event happen. According to the law, the
building should not have at least two means of exits consists of separate exits or doors that leads to a
corridor or other space giving access to separate exits in different directions
UBBL SECTION 168.
 The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.
 Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall have means of access via at least two
separate staircases.
 The required width of staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 7.5 millimeters.
 Tiles on staircases-risers maximum 180mm and thread minimum 255mm.
UBBL – SECTION 169.
 No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
UBBL – SECTION 178.
 In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a streets or large open
space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located,
separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of
assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
In a nutshell, neither active nor passive fire protection system plays an important role to protect a
building when a fire breakdown. The overall system of the firefighting system in KL PAC building
complies with the UBBL by- Laws and is very systematic as a control panel controls the whole system.
This will prevent the cause of false alarm in the building that will disturb the occupants. Besides that, the
building also has updated their appliances following the requirements of Bomba and every core of the
building is filled with the fire appliances for the safety of the occupants. In conclusion, the overall system
in the building has a proper appliances which used for different function of the spaces to ensure the
safety of occupants. There are no further recommendations that I could suggest for the fire because the
fire safety coverage area in the building wide enough to ensure the occupants safety.

5.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM by LIM JIAN JUN
Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) , which also known as the Water Supply Department is a departmental agent
under the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Malaysia. JBA is responsible of planning,
monitoring and implement the development of water resources in Malaysia and the department works
very closely with other water supply companies around the states in Malaysia.
Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS) was appointed by the State and Federal Government to
manage the water supply distribution services in the State of Selangor, Federal Territory of Kuala
Lumpur and Putrajaya under the Privatisation concept effective 1 January 2005. SYABAS took over all
the functions of Perbadanan Urus Air Selangor Berhad (PUAS) in the area of water supply and
distribution of water to customers within the state of Selangor and federal territories of Kuala Lumpur
and Putrajaya. The privatization involved over 7.5 million residential users, as well as 1.7 million
industrial premises, domestic accounts and commercial users, making it the largest privatization of
water supply in Malaysia.
Figure 5.1 Water Reservoir at Hulu Selangor
Dam
Figure 5.2 Jabatan Bekalan Air
Figure 5.3 SYABAS Logo
The water provided by SYABAS has been
processed and treated before it is distributed.
Water collected from rainfall and water
reservoir is pumped into water treatment plant.
From there, the untreated raw water is going
through process of aeration, flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and pH
conditioning. The treated water will then be
distribute to service reservoirs in different
zones, readily to be supply to the consumers for
residential, industrial and commercial use.

5.2 Introduction
Water supply systems in every building distributed from the water main is mainly depending on the
topography in term of magnitude variation of the ground level. From that the water system is then
designed with a distribution system from the reservoir towards the tanks and finally the end users. The
most common water distribution systems used are gravity system, direct pumped system and mixture of
both gravity and pumped system.
Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Centre (KLPAC) is a fully integrated performing center for art comprises of
7,614sqm of built up spaces. The water supply system used in this building is Indirect System assisted
with Direct Current Hydro Pneumatic Booster System. The pressure available from water mains is
boosted with hydro pneumatic pump system to allow sufficient water pressure to distribute water
directly from the main to different zones of the building. Unlike other tall buildings, KLPAC has only one
domestic water tank located underground and it is the only water source to distribute throughout the
entire building. Study analysis is conducted to discuss the water supply system used in KLPAC and
perhaps suggestions are made to conclude this area of study in the building.
Figure 5.4 Panoramic view of KL Performing Art Centre in reflection of water

5.2.1 Indirect System
Figure 5.5Diagram of Direct and Indirect Water Supply System (GEC.JP,2015)
To distribute water in a big commercial building like KLPAC itself, indirect water supply system is
commonly used to supply water to different parts of the building, covering all the user needs. The rising
main feeds a storage tank at a high point or low point in the building from where the water is stored and
distributed to all the other services via pump or gravity. One clear point to identify the difference of
direct and indirect water distribution system is that the direct system supply water directly from the
water main while indirect water system will feed up the water storage before the water is distributed. A
branch pipe off the rising main delivers drinking water to the kitchen and garden tap/faucet, cold water
to all other taps/faucets and appliances is provided indirectly from the cold water under gravity pressure
or booster pump, giving a boost to the main pressure.
The advantage of having indirect system is having a temporary back up of stored water in the event of a
mains failure. Also, because it is a low pressure system it is generally quieter therefore eliminating noise
like 'water hammer' which can occur when high pressure water tries to negotiate tight bends in the
pipework. The only setback of this system requires more pipework and also space to place the water
storage tank. While direct system are restricted to smaller buildings and assistance of mechanical
booster and filtration are required for an efficient and hygiene water supply system, especially in
Malaysia.

5.3 Case Study
5.3.1 Overview of Water Supply System
Kitchen
Firefightingsystem
Chiller
AHUFHU
MainWater
RCColdWaterTankRCFireSprinkleTank
IrrigationTapToiletPantry
Hydropneumaticpumps
Table5.3.1OverviewdiagramofWaterSupplySystem,KLPAC

5.3.2 Water Supply Components
5.3.2.1 Water Main
Figure 5.6 Water is supplied by SYABAS through underground pipes (KLPAC, 2005)

According to the Schematic drawing in Figure 5.6, water resource of KLPAC is supplied from SYABAS
through underground pipes. The water main and fire safety main are connected to each other and share
the same water source from SYABAS. These water mains are connected down to the underground water
storage tanks.
Figure 5.7 Water Main and Fire Water Main share one water source from SYABAS (Jian Jun, 2015)
FIRE MAIN
WATER MAIN
Figure 5.8 Connection of underground pipelines
from Water Main (Google Image,2015)
Figure 5.9 Steel Cement Lined Underground Pipes

5.3.2.2 Water Meter
A typical water main comprises of main components, such as gate valve, water meter, pressure meter,
adjustable ball valve and strainer. The water meter indicates the amount of water consumed in the
building. The strainer helps to screen out particulate matters in a piping system before the water is
delivered to the water storage tanks. Occupant is responsible to pay the water bill according to the
amount of water consumed with a fixed rate. The valves act as a switch to allow water to flow in
through the pipes. It is often shut down to stop water flowing in when there is maintenance. In Figure
XX it is showed that the ball valve is locked to prevent people from switching off the valve, making sure
the water is always flowing continuously. The pipes connected to the water meter are made up of 38ø
mm galvanized iron. The water is then continues to flow through the 150ø mild steel cement lined
supply pipe underground thereafter the tanks.
Figure 5.10 Diagrammatic drawing of water meter component in KLPAC
GATE VALVE
METER LOCKED BALL VALVE
PRESSURE
METER
Figure 5.11 Water meter and Locked
Ball Valve
Figure 5.12 Gate Valve and pressure gauge
GATE VALVE
PRESSURE GAUGE
METER GATE VALVE
FROM WATER MAIN TO STORAGE TANK

5.3.2.3 RC Cold Water Tank
Water from the water supply mains flows through the underground pipes, passing through the main
gate valve and then directed into two tanks, the domestic cold water tank and the fire sprinkler tank.
From the 150ø mild steel cement lined underground supply pipe, the water is distributed through a
smaller 100ø mild steel pipe into the cold water tank while the pipe size remains 150mmø for the pipe
flowing into the fire sprinkle water tank. Before the water enters the tank, chlorine is added to the
water for disinfection. The mild steel pipes for water supply are indicated with green paint while the fire
system pipelines are painted red. The water from fire safety main fills up the fire sprinkler water tank,
connecting to the standby priming tanks for hose reel, duty and hockey and wet risers at different zones.
This also follows UBBL 1984 Section 247 (2): Water Storage, where:
 Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided without the
need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
Figure 5.13 Reinforced Concrete Water Storage Tank with Overflow Pipes Figure 5.16 Main gate valve connected
to RC water tank
Figure 5.15 Service Access
Reinforced concrete tank
Overflow pipes
Figure 5.17 Chlorine StandFigure 5.14 Placement of Water Tank Underground

Both cold water and fire sprinkler water tanks are made up of reinforced concrete, the tanks size in
volume are 35m3
, which is equivalent to 35000 liters of water. There is no water level indication on the
wall but it is replaced by submersible Electrode Water Level Sensor in the tank to measure the water
level in the tank. Water in both water tanks are being controlled by the floating device installed in the
tank. The buoyant ball will stop the water from entering the tank when it reaches maximum water level
in the tank. Overflow pipes are also installed on the tank to discharge excessive water. The water
discharged will be collected and to be used as non-potable water. The water exits through foot valves
connecting to the hydro pneumatic system.
The underground tanks are designed with accordance to UBBL 1984 Section 247 (2): Water Storage
a) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel system, shall be
located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet
connections accessible to fire appliance.
Figure 5.21 Water discharged to
scupper drain through scour pipes
Figure 5.20 Electrode Water level
sensor to indicate water level
Figure 5.19 80mm and 100mm riser pipes
for potable and flushing use respectively
Figure 5.18 KLPAC water supply schematic diagram (Cropped)

Figure 5.22 Water tank plan view
Figure 5.23 Section View of Concrete tank
Table 5.3.2 Legend of Components

5.3.2.4 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System
Channeled from the foot valves of the tank, the water is connected to a hydro pneumatic booster
system. Hydro pneumatic pump system is required to deliver water continuously at all outlets in all
floors of the building with uniform pressure. The pump system used in KLPAC is manufactured by the
established booster pump company, Grundfos. A hydro pneumatic booster system comprises of
hydraulic pump, pressurized tanks, and pressure meter. Compressed air is used in these tanks as a
buffer or cushion that allows a surge-free delivery process. There are three functions for hydro
pneumatic tanks. The first is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver water in a preset pressure
range. The second uses the pressure setting to monitor a pump from turning on too often. The third is to
buffer or lower pressure surges, much like a power surge protector.
Two sets of booster pump are utilized in KLPAC, one is for the domestic water usage, and another one is
for flushing purpose. The efficiency of the pump is depends on the hydraulic design. Normal pumps can
easily breakdown due to dry running but this patented Grundfos LiqTec system eliminates the risk of
breaking down and immediately stop if there is no liquid in the pump. Energy is required to generate
pressure to pump the water to different part of the building and it is definitely costly.
Figure 5.25 Water Pressure Gauge
Figure 5.26 Pressurized tank
Pumps
Water tanks
Figure 5.24 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System

The underground water keep in the tank acts as a buffer zone on peak water demand periods. The tank
is filled up with water during low consumption or low demand and use up during peak periods. The
normal pressure indicated in the gauge shows a figure of 80 Pa approximately. When there is demand
on water, the meter will fall below 80 Pa and the hydro pump will start pumping up water to supply
uniform pressure in water. When the peak demand is over, the water tank will be filled up again and
remains at the normal pressure. This system runs 24 hours but the system is not complete as some of
the tanks are not function-able. Further study is discussed at Water Supply System Analysis.
Figure 5.28 Plan View of Pump Room
The pump system is designed as to follow UBBL 1984 Section 247 (2): Water Storage
b) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation shall
be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these by-
laws.
Figure 5.27 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System diagrams

5.3.3 Plumbing system
5.3.3.1 Types of Pipes
The type of pipes selected mainly depends on many factors, involving the consideration of the
building capacity, water demand, and rate of flow needed by users, number and size of the
storage or pressure tanks used, operating pressure required, maintenance and service and also
energy cost. Other than that, the material properties of the pipes plays a very important role on
selection of pipes due to its ability to sustain, resist chemical hydrants and pressure.
a) Steel Cement Lined Pipes
Steel Cement lined pipes are used to channel water from the main underground. This
cement coated steel pipes. The steel pipes is able to withstand pressure and allow
undisturbed continuous flow of water over long period of time. The cement/mortar lining
provides an area of high pH near the pipe wall and provides a barrier between the water
and the pipe, reducing its susceptibility to corrosion. Therefore prevent future
tuberculation, eliminate leakage and corrosion in pipes than cement mortar lining. The steel
pipes are produced according to British Standards BS534:1990, BS3600:1976 and
BS3601:1987 standards, and are certified by Ikram Quality & Certification Institute. The size
of the pipes used in KLPAC is 150mm ø, buried underground channeling from water main to
the water storage room.
Figure 5.29 Steel Cement Lined Underground Pipes

The placement of the pipes and the space allowance for construction conforms with the
UBBL 1984 in Section 123 Pipes and Services Ducts, where:
I. Where dusts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables
or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be:
 Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables, or conduits and for crossings of
branches and mains together with supports and fixings
 Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls
there to enable each or all of the services accommodate
II. The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to
enable lengths of pipes to be installed and removed.
b) Cast Iron Pipes
Cast Iron Pipes which superseded by Ductile Iron Pipes has historic use as a pressure pipe
mainly for transmission of water, then the gas, sewage, and also as water drainage pipe.
In KLPAC, these pipes can be found mainly at the water pump room connecting to water
tanks, booster system and to the rising main. It has high resistance to shock or impact due
to improper handling, water hammer or undesirable condition. The sizes of the pipes
utilized are 50mm, 80mm, 100mm and 150mm and Ductile Iron Pipes used are complying
with BS EN 545: 2006 and being certified by 3rd Certification Party as well as National Water
Authorities, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN).
Figure 5.30 Photos of Pipes Connection
Pump Control
Panel
Cast Iron Pipes C.I. Strainer
Pumps

c) Copper Pipes
All distribution pipes in KLPAC is comprised of copper pipes. Copper has very good material
properties as it provides long term performance and prevent contamination and inhibits
growth of bacteria, withstand pressure and temperature change and requires very low
maintenance. The sizes of copper pipes are very much depending to the outlets of the
services, where the amount of water needed is taken into account following the standards.
For example, the pipe sizing for toilet flushing purpose and domestic use differs. In the
system, the pipes channel from the main tank are getting distributed in smaller pipes to
washroom, sinks, and basin. The size of copper pipes utilized in KLPAC can be refer to the
table below.
Fittings Pipe sizes (diameter/mm)
Flush Valve 65mm  40mm
Basin 15mm
Shower Tap 20mm
Tap 15mm
Urinal (male toilet) 20mm
Sinks ( kitchen ) 15mm
Table 5.3.3 Schedule of copper pipes
Figure 5.31 Photo of Distribution Pipes for Washroom (KLPAC, 2015)

d) U-PVC pipes
The U-PVC pipes are mostly used for sewage system and venting. These UPVC SWV fittings are
produces according to MS 1063 and complied with BS 5255, BS 4514 and BS EN 1401. These
fittings are used for solvent cement jointing with UPVC SWV pipes. Theses piping system is used
for soil and waste discharge pipe work for conveyance of domestic waste water and ventilating
pipe with conformation of the standards.
Table 5.3.4 Schedule of U-PVC Fittings and Sizing
Figure 5.32 Photo of u-PVC pipe

e) Galvanized Iron Pipes
KLPAC has a mixture use of G.I Pipes as it can be seen at many places connecting to walls
and many other pipes. It has been used to penetrate through the reinforced concrete walls
from zone to zones.
f) HDPE pipes
The High Density Polyethylene Pipes can be seen at the irrigation area for landscape. The
pipes has flexible and resistance against weather and chemicals.
G.I Pipe
Figure 5.33 Galvanized Pipes Connection through Wall
Figure 5.34 Galvanized Iron Pipes as Suction Pipes Figure 5.35 Galvanized Iron Pipes at Water Meter
HDPE Pipe
Figure 5.36 HDPE pipe For Irrigation

5.3.3.2 Fixture and Connection of pipes
It is important how pipes are laid and fixed around the building. The pipe layout requires proper
planning to allow efficient flow of water from zone to zone thus saving spaces and energy to
pump water. There is also some critical area where connection of multiple pipes are designed to
be fixed on the headspace, vertical walls, and electrical sensitive areas.
Figure 5.37 Diagrams of Pipes Fixtures (KLPAC,2005)

5.4 Findings and Analysis
The water supply system used in KLPAC is conventional. The existing system is still functioning since
KLPAC is operating 10 years ago. However, findings studied that there are part where the water supply
system is yet to be said efficient and there are suggestions to make improvement to the existing water
system.
5.4.1 Analysis
a) Water Tank
The finding analyzed that the sub-tanks connecting to the hydro pneumatic pumps are no longer in
used. The water tanks were once used to store water and supply water to the building and the users.
The reason of abandonment given was due to its high maintenance cost and also its operation. The
tanks were shut down left only the use of water pumps and only one source from the underground RC
water storage tank. The effort to remove the tanks from the narrow basement requires a lot of planning,
mechanical and man power, shifting of components and operations and halting of water supply. These
unused tanks are left in the underground and taking up potential spaces to upgrade the water supply
system for the future use.
b) Water Supply
There is no other water tanks available in KLPAC excluding the only one source from the underground
water storage. In the study it concludes that there is zero water supply and no other “back-up” water
storage if the KLPAC or the season itself are encountering water shortage. All washrooms and the
landscape in KLPAC extract water from the underground water tank and relying on the only water
source. It will bring a lot of unpleasant consequences if there is no water to supply to the building during
dry seasons. Maintenance is difficult as water are all stored in one place and there is no other places to
store water while the maintenance is taking place. The 35000 liter water was estimated to last only less
than a week to fulfil the user needs in the building.
C) Water Pump
There are only two sets of hydro pneumatic pumps functioning in KLPAC. The energy requires to pump
all water supply to zones and users are high in cost and it is inefficient. This is one of the reason why it
led to the abandonment of the sub-tanks in order to cut down the bill. The utilization of the Hydro Pump
system is manually controlled by technicians and it has to be monitored every day. If there is an
electricity shortage, there is no back up electricity generator set available to pump the water. The only
gen set available is prior for fire fighting system. It would be very inconvenient to the building as KLPAC
is a performing art center and it is very hard to supply water to the users if there is no water supply in
the storage. In short, further consideration of issues encountered and problem solving is not discussed.

5.4.2 Suggestion on Improvement
The main issue of the water supply system is the operational cost and the efficiency of water supply in
the events of water main failure. The solution of the issues mentioned can be solved by making use of
the spaces on the roof top and by adding water storage tanks and promotes gravitational distribution
system. This proposed solution allows replacement of the abandoned water tanks in the pump rooms,
while adding up the water capacity to fulfill the building water demand. The placement of water tank at
higher position promotes gravitational water distribution. KLPAC has only 6 stories, the energy required
to pump up to that level is not too high, the system can be programmed when only if the water tank
falls below a certain level and to be fed up. Compared to the current system, the pump is often switched
on and off so many times as it consumes more energy by doing that to pump water throughout the
building all year long. The gravitational water supply system can save cost on operation and also it can
store water as back up in case if there is a water main failure and electricity break. With this, it tackles all
three issues mentioned in the finding and analysis. Otherwise, an extra genset for water pump is
sufficient to make improvement on the current system.
5.5 Conclusion
Regardless of so many pressurized system used in today’s building to replace the roof top water tanks,
KLPAC can be the exception to have a water tank at the roof top because it is not a tall building. Unlike
those high rise buildings, the energy required to pump water all the way up to the top of the building is
low. The pressure at the lowest floor of KLPAC is not too high and the pressure reduction valves are not
required in KLPAC. The only issue which has to be taken into account is the back-up water storage to
prevent water main and electricity failure. Having a water tank at roof top is considered a conventional
system and this system is seen as a matured technology as it is very familiar to the local technicians and
maintenance workers. Rather than having a costly and high maintenance system which cannot be fully
utilized, back up water storage at the roof top and gravitational water distribution system are the
suggestable solutions to KLPAC.

6.0 Sewerage, Sanitary and Drainage System by CHOONG WAN XIN
6.1 Introduction
Sewage (also known as wastewater) is defined as the used water and waste substances produced by
human bodies that are carried away from houses and factories through special pipes. It encompass
potential contaminants and concentration that are hazardous to living organisms such as feces and
urine, rubbish, and chemical wastes from estates. It is then disposed of from different sources through
underground conduits and drains. Wastewater is cleaned and treated with natural process in sewerage
system before discharging into river. It is important to treat wastewater in different type of appliances
as it can pollute the water and increase BOD which causes threatening diseases to human and animals
lived. A combination of drainage system consists of sanitary appliances, pipes, service areas and
treatment area are normally covered behind walls of the building during construction or placed in
service rooms without human notifications. During the design of buildings, the sewerage and drainage
system should be considered by following the laws to ensure that the users will not be affected by
improper disposal of wastewater.
Figure 6.1 Flow of sewerage and sanitary system of a residential house
Managing sewage is major challenge in urban areas particularly in rapidly growing country like Malaysia.
Lack of an effective and efficient wastewater disposal and treatment system has had a negative impact
on the environment and also human being. In order to collect and convey liquid waste by water carriage
system, an effective sewerage system connecting network of sanitary appliances, pipes as well as
sewage treatment is operated.

Figure 6.2 Diagram of a complete sewerage system from different sources
Starting from the appliances available in a toilet, traps, stacks, septic tank and public sewer will be
discussed in this chapter in sequences. Sanitary appliances allow users to dispose of excreta and urine
into the sewage system with the forces of water taps or flushing devices. The appliances connect to
drainage system that conveys sewage and rainwater to an approved point of disposal through a network
of piping within private or public premises. Traps are used in the toilet to prevent large waste product
from entering the waste or soil pipe and also to prevent back flow of the water.
Sewage is then carried to the underground conduits or drains called sewer. The types of sewer
commonly installed are the sanitary sewer, storm sewer and combined sewer. Sanitary sewer is an
underground carriage system used for transporting sewage from houses, commercial buildings and
industrial areas with the help of sanitary sewer line attaching to a main sewer. The main sewer run
directly to the sewage treatment plant. Storm sewer collects storm water with the help of gutter and
catch basin. Gutter functions as draining the storm water from the street directly into the sewer.
Combined sewer works as a combination of sanitary and storm sewers that collects both sewage and
storm water runoff in a single pipe system. Serious water pollution may happen due to combining large
variation of sewer flow between dry and wet weather.

Figure 6.3 Difference of sewerage disposal between separated and combined sewers during different weather
Sewage treatment and sewage passage is under properties of the authorities but it only starts at the
boundary of the private building excluding the septic system located on site. The system within the
building and the boundary is under the responsibility of the property owner that subjected to rules and
regulations of its components.

6.3 Case Study
Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC) consists of 4 floors (ground, first, second and third floor).
Sewerage system in this building features the functions of collection, conveyance, treatment and
disposal. Combined stack system is installed in this building with similar location of wash closets on each
floors. Sewage collected from the appliances is collected and conveyed through the network of pipe
lines: soil pipe, vent pipe and waste pipe. It is discharged to the nearest manhole and then to the septic
tank of the property for treatment. Manholes and inspection sports are located outside the building in
cover for services and inspections.
Figure 6.4 Ground floor plan

6.4.1 Sanitary Appliances
Sanitary appliances are used for collection and discharge of waste matter and soil. There are two groups
of sanitary appliances in KLPAC, the waste and soil appliances. Soil appliances include water closet and
urinal while the waste appliances are bidet, sink and wash basin. All these appliances are made of non-
absorbent, non-corroding, smooth and easily cleaned material like ceramic ware, stainless steel or
plastic.
Figure 6.5 Female washroom located at ground floor of KLPAC
Figure 6.6 Ground floor male and female toilets at KLPAC

6.4.1.1 Water Closet
Water closet is an enclosed room or compartment containing a toilet bowl fitted with a mechanism for
flushing. A toilet is composed of two main pieces -- the tank (water reservoir) and the bowl (the part the
user sits).
When the flush lever is pushed, it pulls up on the chain and so the flush valve. This exposes the large
discharge hole at the bottom of the tank allowing water to rush quickly into the toilet bowl. Immediately
after a flush begins the water level in the tank and the floats starts to go down, at the same time the
float opens the fill valve, and water from the house water pipe (through the stop valve) begins to flow
into the tank. When it's almost empty the flapper can no longer float and falls onto the discharge hole
sealing/closing it again and the water coming in through the fill valve starts refilling the tank. While the
tank is refilling, a small amount of water is also going from the fill valve through the refill tube into the
overflow tube that empties directly into the toilet bowl. This water raises the water level in the bowl.
When the water level in the tank has returned to its original level, the float closes the fill valve and the
cycle is complete. An overflow tube is provided to direct the excess water refilling in the tank into the
bowl after it reaches a certain level.
Figure 6.7 Water closet in KLPAC Figure 6.8 Compartments of Water Closet
According to UBBL 1984, Section 43:
In all buildings, the size of the latrines, water-closets and bathrooms shall be
(a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5 meters by 0.75
meter.

6.4.1.2 Basins
Sink is a wide bowl that has a faucet for water and a drain at the bottom and is usually positioned in a
counter or on a pedestal. Some sinks provide separate taps with hot and cold water supplies called
faucets. A drain is included in a basin to remove overflow water when the basin is clogged. To remove
clogged items in a sink, a specific chemical drain cleaner or a plunger will be used. The type of sinks
installed in KLPAC are different in materiality (stainless steel sinks in kitchen, concrete sinks and ceramic
sinks in washrooms).
Figure 6.9 Ceramic basin in KLPAC Figure 6.10 Components of a basic sink
Ceramic sinks are made with a raw material that contains clay, glass and metal. This mixture has been
used as a sink material for decades with a smooth, impervious surface and extremely low moisture
absorbency.
Ceramic sinks are easy to maintain. Their impenetrable surface is stain resistant, so it can be easily
cleaned with basic all-purpose cleaning products. On the other hand, most ceramic sinks are made of
raw materials, which means that many of them differ slightly in finish and color. Prone to chipping,
cracking and scratching, ceramic sinks often need replacing if damaged.
Figure 6.11 Costumed made concrete sink in washroom in KLPAC

A concrete sink can be a washroom addition that will last a very long time. They are usually unique and
different for being customized. Due to its material characteristics, concrete is very strong and not easily
damaged. Unfortunately, concrete sinks need to be maintained by periodically sealing and repairing
cracks and chips before they spread and become worse. Concrete sinks can also be extremely heavy and
require special support. Supports not only need to be installed underneath the sink, but also the floor
must be strong enough to support the added weight.
Finally, concrete sinks can be very expensive to install. Since they are largely custom made, there is no
standard price and homeowners cannot simply purchase one online or through a home improvement
center.
Figure 6.12 and Figure 6.13 Different type of stainless steel basins in kitchen area in KLPAC
Stainless steel makes an affordable, low-maintenance kitchen sink. They do not chip, crack or peel as
enamel or porcelain sinks will do, and they’re resistant to stains. Although stainless steel resists
corrosion, prolonged contact with chlorine bleach, muriatic acid, solvents and other harsh or abrasive
cleaners can damage stainless steel finishes and leave them vulnerable to rust. The thickness of the steel
also plays a role in the sink’s resistance to scratches and dents. The thicker the steel, the more durable
the sink will be.
One drawback to stainless steel sinks is that limited options in color and finish are provided. While it
comes in a range of finishes, such as mirrored, glossy sheen or brushed nickel, the color will always be
silver. Another drawback to this type of sink is that it tends to be noisy in comparison to other materials,
such as acrylic or porcelain sinks. But higher-end stainless steel sinks offer sound-muffling coatings over
the steel or a spray coating on the underside of the sink. This can greatly reduce the noise level,
although it will not eliminate it.

6.4.2 Traps
A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering the buildings. The traps are
located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of water. The retaining water
creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to the building from drain pipes. Therefore all
plumbing fixtures such as sinks, washbasins, and toilets in KLPAC are equipped with traps.
6.4.2.1 Water seal
Water seal in a trap is the depth of water which should be removed from a fully charge trap before
gases at atmospheric pressure may pass from the waste pipe through trap into a building. The tape is
useless unless they retain their seals at all times. The seal may be broken due to air compressor,
momentum and evaporation. The trap in fittings in range is liable to symphonic action and each trap
should be ventilated.
The principle of the water trap works with the presence of water. The water sits in the trap where it
forms a blockage for gas trying to get back into the room. The water will sit just below the level of the
outlet bend until more water is introduced from the incoming pipe. The incoming water will replace the
water in the trap and push it out of the outlet.
Figure 6.14 Example of water seal in a P-pipe.
6.4.2.1.1 Bottle and Sink Traps
A bottle trap is long and thin and will not take up so much room in a kitchen unit or under a basin while
sink trap used in KLPAC is the addition of a 90 degree fitting on the outlet side of a U-bend, thereby
creating a P-like shape. It is also referred to as a sink trap because it is installed under most house sinks.
Both are usually made of plastic but chrome plated versions are available for most applications. This
type of trap can be hidden behind a pedestal although proprietary pedestal traps are a little longer.
Because it is a localized low-point in the plumbing, it tends to capture heavy objects that are unwittingly
dropped into the sink. Besides, it also functions to collect hair, sand, and other debris and limits the
ultimate size of objects that will pass on into the rest of the plumbing, thereby catching over-sized
objects.

Figure 6.15 Bottle traps installed in the toilet of KLPAC
Figure 6.16 Diagrammatic drawing of bottle trap (left) and sink trap (right) used in KLPAC
6.4.2.1.2 Floor Trap
This trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom etc.
These are available in cast iron or UPVC material and have removable grating (JALI) on the top of the
trap. The minimum depth of water seal should be 50 mm.
Figure 6.17 Cast iron floor trap grating in toilet of KLPAC Figure 6.18 Example of a floor trap

6.4.2.1.3 Gully Trap
These traps are constructed outside the building to carry waste water discharge from sanitary
appliances and are connected to the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases from sewer do not
come to the house. These are deep seal traps, the depth of water seal should be 50 mm minimum. It
also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to waste pipes carrying waste
water.
The initial thought was that the trap would prevent the foul air and rodents from leaving the sewer
systems and surfacing within domestic curtilages and to some degree this may have been the case,
however the traps created their own problems partly because they were often installed on combined
storm and foul drainage systems and as a result silt and debris would collect in the trap causing the
occasional blockage. Common defects found on interceptors include root ingress, fracturing due to
movement or settlement of the chamber and a general buildup of silt, debris, grease and fat within the
trap itself.
Figure 6.19 Plans and Section of gully trap with cover at KLPAC

Figure 6.20 Compartments of a gully trap Figure 6.21 Example of a gully trap
6.4.2.1.4 Grease Trap
A grease trap, or grease interceptor, is a plumbing device designed to "trap" and prevent grease from
entering the sewer system and causing sewer pipe blockages.
A grease trap should be connected to any fixture or drain that discharges wastewater containing oil and
grease to the grease trap, including, sinks for washing dishes, floor drains and cooking equipment. When
there is wastewater entering the grease trap, it cools and the grease and oil harden and float to the top
of the trap. The rest of the wastewater flows through the trap and out the exit pipe to the sanitary
sewer. The grease, oil and fat remain in the trap.
For the best operation, the grease trap should be cleaned regularly and serviced at least once every four
weeks. When warm fats, oils, and grease make their way into the plumbing system, over time they build
up and cause a number of problems, including blocked sewers. Blocked sewers can lead to a sewage
backup into the building itself, neighboring property or even local rivers. Blocked sewers can also lead to
increased vermin and contact with disease-causing organisms, all of which pose serious health risks to
anyone working in or visiting the building.
Figure 6.22 Diagram of a grease trap

Figure 6.23 Example of installing an underground grease trap
6.4.3 Pipework
Getting the used water and other waste products away from sanitary appliances is the primary purpose
of the above ground drainage pipework. The pipework must be professionally designed and installed to
ensure no smells enter the building from the pipework and all waste products are disposed of safely.
The drainage system in a building historically was made from metals such as cast iron, copper or lead
but for the last 40 years PVC plastic has been used as the main drainage pipe material. All the pipes are
laid out to a slope or ‘fall’ to allow the water to drain away without leaving behind any dirt or debris in
the pipe. All appliance connections to the drainage system must have a trap on them to prevent smell or
gasses entering the home.
Pipe system includes network of pipes and valves, which are main pipe, feeder pipe, branch pipe and
valve. Main pipe delivers water from treatment plant to distribution tank or directly to distribution area.
Feeder pipe is directly connected to a main pipe for distribution of water to industrial or residential
areas. Branch pipe is installed from feeder pipe to individual house, building, factory or fire hydrant.
Valve is needed to control water flow rate, stop water flow, release trapped air in pipe, balance pressure
in pipe and remove effluents.

Figure 6.25 Diagrammatic of the soil and waste
pipes connecting to stack 1 and 2 in KLPAC
Figure 6.24 Example of waste pipe system in a typical house

6.4.3.1 Soil and Waste Pipe
Drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipes carry waste and water out of the building without gurgles or fumes.
Water produced at fixtures such as toilets, sinks and showers travels downward through the stacks to
the main drain line and exits the fixtures through a trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains
water. At the end, it is leaded to the municipal sewage system or to a septic system.
More into details, water runs down the sink drain into a p-trap, which fills up with water to prevent
sewer gases and odors from getting into the house through the pipe. This water gets refreshed
whenever more water runs through it. A drainpipe attached to the p-trap goes into an opening in the
wall. Behind the wall, a vent line and drainpipe lead to a soil stack, which is the control center of the
wastewater system. Drain pipes take the wastewater to the soil stack; through the stack, sewer gases
are carried up to the roof through vent lines.
In KLPAC, material that is used for the soil and waste pipe system is uPVC. The soil pipe is located inside
or outside and the end is terminated with an open end covered in a cage (to stop birds nesting in it) or
with an automatic air admittance device.
Figure 6.26 uPVC pipe in KLPAC Figure 6.27 Diagrammatic drawing of uPVC pipe in KLPAC

6.4.3.2 Vent pipe
For water to flow smoothly without gurgling, there must be an air passageway behind the water. Vent
pipes extend from the drainpipes up through the roof to provide that passage. Vent pipes also carry
odors out of the house. The drainpipe for each plumbing fixture must be connected to a vent that
supplies the pipe with air from the outside. In some cases the drainpipe is connected directly to a main
or secondary stack pipe, which travels straight up through the roof. More often a drainpipe is connected
to a recent pipe that reaches up and over to tie into the main vent stack.
Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) and uPVC pipe are installed for the vent pipe system in KLPAC and they are
carried up to 450mm above roof level. All pipe passing through the roof structure is provided with collar
and flashing to form tight joints.
Figure 6.28 Diagrammatic drawing of vitrified clay pipe (VCP) in KLPAC
Under Law of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974, Section 56 (1)
Rainwater pipes not to be used as soil pipe state that: “no pipes used in the carrying of rainwater from any
roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off soil and drainage from any privy or water closet or sullage
water.”
Under Law of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974. Section 57
No water pipe, stack pipes or down spout used for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used
or permitted to serve or to act as ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.

6.4.4 Inspection chamber
All underground drainage systems must have access points, to enable the drains to be inspected on a
regular basis and to be cleaned in the event of a blockage. The most common form of access is an
inspection chamber, often still referred to as a manhole. In times gone by, manholes were actually large,
bricked up chambers that had iron steps built into the wall, enabling a person to physically climb down
into the drainage system. The main difference between one of these old manholes and an inspection
chamber is that inspection chambers do not permit physical entrance into the drains.
Figure 6.29 Light duty cast iron covered inspection chamber at KLPAC

Figure 6.30 Plan and section of an inspection chamber in KLPAC
6.4.5 Manholes
Manholes (MH) are the largest top opening to an underground utility chambers providing access to a
sewer or drain for maintenance equipment on underground and buried public utility, and, in some
cases, for operatives to enter the system itself to make connections, inspection, valve adjustments and
other services including sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains, district heating and gas. Manhole
closings are protected by a manhole cover, a flat plug designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized
access to the manhole.

Figure 6.31 Cast iron manhole frame and Cover Figure 6.32 Section of a manhole at KLPAC
6.4.6 Septic Tank
The typical septic tank is a large buried rectangular or cylindrical container made of concrete, fiberglass,
or polyethylene. A septic tank's purpose is to separate solids from the wastewater, store and partially
decompose as much solid material as possible, while allowing the liquid (or effluent) to go to the drain
field. Wastewater from toilet, bath and kitchen flows into the tank and remains there for up to 24 hours
(known as the retention time) before it passes to the drain field. This helps prevent clogging of the drain
field, which can lead to failure and costly repairs.
The retention time is necessary to allow the solids to properly separate from the liquids—heavy solids
settle to the bottom as sludge and the lighter particles rise to the top, forming a scum layer. Although
bacterial action partially decomposes some of the solids, up to 50 percent remain in the tank.
Before that, septic tanks had one compartment; however, current regulations require two chambers,
which do a better job of settling solids. In residential systems, the tank size is determined by the number
of bedrooms and should be enough to handle approximately three years’ worth of sludge and scum. In
commercial establishments like KLPAC, the tank size is determined by the amount of daily flow.
As wastewater flows into the tank, a tee (or baffle) at the tank's inlet pipe slows the incoming wastes
and reduces the disturbance of the settled sludge. The outlet tee keeps the solids or scum in the tank. In
old tanks installed, an effluent filter is attached to the outlet baffle (going to the drain field) to keep
solids in the tank instead of entering the drain field. Effluent filters are an excellent addition to an older
tank, and can be installed by a pumper or other septic system professional.
Consequently, it is important that solids be removed by periodic pumping, so they do not overflow into
the drain field. Most septic tanks need to be pumped every 3 to 5 years, depending on the tank size and
the amount and type of solids entering the tank.

All tanks should have accessible covers for checking the condition of the tees and for pumping both
compartments. To eliminate the time and nuisance of digging down to the access covers, risers can be
installed. The riser(s) should be secure to prevent accidental entry into the tank, and should also be
watertight to prevent groundwater from entering the riser cavity, which may cause the tank to flood.
Figure 6.33 Compartments of a septic tank
Figure 6.34 Location of septic tank in KLPAC

6.4.7 Drainage
The drainage system is an essential part of living in a city or urban area, as it reduces flood damage by
carrying water away. When it rains, some water naturally seeps into the ground. The rest makes its way
through drainage systems, into rivers and creeks and eventually into the bays, or directly to the bays
through stormwater beach outlets.
In areas with houses, shops and roads, alternative ways for this water to drain away are needed as large
amounts of water can build up quickly during heavy rain and storms, and without adequate drainage
this flows towards low-lying land, flooding, damage and safety risks will happen.
Rainwater drainage is required to collect the discharge from roof, paved area and convey it to suitable
drainage system. These rainwater system are laid to fall so as to direct rainwater into a yard gully which
is connected to the surface water drainage system. It consists of a collection called gutter which is
connected to vertical rainwater pipes.
Figure 6.36 Example of drainage system of a house
Figure 6.35 The rainwater down pipe with gutter is
connected to a screening chamber in KLPAC
According to UBBL 1984, Section 115:
Roof coverings and drainage. All roofs of buildings shall be so constructed as to drain effectually to
suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with
the requirements of these BY-laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the
roof.

6.5 Analysis
In KLPAC, sewage is being disposed through sanitary appliances and being flushed into the soil and
waste pipe. For toilets and pantries located at upper floors, vertical waste pipes are connected by
combined stack system to convey and conduct the wastewater to downstairs and underground drains.
Sewage is then conveyed along the public sewer line to a wastewater treatment plant nearby before
discharging into river.
Most of the sewage pipes and stacks including the storm drains and sewer are hidden behind the wall
and above ceiling panels. Therefore, aesthetic value of the interior and exterior of the building is
concerned. On the other hand, there is no smell and odor noticed when entering the washroom because
of the vent pipe allowing the smell of the sewage to escape the building without trapping it inside. So,
users can pleasantly use the sanitary appliances.
There is only one grease interceptor trap located at ground floor which is near to the restaurant in
KLPAC. Regular maintenance is needed so that the grease or fat discharged from the kitchen will not
clog and block the wastewater pipe system. A number of manholes are located underground
surrounding the building itself, providing maximum flow of wastewater disposal from the building to the
septic tank and to the sewer line. However, only one septic tank is installed in this sewerage system and
it may encounter high pressure of wastewater discharged at the same time.
6.6 Conclusion
In a nutshell, KLPAC is designed with effective and complete sanitary and sewerage system that
considers the need of the users entering the building. Basic sanitation services as well as storm water
drainage system are well planned that comply with standards and requirement of regulatory bodies in
Malaysia. Besides, toilet appliances for people with disabilities are considered in the design of the
building. Wastewater treatment plant nearby also plays an important role for the building as it can treat
the wastewater within the boundary of the property before discharging it into the public sewer line.

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