Introduction to Building Services Systems

2
CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
3.1 Introduction & Function
3.2 Active Fire Protection System
3.2.1 Fire Detection System and Alarm Devices
3.2.1.1 Heat Detector
3.2.1.2 Smoke Detector
3.2.1.3 Fire Break Glass Call Point
3.2.1.4 Fire Alarm Bell
3.2.1.5 Fireman’s Switch
3.2.1.6 Voice communicator
3.2.2 Fire Control System
3.2.2.1 Fire Control Room
3.2.2.2 Fire Sprinkler System
3.2.2.3 Dry Riser System
3.2.2.4 Wet Riser System
3.2.2.5 Hose Reel System
3.2.2.6 Fire Hydrant System
3.2.2.7 Portable Fire Extinguisher
3.3 Passive Fire Protection System
3.3.1 Fire Roller Shutter
3.3.2 Fire Door
3.3.3 Fire Escape
3.3.4 Emergency Lighting and Signage
3.3.5 Smoke Curtain
3.3.6 Fire Extinguisher
4.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
4.2 Window Air Conditioning System
4.3 Split Air Conditioning System
4.4 Centralized Air Conditioning System
4.5 Packaged Air Conditioning System
4.6 Components
4.6.1 Refrigerant Cycle
4.6.1.1 Water Tanks
4.6.1.2 Cooling Tower

3
4.6.1.3 Chillers
4.6.1.4 Control Unit
4.6.1.5 Water Pump Sets
4.6.2 Air Cycle
4.6.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
4.6.2.2 Air Filter
4.6.2.3 Blower Fan
4.6.2.4 Ductwork and Diffusers
4.6.2.5 Fan Coil Units ( F.C.U. )
5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
5.2 Supply Ventilation System
5.3 Exhaust Ventilation System
5.4 Balanced / Combined Ventilation System
5.5 Components of Ventilation System
5.5.1 Fan
5.5.2 Filter
5.5.3 Ductworks
5.5.4 Damper
5.5.5 Diffusers
6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
6.2 Elevator
6.2.1 Traction Elevator
6.2.2 Hydraulic Elevator
6.2.3 Climbing Elevator
6.2.4 Pneumatic Elevator
6.2.5 Passenger Lift
6.2.6 Service Lift
7.0 PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS
7.1 Fire Protection System
7.1.1 Active Fire Protection System
7.1.2 Passive Fire Protection System
7.2 Air Conditioning System
7.3 Mechanical Ventilation System
7.4 Mechanical Transportation System
8.0 SUMMARY
9.0 REFERENCES

4
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Site Location
The centre for the elderly is located in Old Klang Road, Selangor, surrounded by housing
estates, apartments, religious facilities and low rise commercials. It has a normal range
of community facilities around it. The topography of the site is almost level which
consider appropriate to the elderly.
Building Brief
Usage : Centre for the Elderly
Building Siting : Setbacks as per authority requirements ( where applicable )
Building Height : 2 Storeys
Approximate Floor Area : 800 s.q.m.
Facilties : 1) Recreational Space
2) Meditation Space
3) Dining & Kitchen
4) Communal Play Room
5) Physiotherapy Room
6) Clinical & Healthcare
7) Communal Reading
Pax : 20+/-

5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
The purpose of the protection is to safe guard human lives, presence material assets and
save the environment from devastation. Fire engulfs homes made out of wood easily, but
heavy timber can resist fairly. Steel on the other hand, is non-combustible. But its malleable
properties makes it expand and shrink fast under change of temperatures. During fire, steel
will expand fast due to heat contributing to the collapsed structures, walls can also be
damaged by the quick expansion of steel framing. Concrete is a fire resistant material, perfect
for modern structures to counter damage caused by fires. But its porous properties will sustain
damage and lose its strength under large fire. Masonry on the other hand is made up of dense
clay burned in fire. It provides one of the best resistant to heat and will retain its structural
integrity. Glass and plastics on the other hand is vulnerable in fire and get damaged easily.
The different type of fire protection system used are due to the scale and also the typology of
the building. Fire protection system can be categorized into two classifications: active fire
protection and passive fire protection.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Air Conditioning System is a cooling system designed to give proper ventilation to a specific
environment. ACMV System maybe a customized air conditioning system installed in any
industrial, commercial or household setup. Air-conditioners can be easily found anywhere
ranging from houses, restaurants, hotels offices, hospitals, factories, office, toilets and etc.
Most of the buildings and houses in Malaysia have installed air-conditioning system to
maintain thermal comfort users in the building between 19 and 23 degrees Celsius to stay
comfort indoor. The air conditioning system is responsible in controlling the amount of cool air
going in to specific venue and provide fresh air in an area like balanced distribution of oxygen,
proper level of air humidity as well as elimination of high thermic environment, air impurities
and other floating bacteria. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air to
more comfortable conditions. Air conditioning system controls 4 different aspects that
contribute to thermal comfort in buildings:
-Air Temperature
-Air humidity
-Air movement
-Air purity

6
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
Ventilation is the introduction of outside air into a space. The general purpose of ventilation in
buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting and removing the pollutants
from the air. Ventilation that is aided by mechanical devices are known as mechanical
ventilation system. Mechanical fans can drive mechanical ventilation. Fans can either be
installed directly to windows or walls or in air ducts for supplying or exhausting air.
The type of mechanical ventilation system used depends on the climate. This is due to
pressurization and humidity factors. In warm and humid climates like Malaysia, infiltration may
need to be minimized or prevented to reduce interstitial condensation (occurs when warm,
moist air from inside a building penetrates a wall, roof or floor and meets a cold surface).
Depending on the function of the space and the usage, the type of system is carefully picked.
If it is of heavy usage, a larger scale of mechanism is used and vice versa. The selection of
systems should be proportional to the usage to increase the efficiency and to reduce the cost
of installation.
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Mechanical transportation are energy-using services of people and goods which needs the
designer’s attention at the earliest stages of building design. These transportations are
outlined and designed to create smooth access between buildings from floor to floor. Its energy
consumption are usually low but much electrical power requirements are great for short
periods.
Furthermore, it is important for every mechanical transportations to acknowledge to the UBBL
provided by the authority. Therefore, other important services such as provisional access for
disabled people, fire protections, means of escape and maintenance could be integrated into
the systems.

7
3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire protection system involves the study of the behaviour, compartmentalisation, suppression
and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and development,
production, testing and application of mitigating systems. As mentioned before that it
comprises of 2 categorisation, active fire protection and passive fire protection.
Active fire protection system is simply the method or the procedure of preventing a building
from fire burning by using either manual or automatic operated fire mechanical system such
as fire alarms, detectors, hose reels, fire telecoms, sprinkler installation and etc.
Passive fire protection on the other hand delays the speed of the spreading of fire and also
the combustion process and at the same time protecting the escape routes in order to prolong
the time taken to escape. This system can be done by modifying and altering the architectural
elements with fire resistant characteristics. Hence, planning is important and essential and fire
safety factors must be a concern at the design stage of the building. The selection of materials,
compartmentalization of building and installations of emergency guidance such as floor plans
and signs are crucial for a safe evacuation.
Functions of fire protection system:
a) To increase the level of life safety or occupants within the building in the event of a
fire.
b) To control the spread of harmful effects of fire.
c) To elevate and protect the environment.
d) To preserve material assets of existing building and surrounding building.

8
3.2 Active Fire Protection System
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or
motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, or
automated.
3.2.1 Fire Detection System & Alarm Devices
3.2.1.1 Heat Detector A heat detector, a fire alarm device
designed to respond when the thermal
energy of the fire that convects into the
detector, increases the temperature of a heat
sensitive element. All heat detectors have
this thermal lag. Heat detectors are used to
help in the reduction of damaged property. It
is triggered when temperature increases.
3.2.1.2 Smoke Detector A smoke detector is a device that senses
smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. When
smoke enters the plates of the detectors, it
triggers the alarm by cutting off the current in
between the plates.
3.2.1.3 Fire Break Glass Call Point A fire break glass call point is an active fire
protection device, usually wall-mounted,
that, when activated, initiates an alarm on
a fire alarm system. In its simplest form, the
user activates the alarm by breaking the
glass and by pushing the contact point in the
middle which completes a circuit, sending an
alarm to the fire alarm control panel.
3.2.1.4 Fire Alarm Bell Fire alarm bells can be either motorized
bells or wall mountable sounders or horns.
They can also be speaker strobes which

9
sound an alarm, followed by a voice
evacuation message which warns people
inside the building not to use the elevators.
Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain
frequencies and different tones including low,
medium and high, depending on the country
and manufacturer of the device.
3.2.2 Fire Control System
3.2.2.1 Fire Sprinkler System A fire sprinkler system is an active fire
protection method, consisting of a water
supply system (water tank), providing
adequate pressure and flowrate to a water
distribution piping system, onto which fire
sprinklers are connected.
3.2.2.2 Dry Riser System Dry riser systems are a form of internal
hydrant for fire fighters to use. They are
normally dry and depended on the fire engine
to pump water into the system. Dry riser
system comprises a riser pipe with landing
valves at each floor and to which canvas
hose with nozzles can be connected to direct
the water jet at the fire. Breeching inlets into
which the fireman pumps water are provided
at ground level and are connected to the
bottom of the dry risers.
3.2.2.3 Wet Riser System Wet riser system is found in buildings with
several floors. It is a vertical pipe installed in
building for firefighting purposes. It is used to
supply water when fire occurs. It is
permanently charged with water from a
pressurized supply to ensure that water
would not run out when needed and fitted
with landing valves with various floors. The
need of a wet riser system is that fire
department can quickly access to backup of
water supplies to put out fires.

10
3.2.2.4 Hose Reel System The hose reel system is intended for the
occupants/firemen to use during early stages
of fire and it comprises a hose reel pump. It
is connected to the wet riser which is fully
pressurized at all times for emergency
usage. When it is used, the pressure of the
pipe will drop below the field adjusted setting
of the pressure switch. This will trigger the
pump to come into operation automatically to
provide a constant supply of water. It can
deliver a large amount of water than
conventional fire extinguisher, making it the
key elements of saving lives and put out fire.
3.2.2.5 Fire Hydrant System A fire hydrant, also called fireplug, is a
connection point by which firefighters can tap
into a water supply. It is a component
of active fire protection. Fire hydrant systems
(also known as fire pumps, hydrant boosters,
fire water pumps) are high pressure water
pumps designed to increase the firefighting
capacity of a building by boosting the
pressure in the hydrant service when mains
is not enough, or when tank fed.
3.2.2.6 Portable fire Extinguishers Portable fire extinguishers are active fire
protective devices that is used to control
small fire, the fire extinguishers are made to
be portable, so that when the building is on
fire and the main fire devices such as the
hose reel are far and inaccessible from
reach, a portable fire extinguisher will be of
the best choice.

11
3.3 Passive Fire Protection System
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the three components of
structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the
spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other examples). PFP
systems must comply with the associated Listing and approval use and compliance in order
to provide the effectiveness expected by building codes.
3.3.1 Fire Roller Shutter Fire roller shutters or fire resistant shutters
are one of the most effective methods of
resisting the intense heat applied to one side
of a large area door to the other without
excessive distorting and without affecting the
fire integrity of the door. In the event of a fire,
any Fire resistant roller shutter that has been
left in the open position is automatically
closed by a thermally actuated thermal link
mechanism. When the temperature of the
fusible link reaches a pre-determined
temperature, it activates to rapidly close the
roller shutter.
3.3.2 Fire Rated Door Fire rated doors are usually built along the
escape routes and fire escape stairs’
corridors to ensure safety while the
occupants are escaping. It is used as part of
a protection system to reduce the spread of
fire and smoke between separate
compartments of a structure. All fire rated
doors must be installed with fire resistant
fittings and hardware. (frames and joints)
3.3.3 Emergency Lightings An emergency light is a battery-backed
lighting device that switches on
automatically when a building experiences a
power outage. Emergency lights are
standard in new commercial and high
occupancy residential buildings.

12
3.3.4 Emergency Signage Emergency sign or fire escape sign usually
read “KELUAR” which defines exit in
Malaysia. It directs the path to a safe area,
usually open area of fire staircases. It is often
installed with emergency light within with
neon green to provide clear visual guide for
occupants during fire.
3.3.5 Fire Escape Stairs A fire escape stair is one of the means of
emergency exits, usually at the back of the
building separated by fire resistant walls. It
provides a method of escape in the event of
fire or other emergency that makes other
stairwells inside a building inaccessible.
3.3.6 Fire Rated Walls A fire rated wall is a fire resistant barrier
used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated
period of time. Fire rated walls can be used
to subdivide a building into separate fire
areas and are constructed in accordance
with the locally applicable building codes.
They are typically continuous from a floor
below to a floor or roof above or from one fire
barrier wall to another fire barrier wall. These
specialized walls are typically made up of
drywall/gypsum board partitions with wood
or metal framed studs.
3.3.7 Compartmentation Compartmentation is basically the
implementation taken in order to segregate
and designate specific spaces evenly and
equally across the premises of a building to
reduce the spreading of the fire from one
point to another, most prominently by using
fire rated walls. Spaces are for instance by
which the M&E Services rooms are to be
compartmentalized in order to reduce the
spread of fire within the spaces.

13
4.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Malaysia has a tropical rainforest climate which being hot and humid throughout the
year. Due to the moderate outdoor air quality caused by the industrial development, it has
affected the indoor air quality as well. Thus, thermal comfort is one of the significant factors
that affect the building design. Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind that
expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by the subjective
evaluation. The application of air conditioning system in Malaysia is needed to achieve the
optimal air temperature, air humidity and air cleanliness for the occupants.
Air Conditioning system served to produce and maintain a programmed internal
environment, despite of external conditions and extract heat from a certain area to the
surroundings. The equipment of air conditioning system includes facilities to control
temperature, humidity, air cleanliness, air movement and heat radiation.

14
4.2 Window Air Conditioning System
Window unit air conditioner is an expensive alternative to central system, which is only
suitable for small room as they operate less efficient to the space. It is usually installed at
window openings or wall.
Figure 4.2.1: Photo above shows the window air conditioning system
In this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve
or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot
made in the wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill. There are two compartments
for this windows air conditioner, the room side, which is also the cooling side and the outdoor
side from where the heat absorbed by the room air is liberated to the atmosphere.
Figure 4.2.2: Schematic diagram of components in window conditoning system

15
4.2.1 Refrigeration System of Window Unit Air Conditioner
The refrigeration system of the window air conditioner comprises of all the important
parts of the refrigeration cycle. These include the compressor, condenser, expansion valve
and the evaporator.
The compressor used in the window air conditioners is hermetically sealed type, which
is portable one. The condenser is made up of copper tubing and it is cooled by the atmospheric
air. It is covered with the fins to enable faster heat transfer rate from it. The capillary tubing
made up of various rounds of the copper coil is used as the expansion valve in the window air
conditioners. Before the capillary, there is a drier filter that filters the refrigerant and also
removes the moisture particles, if present in the refrigerant.
The evaporator is also made up of copper tubing of number of turns and is covered with
the fins. The evaporator is also called as the cooling coil since the rooms air passes over it
and gets cooled. Before the evaporator, there is air filter fitted in the front panel or front grill.
As the room air is absorbed, it is first passed over the filter so that it gets filtered. The filtered
air is then blown over the cooling coil and the chilled air is passed into the room. The refrigerant
after leaving the cooling coil enters the accumulator where it is accumulated and then it is
again sucked by the compressor for recirculation over the whole cycle.

16
4.2.2 Components of window unit air conditioning system
Figure 4.2.3: Positioning of selected components in window unit air conditioner
1. Condenser fan: The condenser fan is the forced draft type of propeller fan that sucks
the atmospheric air and blows it over the condenser. The hot refrigerant inside the
condenser gives up the heat to the atmospheric air and its temperature reduces.
2. Fan motor: It has double shaft on one side of which the blower is fitted and on the other
side the condenser fan is fitted. This makes the whole assembly of the blower, the
condenser fan and the motor highly compact.
3. Blower: The blower sucks the air from the room which first passes over the air filter
and gets filtered. The air then passes over the cooling coil and gets chilled. The blower
then blows this filtered and chilled air, which passes through the supply air
compartment inside the window air conditioner assembly. This air is then delivered into
the room from the supply air grill of the front panel.
4.2.3 Control System of Window Unit Air Conditioner
There is control panel or the operating panel that carries various control buttons. This control
panel can be easily accessed from the front panel of the window air conditioner. The three
important aspects that are to be controlled inside the window air conditioner:
 Thermostat for controlling the room air temperature
 Air flow rate inside the room
 Direction of the air flow inside the room

17
4.3 Split Air Conditioning System
Split unit air-conditioning system can be seen in operation at many residential buildings
and are used for small rooms and halls, usually in places where window air conditioners
cannot be installed. The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and
the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Figure 4.3.1: Split Air conditioner with an indoor unit and outdoor unit

18
4.3.1 Outdoor Unit
The important components of the air conditioner for this unit are the compressor, condenser
coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing. This unit is installed outside the room or
office space which is to be cooled. The compressor is the maximum noise making part of the
air conditioner, and since in the split air conditioner, it is located outside the room, the major
noise is eliminated. In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the condenser thus
cooling the compressed Freon gas in it. This gas passes through the expansion coil and gets
converted into low pressure, low temperature partial gas and partial liquid Freon fluid.
Figure 4.3.2: Illustrated components of outdoor unit
4.3.1.1 Components of outdoor unit:
1. Compressor
The compressor is most important part of the any air conditioner. It compresses the refrigerant
and increases its pressure before sending it to the condenser. The size of the compressor
varies depending on the desired air conditioning load. In this domestic split air compressor,
the motor used for driving the shaft is located inside the sealed unit and it is not visible
externally. External power has to be supplied to the compressor, which is utilized for
compressing the refrigerant and during this process lots of heat is generated in the
compressor, which has to be removed by some means.

19
2. Condenser
The condenser used in the outdoor unit of split air conditioners is the coiled copper tubing with
one or more rows depending on the size of the air conditioning unit and the compressor. The
high temperature and high pressure refrigerant from the compressor comes in the condenser
where it has to produce the heat. The tubing is made up of copper since it rate of conduction
of heat is high. Aluminium fins is covered on the condenser so that the heat from the refrigerant
can be removed at faster rate.
3. Condenser cooling fan
The condenser cooling fan is an ordinary fan with three or four blades and is driven by a motor.
It is located in front of the compressor and the condenser coil. As the blades of the fan rotate
it absorbs the surrounding air from the open space and blows it over the compressor and the
condenser with the aluminium fins thus cooling them. The hot air is thrown back to the open
space and the circulation of air continues unhindered. In the long running process of
pressurised and heating, the refrigerant in the compressor, heats produced could burnt the
motor coils eventually breakdown the compressor of the whole AC system. Further, the
refrigerant within the condenser coil has to be cooled so that after expansion its temperature
become low enough to produce the cooling effect.

20
4. Expansion valve
The expansion valve is usually a copper capillary tubing with several rounds of coils. In the
split air conditioners, valve is used to operate electronically automatically. The high pressure
and medium temperature refrigerant enters the expansion valve and leaves the condenser,
where temperature and pressure to be dropped.
4.3.2 Indoor Unit
The indoor unit of the split air conditioner is a box type housing in which all important parts of
the air conditioner are enclosed. It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the
room or the office. The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower
and the filter. The most common type of the indoor unit is the wall mounted type and other
types are like ceiling mounted and floor mounted are also used.
After passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the cooling coil. The blower
sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and it blows it over the cooling coil. As the
air passes over cooling coil its temperature reduces drastically and also loses the excess
moisture. The cool and dry air enters the room and maintains comfortable conditions of around
25-27 degree Celsius as per the requirements temperature inside a space.
Wall mounted indoor unit Floor mounted indoor unit Cassette

21
Figure 4.3.3: Illustrated components of outdoor unit
4.3.2.1 Components of indoor unit:
1. Evaporator coil or the cooling coil
The cooling coil is a copper coil made of number turns of the copper tubing with one or more
rows depending on the capacity of the air conditioning system. The cooling coil is covered with
the aluminium fins so that the maximum amount of heat can be transmit from the coil to the
air inside the room at maximum level. The refrigerant from the tubing at very low temperature
and very low pressure enters the cooling coil. The blower absorb the hot indoor air passes to
the cooling coil, the air is being cooled and later on disperse back to the space.
After absorbing the heat from the room air, the temperature of the refrigerant inside the cooling
coil becomes high and it flows back through the return copper tubing to the compressor inside
the outdoor unit. The refrigerant tubing supplying the refrigerant from the outdoor unit to the
indoor unit and that supplying the refrigerant from indoor unit to the outdoor unit are both
covered with the insulation tape.

22
2. Louvers or Fins
The cool air supplied by the blower is passed into the room through louvers. The louvers can
be adjusted in different angle in which the air needs to be supplied into the. With louvers one
easily change the direction in which the maximum amount of the cooled air has to be passed.
There are two types of louvers: horizontal and vertical. The horizontal louvers are connected
to a small motor and the position can set by the remote control. Cold air is passed in a
particular direction once position for the horizontal louvers is fixed or one can keep it in rotation
mode so that the fresh air is supplied throughout the room. The vertical louvers are operated
manually and one can easily change their position. The horizontal louvers control flow of air
in upper and downward directions of the room, while vertical louvers control movement of air
in left and right directions.
3. Air filter
Air filter is very important part of the indoor unit. It removes all the dirt particles from the room
air and helps provide clean air to the room. The air filter in the wall mounted type of the indoor
unit is placed just before the cooling coil. When the blower sucks the hot indoor air, it is will
first pass through the air filter and then through the cooling coil thus after the air being cooled
down it is more fresh and clean.

23
4. Cooling fan or blower
Inside the indoor unit there is also a long blower that sucks the room air. It is an induced type
of blower and while it sucks the unclean and hot air, it is passed over the cooling coil and the
filter to remove heat and dust. The shaft of the blower rotates inside the bushes and it is
connected to a small multiple speed motor, thus the speed of the blower can be changed.
When the fan speed is changed with the remote it is the speed of the blower that changes.
4.3.2 Types of Split Unit Air Conditioning System
 Split unit without outside air (ductless)
 Split unit with outside air (ducted)
 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
4.3.2.1 Split unit without outside air (ductless)
Ductless split system are no supply of fresh air to renew the existing indoor air. Thus, the
existing indoor air is recycled and recirculated.
Schematic diagram of ductless split system

24
4.3.2.2 Split unit with outside air (ducted)
Ducted split system is used to deliver conditioned air into each room. The ducting pipes are
usually concealed in ceiling. It has larger capacity as compared to ductless system.
Figure 4.3.4: Schematic diagram of ducted split system
4.3.2.3 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
Variable refrigerant flow is also known as a multi-split air conditioning system where one
outdoor unit is connected to several indoor units. It uses refrigerant as the cooling medium.
The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of
refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units), enabling the use of many
evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to a single condensing unit.
Figure 4.3.5: Schematic diagram of the variable refrigerant flow system
Types of variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
 Master and slave system
 Zoned control units
 Variable refrigerant volume system

25
Master and Slave System
Master unit can be used to control the individual unit or all units at the same time while slave
unit control itself only. It is suitable for single areas, single rooms or even multiple rooms with
very similar heat gain.
Zoned Control Units
Each indoor unit has its own individual temperature controller and each unit functions as
required to maintain the individual room temperature.
Variable refrigerant volume system
It is able to provide total versatility and each indoor unit may cool / heat independently of
each other.
4.4 Centralized Air Conditioning System
Centralized air-conditioning system also called central air conditioning systems and
are normally found in large buildings with multiple floors like hotels, hospitals and shopping
malls, where high cooling loads are required so that all areas can be cooled completely.
Large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and evaporator are kept
in a large plant room, where all functions of a refrigeration system are performed. In
consequence, a larger space is required to store all machineries which are several times larger
than normal ones.
Figure 4.4.1: Diagram showing Centralized Air-conditioning System
Centralized air conditioning system consists of an air system, water system, central
heating/cooling plant and a control system.

26
4.4.1 Air System
Air system is sometimes be called the air-handling system. The function of an air
system is to control indoor environment according to requirements.
Figure 4.4.2: Diagram shows the AHU bringing outside air into building and its components

27
4.4.2 Water System
The water system includes chilled and hot water systems, chilled and hot water
pumps, condenser water system, and condenser water pumps
Figure 4.4.2: Diagram shows how cooling tower function in water system
From the diagram above, it shows the chilled water is cooled in chillers and then is
distributed to the cooling coils of various air-handling unites. The temperature of the chilled
water leaving the coil increases after absorbing heat from the airstream, flowing over the coil.
Chilled water is then returned to the chillers for re-cooling through the chilled water pumps.
After the condenser water has been cooled in cooling tower, it flows back to the condenser of
the chillers. The temperature of the condenser water again rises owing to absorption of the
condensing heat from the refrigerant in the condenser. After that, the condenser water is
pumped to the cooling towers by condenser water pumps.
Water system is actually:
-To transport chilled water and hot water from the central plant to the air-handling unites,
fan-coil units, and fan powered boxes
-To transport the condenser water from the cooling tower, well water, or other sources to the
condenser inside the central plant.

28
4.5 Packaged Air Conditioning System
A packaged unit (PU) is a unitary, self-contained air conditioner which enclosed all the
important in a casing. Packaged air conditioners are used for places with larger spaces
compared to the split type. It functions similarly to the split air conditioners and are commonly
used it places like restaurant event halls. Packaged air conditioners can be divided into two
types:
-ones with water cooled condensers
-ones with air-cooled condensers.
Figure 4.4.3: Diagram shows rooftop packaged air conditioning system and its components
Those with water cooled condensers is cooled by using water. Water must always be
supplied in this kind of system to maintain its function to cool the interior spaces of the building.
Those with air cooled condensers is cooling using air from the atmosphere. The outdoor unit
is kept at open spaces like terraces. This kind of system is more common than the water
cooled type because is harder to maintain.

29
Packaged units can be classified according to their place of installation example:
Rooftop packaged units, indoor packaged units and split packaged units.
Figure 4.4.4: Diagram above show the typical installations of (A) Rooftop packaged units
installation and (B) Split packaged units installation
4.5.1 Rooftop Packaged Units
Rooftop Packaged units is mounted on the roof of the conditioned space, it is usually
enclosed in a weather proof outer casing. The mixture of outdoor air and recirculating air is
often conditioned in the rooftop packaged unit and supplied to the conditioned space on the
floors below
4.5.2 Indoor Packaged Units
It is usually installed in a fan room inside a building. A small or medium-size indoor
packaged unit may sometimes be floor-mounted directly inside the conditioned space with or
without connected ductwork.
4.5.3 Split Packaged Units
Split packaged units is also known as split system, which divide packaged unit into and
indoor air handler and an outdoor condensing unit. Usually the outdoor unit is placed on the
rooftop of the building. The refrigerant pipes is the connecting of indoor air and the outdoor
condensing unit.

30
Comparison between Window Air Conditioning System, Split Air Conditioning System,
Centralized Air Conditioning System and Packaged Air Conditioning System.
Air Conditioning System Pros Cons
Window Air Conditioning
System
 Low noise output and
high efficiency
 Water drains from the
unit to the exterior with
no intervention needed
 Can be placed either in
windows or wall holes for
easy installation
 Requires a large hole
in the wall if it is not
installed at existing
window opening
 More of a hassle to
remove and move to
another
room/location
 Not all windows
support air
conditioners
Split Air Conditioning
System
 Low initial cost and low
noise
 Space efficiency as
outdoor and indoor units
are installed in different
location
 Each system is totally
independent and has its
own control of
temperature
 Impact on building
aesthetics due too many
outdoor units will spoil the
appearance of the
building.
 Higher cost because of
installation of both indoor
and outdoor units.
Centralized Air
Conditioning System
 Barely hear the system
running
 Does not leave any visible
signs in or around your home
 Require added electricity
to run compared to
individual window units
 Work until the
temperature of the house
reaches a designated
level.
Packaged Air Conditioning
System
 The complete heating and
cooling unit is assembled in a
factory in a controlled
environment.
 All of the electronics
controls and electrical
motors are located
outside in a harsh
environment.

31
4.6 Components of the System
4.6.1 Refrigerant cycle
Refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat from low temperature to high temperature. The
heat inside a room is transferred through the evaporator and removed to the outside air
through a condenser.
Principles of Refrigeration
The main principle of refrigeration:
 Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas
 Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
The refrigerant must be used frequently for an air conditioning system to operate with
economy. Therefore, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation,
expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to transfer the
heat from one area to cool this area and to eliminate this heat in another area.
 The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed
and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.
 The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives
off its heat to the outside air.
 The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts
the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
 The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air
is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.

32
4.6.1.1 Water Tanks
Figure 4.6.1: Photo shows the water tank located on the rooftop
An air-conditioning (AC) make up tank is located at rooftop which is near to the cooling
tower. This is to make up condenser water system if there any water loss due to cooling tower
operation and maintenance or other reasons. The water from make-up tank is being supplied
to the cooling tower basin by a centrifugal pump set.
Expansion tanks has been incorporated into the system as well to allow water
expansion and contradiction due to changes in temperature. It is made up of Fiberglass
Reinforced Polyester (FRP), and a PVC tubing for level indication and pipe connecting to the
chilled water return pipe.
4.6.1.2 Cooling Tower
Figure 4.6.2: Photo shows penetratable walls of the cooling tower to allow air pass through
A cooling tower is an evaporative heat rejection device by fritter away heat to
atmosphere and produce cooling to the rest of the water stream to a lower temperature.
Warm water from the heat source is pumped to the water distribution system at the top
of the tower through existing holes in sprinkler. The water is distributed over evenly to the top
of cooling tower. Water that is sprinkling out from the sprinkler is then going down to the bottom
of cooling tower, while the air enters from the bottom to the next exit which is the top.

33
4.6.1.3 Chillers
Figure 4.6.3: Photo shows chiller located in the plant room
They are located in the chiller plant room, the chiller units are switched on during the
day as the AC would be cut off during the night. The device helps removes heat from a liquid
via absorption refrigeration cycle, it consists of evaporator, compressor and condenser, it also
cooled down the water flow through pipes in buildings as well as cooling down the building.
4.6.1.4 Control Unit
Figure 4.6.4: Photo shows the control unit for building
The control for the chiller is automated which monitor and control the operation system
of the condenser water pump, chilled water pump and cooling tower. Once the chiller are
signalled, the motorized valve of cooling tower will be switched on, then the contact is
activated. Once activation, the condenser water pump will start. Once the chiller detects a flow
in the chilled water system, it will start automatically. The fan assembly for cooling tower will
start and the water system will operate by regulate the compressor to full or partially load.

34
4.6.1.5 Water Pump Sets
Figure 4.6.5: Photo shows water pump sets in the building
The water pump sets function as a pump to return warm chilled eater to chiller and it
also pump water to every A.H.U room.

35
4.6.2 Air Cycle
It is a process of distribution of treated air into a certain area that needs to be
conditioned. The treated air is the air supply to the area is filtered through air cleaner to remove
dust particles. Latent heat inside the room is eliminated and transferred to the medium at the
Air Handling Unit (AHU). The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or
water. Distribution of air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes and the heat inside
the room is removed and provide the internal lower temperature and cooler air supply.
4.6.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Figure 4.6.6: Cutaway drawing of Air Handling Unit
An air Handling unit, often abbreviate to AHU is a device used to re-condition and
circulate air as part of a heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering and distributing.
It uses a blower to remove air from the home, force it through a heat exchanger and distribute
the conditioned air through a system of ducts back into the house. The walls of the AHU room
are covered with aluminium grating as acoustic insulation to reduce noise pollution produced
by the AHU machine. Control panel can be found inside AHU room to regulate every aspect
of AHU which detect air flow rate using common control components including temperatures
sensors, humidity sensors, sail switchers, motors and controllers.

36
4.6.2.2 Air filter
Air filter is essential in order to provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants.
The air filters are placed on the side of the AHU. The filters need to be replaced regularly to
ensure proper function and maximize the system operation.
4.6.2.3 Blower fan
Figure4.6.8: Cutaway drawing of Air Handling Unit
The circulation of air is distributed by the blower in the unit. Blower fan is used
especially to remove heat from the condenser. Its function is to propel the air for distribution
inside the building. A thermometer can be found inside the blower to control the fan to turn
off until the room temperature raises again.

37
4.6.2.4 Ductwork and Diffusers
Ductwork is the collective name for the air distribution used in HVAC system. It contain
supply from an air handling unit to the terminal through diffusers. Both are to distribute the air
from air handling units to the other rooms that need to be conditioned. The ductwork is usually
concealed inside the ceiling. The diffuser is placed where the air to be released.
4.6.2.5 Fan Coil Units (F.C.U)
Fan coil units are provided to serves all lift and escalator lobbies and all tenants. Each
of the FCU comprised of a filter, chilled water cooling coil and a double intel, double with
centrifugal supply air fan, all of which are housed in insulated sheet metal housing from factory.

38
5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
Mechanical ventilation system is used to circulate fresh air using mechanical devices such as
ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow through small holes, cracks in a home’s wall, roof
or windows. Fan assisted movement of air has largely superseded the unreliable natural
system. Mechanical systems does the job of heating, cooling and maintaining the humidity of
air within a space.
Functions of mechanical ventilation system:
e) To control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants
f) Thermal comfort purposes to achieve desired indoor psychrometric conditions
g) Circulation of air
h) Reduce air pollution when big openings are not encouraged for natural ventilation
i) Controllable as it can be switch on or off depending on the situation or the user’s
need
j) Maintain internal humidity of a space

39
Types of ventilation system:
5.2 Supply Ventilation System
This ventilation system works by pressurization; it sucks outside air into the space, creating
positive pressures and causing inside air to leak out through holes, cracks and openings or
through ducts and vents. It is usually used to supply fresh air into one room or more.
Diagram 5.1 : Supply Ventilation System Airflow
Based on the diagram, air supply is located at a higher position at typically at the roof as the
air has higher possibility of being regulated. Strong winds at higher positions will allow more
airflow. A filter is installed right after the fresh air inlet so that air can be filtered before entering
the internal rooms.
Supply ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install. It works best in hot
or mixed climates. As it works by pressurizing, they have a potential to cause moisture
problems in cold climates.

40
5.3 Exhaust Ventilation System
Exhaust ventilation works by depressurization; creating negative pressures in the interior by
drawing the air inside, causing outside air to leak in through intentional passive vents such as
holes, cracks and openings. It is usually used to extract waste air out of one or more rooms.
Diagram 5.3 : Exhaust Ventilation System Airflow
The diagram shows a centralized exhaust system located at the higher position typically the
roof. As hot air rises, the exhaust hood can easily takes in used air from the spaces into a
central component. It is then channel through a filter to trap the pollutants before discharging.
Exhaust ventilation systems are also relatively simple and inexpensive to install. It works best
in cold climates by drawing moist air out the building, keeping the interior warm. As it does not
temper with the air flowing in, it may also draw in pollutants.

41
5.4 Balanced Ventilation System
Balanced ventilation system, or combined ventilation system, works by neither pressurization
nor depressurization. The air exhaust equals to the amount of air supply, keeping the pressure
balance inside and out. It is usually used to supply fresh air and exhaust air in and out of rooms
by placing it at appropriate position.
Diagram 5.6 : Balance Ventilation System Airflow
Based on the diagram, air supply is located below the structure while the exhaust system is
located in the roof. Fresh air flows in from below, regulate with the air as the hot air rises up
to the exhaust. If not much waste air is generated, the supply and exhaust can be installed in
separate rooms to regulate air from one space to the other. Both the systems have filter to
keep the air flow clean.
Balance Ventilation system is expensive to install and operate. It works in all climate and can
be configured to have different air handling system to optimize ventilation and temperature
control. As it can be manually controlled, it increases the heating and cooling cost.

42
Comparison between Supply, Exhaust and Balanced Ventilation System
Ventilation
System Pros Cons
Supply
 Relatively inexpensive and simple
to install
 Allow better control than exhaust
systems
 Minimize pollutants from outside
living space
 Prevent backdrafting of
combustion gases from fireplaces
and appliances
 Allow filtering of pollen and dust in
outdoor air
 Allow dehumidification of outdoor
air
 Work well in hot or mixed
climates.
 Can cause moisture problems in
cold climates
 Will not temper or remove
moisture from incoming air
 Can increase heating and
cooling costs
 May require mixing of outdoor
and indoor air to avoid drafts in
cold weather.
Exhaust
 Relatively inexpensive and simple
to install
 Work well in cold climates.
 Can draw pollutants into living
space
 Not appropriate for hot humid
climates
 Rely in part on random air
leakage
cooling costs
 May require mixing of outdoor
and indoor air to avoid drafts in
cold weather
 Can cause backdrafting in
combustion appliances.
Balanced
 Appropriate for all climates
 Can cost more to install and
operate than exhaust or supply
systems
 Will not temper or remove
moisture from incoming air
cooling costs.

43
Components of Ventilation System
5.5.1 Fan
Provide motive power for air movement by imparting static energy or pressure and kinetic
energy or velocity.
Types of Fan
a) Cross-flow
Typically used throughout the HVAC and electronic industries. It produces an
even laminar airflow to keep components from overheating. It is ideal for places
with limited spaces.
b) Propeller
Sometimes known as screw propeller, it uses rotation to create a difference in
pressure on the front and rear side, thus creating a thus and suction force from
one side to the other.

44
c) Axial flow
A type of compressor which increases the pressure of the air flowing through it.
The design of the propeller revolves around the fan blades. It is mainly used in
aircrafts, helicopters, and etc.
d) Centrifugal
Consist of a central shaft with a moving component to intake air at a right angle.
The air is then discharged perpendicularly. It creates more pressure from a
given volume, used in industrial objects such as leave blower and hairdryer.
5.5.2 Filter
Used to remove suspended particles, contaminants and odours. The filter is installed at the
inlet grille to prevent contaminated air from entering the internal space.

45
5.5.3 Ductworks
To channel outside air towards the room or air from room outside.
a) Circular
b) Square
c) Rectangular

46
5.5.4 Damper
In case of fire occurrence, it avoids the fire from spreading from one room to another. Usually
placed at compartment wall.
5.5.5 Diffusers
It acts as an obstruction to create low velocity air flow into the room. This promotes the mixing
of the new air with the room air while distributing the flow of air in the desired direction evenly.

47
6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
An elevator or a lift is a transportation device used to move goods or people vertically.
Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a
jack.
Elevators are usually considered a requirement in a buildings which accommodates the elderly
people, hospitals or buildings over three stories. The minimum standards of elevator
transportation services is to have one lift for every 4 stories with a maximum distance of 45m
to the lift lobby. The standard estimated floor space and car capacities can be based on an
area of 0.2m2
per person. There are 4 types of elevators:-
i) Geared Traction Elevators
ii) Hydraulic Elevators
iii) Climbing Elevators
iv) Pneumatic Elevator
6.2 Elevators
6.2.1 Geared Traction Elevators
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines uses
gears to control mechanical movements of elevator cars by ‘rolling’ steel hoist over a drive
sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor. These machines are
usually the best option for basement or overhead traction use.
These geared traction elevators normally work at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute
(2.54 meters per second). The elevator is lifted by ropes, which pass over the wheel attached
to the electric motor above the elevator shaft. It is used for mid and high-rise applications and
have much faster speeds compared to the hydraulic elevators. The counterweight makes the
elevator much more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the
motor does not have to move as weight.

48
Figure 6.1: Geared Traction Elevator components breakdown

49
6.2.2 Hydraulic Elevator
A hydraulic elevators supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator up as an electric
motor forces oiler another hydraulic fluid into the piston. Hydraulic elevators are usually used
for low rise buildings (2-8 stories) and are usually suitable for goods lifting, hospitals and old
folk’s home. Also, these elevators are known for its simple operation, relatively lower load
imposed, lower structural cost, accurate leveling and smooth acceleration.
Figure 6.2: Hydraulic Elevator components breakdown

50
6.2.3 Climbing Elevator
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done
by an electric or a combustion engine. These elevators are usually used in guyed masts or
towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions for maintenance.
Figure 6.3: Climbing Elevator in a construction site

51
6.2.4 Pneumatic Elevator
By using simple principles of physics, pneumatic elevators has the difference in air pressure
above and beneath the vacuum elevator cab literally transports you by air. It is the vacuum
pumps or turbines that pull you up to the next Floor and the slow release of air pressure that
floats you down.
Pneumatic Vacuum Elevators are easier to install, maintain, and operate than traditional
elevators. They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact design because
excavating a pit, and hoistway are not required. Air pressure above and beneath the elevator
cab are the key to transporting.
FIgure 6.4: Pneumatic elevator in a residential setting

52
3.5 Passenger Lift
A passenger lift has a completely enclosed lift car that travels vertically within a specially
prepared lift shaft.
Passengers are transported between floors at quick speeds and the control systems are often
most economical throughout the building. These lifts are extremely space efficient, therefore,
having little building words, and also usually travel between floors at 0.6 meters per second.
3.6 Service Lift
Service lifts, also known as freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice
in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited, though certain freight elevators allow dual
use through the use of an inconspicuous riser.
Freight elevators are usually larger for carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator,
generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated door to
prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist,
traction elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting. These elevators are
specially constructed to withstand the rigors of heavy loads.

53
Fire Outbreak Smoke
Detectors
Heat
Detectors
Fire Alarm
Control Panel
(1st
STAGE)
Thorough
Investigation
of Source of
Fire
Activate Fire
Alarm via Push
Button Switch for
General Alarm
Water Based
System
Non-Water
Based
System
Fire Control System
Fire Detection & Alarm System
Fire Hydrant
Hose Reel
Water
Sprinkler
Powder Fire
Extinguisher
Foam Fire
Extinguisher
Activate Fire
Alarm via the
Manual Alarm
Call Point
(2nd
STAGE)
7.1 PROPOSAL FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Proposal for Active Fire Protection System Procedures
in Elderly Care Centre
Active fire protection procedures are the systematic process taken in order to curb, detect and
control fire in an event of a fire outbreak. The procedure of active fire protection is categorized
into 2 classifications, i.e. fire protection detection and alarm system and fire control system.
Presence of fire
confirmed
Source of fire
detected

54
Fire Detection & Alarm System
Ionization Smoke Detector
Figure 7.1.1.1: Image above shows a Smoke Detector (left) and the mechanism detail of a
Smoke Detector (right)
In an ionization smoke detector, there is an ionization chamber with two plates. The battery
will then send voltage to these plates, charging one of them positive and the other one
negative. When smoke enters in between these plates it disrupts the ionization process
between these two plates, cutting off the current between these two plates, hence triggering
the alarm.
This type of smoke detector is chosen to be applied in the elderly care centre as it is sensitive
and responds fast towards its surrounding. It is sensitive while sensing and detecting large
particles of smoke. Hence, it does not respond to small particles of smoke and having said
that, it is less prone to triggering false alarm. Its small size also ease instalment and ensures
aesthetics rather than an obstructed item to the elderlies.
UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 237: Fire alarms
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and
alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the tenth schedule to these by-laws.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by
light beam or phot-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after
thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset
time.

55
Hallways & Corridors Compartmentalized space
Figure 7.1.1.2: Image above indicates the ground floor spaces where the smoke detectors
are implemented (left) and on the first floor (right)
This smoke detector is proposed to be placed in the public common spaces such as the
reception lobby and the corridor and also each compartmentalized individual spaces. The
detectors are each placed in (1) individual and segregated spaces or (2) along the public
hallway and corridors to ensure full coverage and sensitivity towards the presence of smoke
within the premises of the elderly care centre. Also, the smoke detectors are also placed in
front of the elevator at the lift lobbies.
Spaces without the use of smoke detectors are open spaces which are either semi enclosed
(timber louvered walls) or open i.e. verendahs and balcony deck.

56
Strobe Light
Figure 7.1.1.3: Image above shows a strobe light
Strobe lights are implemented alongside with all smoke detectors. The presence of strobe
lights will raise awareness in regards to warning the elderlies in an event of an emergency.
Combined alarm with sensor unit produces constant loud audible signals to alert visual
impaired elderlies, whereas strobe light produces red light flashes to notify the hearing
impaired elderlies. The more the amount of lights, the more efficient the warning system
towards the elderlies is.
Due to the fact that the installation of strobe lights are implemented alongside all smoke
detectors, hence basically each of the individual segregated spaces are covered with visual
emergency warning and hence raising the efficiency of the fire emergency warning system
within the elderly care centre.
Optical Heat Detector
Figure 7.1.1.4: Image above shows an Optical Heat Detector (top) and the mechanism detail
of a Heat Detector (bottom)

57
In an optical heat detector, the one main mechanism that serves to indicate the presence of
heat is the thermistor which are installed in a way that it is partially sealed from the surrounding
air. The thermistor which is sensitive to surrounding heat will detect the differences of
increment and rise in temperature and hence will trigger the alarm once a maximum point of
temperature is detected.
Figure 7.1.1.5: Image above shows the space within the ground floor where heat detectors
are applied (left) and also within the first floor (bottom)
Optical heat detector is implemented at spaces which are prone to exposure of exerting heat
and temperature, i.e. kitchen and M&E (Mechanical & Electrical Services Room). The optical
heat detector is implemented as a safety precaution procedure in order to give alertness and
warning if by any chance there is a rise in temperature indicating a possibility of a fire hazard
occurring within the implemented spaces.
Also, the heat detectors work alongside with the smoke detector, indicating heat within the
space and indicating the presence of a heat source which may possibly be of fire. The heat
detectors are only placed in two spaces of the elderly care centre as these two spaces are

58
Manual Alarm Call Point (Break Glass Alarm Call Point)
Figure 7.1.1.6: Image above shows a manual alarm call point (break glass alarm call point)
One of the many alarm triggers is a manual alarm call point which is also known as the break
glass alarm call point.
Figure 7.1.1.7: Diagram above shows the location on where the manual alarm call points are
implied within the ground floor (left) and the first floor (right) of the building.

59
Within the premises of the elderly care centre, based on the given requirements, the manual
alarm call points should be implemented at near all exits, doorways and also within the fire
escape stairs and also in all areas of high risk such as the kitchen for example. Due the
typology of the building being an elderly care centre, there is a certain limitation towards the
occupants’ mobility and hence travel distance is being considered while placing these manual
alarm call points. Having mention that, the travel distance for elderlies to reach a manual call
point should not exceed 25 meters. Thus, all of the manual alarm call points have to be within
reach at any time and not causing any sort of inconveniences to the elderlies.
The manual alarm call point are also placed at the stairs to easily allow users to trigger the
call point in an event of an emergency.
Fire Control Panel
Figure 7.1.1.8: Image above shows a fire control panel
The fire alarm control panel is the system panel of a fire alarm system that integrates all fire
detection and alarm system and coordinating it into one integrated system. It controls and
receive information and data from all the sensors and detectors and also alarms designed to
identify changes within the premises related to fire, monitors their functioning integrity and
also provides for automatic control of equipment while preserving the need and function to
transmit data needed to prepare the facility for fire emergency based on a programmed
order. The panel is also a centre serving to supply electricity to activate any connected
sensor, transmitter, control or relay.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 155: Fire mode of operation
(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel
which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or
manually.

60
Figure 7.1.1.9: Diagram above indicates the location of the fire control panel i.e within the
office situated within the ground floor of the elderly care centre
Within the premises of the elderly care centre, the fire control panel is located within the staff
room which is the office. This is to ensure efficiency in regards to monitoring and responding
to the situation in an event of a fire and also to avoid unnecessary disturbances by the
occupants towards the fire control panel.

61
Fire Alarm
Figure 7.1.1.10: Image above shows a fire alarm (top) & the mechanism of an
electromagnetic fire alarm bell (bottom)
The alarm bell is a device that create loud alert sound. Its function by means of an
electromagnet, consisting of coils of insulated wire wound round iron rods. Once the electric
is applied, the current will flow through the coils. The rods will then become magnetic and
attract a piece of iron attached to a clapper. Once the clapper hits the bell, it will create a
repetitive loud ringing sound to alert the occupants of emergency.
UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 237: Fire Alarms
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-
laws.
(2) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a
master control.

62
Figure 7.1.1.11: Diagram above shows the location of the fire alarm that is located within the
ground floor of the elderly care centre
In the elderly care centre, only one fire alarm is implemented as a fire alarm bell can produce
a repetitive loud sound, and considering the fact that the elderly care centre’s scale is small,
the sound can also definitely be heard from the first floor above, hence there is no need for
additional alarms to be placed around the premises as one is sufficient. Having mentioning
these, in order to maximize the sound produced by the fire alarm bell, it is positioned
approximately in the middle of the centre, hence radiating sound throughout both sides of the
premises.

63
Fire Control System
Fire Sprinkler System
Figure 7.1.1.12: Image above shows a Recessed Pendant Sprinkler (left) and the
mechanism detail of a Recessed Pendant Sprinkler (right)
This type of water sprinkler shoots water downwards from the ceiling and shoots out water in
a circular motion. These types of sprinklers are much commonly used in almost any type of
rooms or spaces that are accessible such as offices and reception lobby.
UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 226: Automatic system for hazardous occupancy
Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character s to
require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing positions on exit routes to be
visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method
of operation.
The recessed pendant sprinkler is implemented as due to the fact it is recessed, the
connecting pipes and water conduits are hidden within the ceiling to avoid unattractive
appearance, and having mentioned that, by implementing this system, the interior atmosphere
would not be seemingly cramp with mechanical equipment and providing a suitable and
comfortable living environment for the elderlies.
Also, these type of water sprinkler system units are proposed as it is automated in way that
once it is triggered, it will function automatically to curb the fire, directly obtaining water from
the main water storage tank (firefighting tank/water sprinkler tank). With a series of water
sprinklers installed throughout the premises, spaces can be fully and efficiently sprayed with
adequate water and a steady amount of strong pressure and flowrate to curb fire.

64
Figure 7.1.1.13: Diagram above shows the location of the water sprinklers that are located
within the ground floor and first floor of the elderly care centre

65
Sprinkler Water Storage Tank
Figure 7.1.1.13: Image above shows a water sprinkler storage tank (left) and distribution of
connecting pipes to recessed pendant sprinklers (right)
The water tank which works alongside the fire sprinkler system helps stores the water which
caters to all existing water sprinklers within the premises of the elderly care centre. The water
level indicates the level of water in the water tank to ensure there is enough capacity of water
inside in case for emergency usage. During a fire emergency, when the water sprinklers are
triggered, water will be transferred from the suction tank to the pumps and the pumps will
pressurize the water to all sprinklers.
UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 247: Water storage
(1) Water storage capacity and flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be
provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-
laws.
(2) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided
without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their
location.

66
Figure 7.1.1.14: Diagram above shows the location of the water sprinkler tank that provides
steady flowrate and constant supply of water to for the usage of the water sprinkler system
Within the compound of the elderly care centre, the storage tank is strategically placed behind
the backyard of the premises. This is so due to the fact that the scale of the building is not big,
hence it is not ideal to have a dedicated indoor space to accommodate such a large water
tank. Also, due to the fact that the storage capacity is not as large as common ones as it is
serving a small scaled public building, hence, placing it at the backyard is appropriate and
common as it will not only save space within the interior but also at the same not consuming
much outdoor space.

67
Hose Reel System
Figure 7.1.1.15: Image above shows a typical fire hose reel
A typical fire hose reel consists of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels. These entire
installation of a system is strategically located in a building in order to ensure proper coverage
of water supply throughout the building in an event of an emergency in order to curb a fire. It
is typically manually operated and activated by opening a valve while enabling water to flow
into a hose that is typically 30 meters away. Provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10
meters from the nozzle.
UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 248: Marking on wet riser, etc.
(1) Wet risers, dry risers, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be
painted red.
(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and
extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or
otherwise clearly identified.

68
Figure 7.1.1.16: Diagram above indicates the location of the hose reel within the first floor
and how it is centralized within the floor to ease accessibility and reachability
Within the premises of the elderly care centre, the hose reel is only placed on the first floor as
the ground floor can have direct access to the water be it from the fire hydrant or the firefighting
tank. The hose reel is only emphasized being placed at the first floor as it has a more
inconvenient access to the fire hydrant and the water storage tank behind the compound. Also,
within the first floor of the elderly care centre, the hose reel is placed strategically in the middle
of the entire floor. This can ensure a proper and more efficient coverage of water during an
event of emergency. By locating it in the middle of the centre, hence the hose can stretch far
from the middle to the far end of the centre of the far front, hence ensuring a safer and wider
coverage of water.

69
Fire Hydrant System
Figure 7.1.1.17: Image above shows two typical Malaysian fire hydrant (top) and a detail
component section of dry and wet barrel fire hydrant (bottom)
The fire hydrants allow firefighters to obtain steady and continuous water supply easily and
efficiently in order to combat fire. The fire hydrant is usually installed in open areas surrounding
a context in order to ensure convenience for firefighters to utilize the hydrant during
emergency.
UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire
(1) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(2) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire
Authority.

70
Figure 7.1.1.18: Image above shows the site plan of the elderly care centre and the location
of the existing fire hydrant on site. Indicated is also the radius of coverage of the fire hydrant.
As for the fire hydrant on site, there is not a need to propose a new one as there is already an
existing one present within the site, just some 30 metres away from the main entry of the site.
It is located in front of another public building - Divine Life Society building, just two houses
next to it. Hence, this shows that the location of the fire hydrant on site is within reach in order
to cater to the needs of the elderly care centre in case of an event of a fire. The location of the
existing fire hydrant also abide to these following requirements, (1) not more than 30m from
the breeching inlet of building, (2) minimum 6m away from the building, (3) spaced not more
than 91.5m apart along access road and (4) 6m minimum width of access road.

71
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Figure 7.1.1.19: Image above shows a dry powder based fire extinguisher (left) and a foam
based fire extinguisher (right)
Within the premises of this elderly care centre, 2 type of fire extinguishers are mainly used. 1.
Dry powder extinguishers and 2. AFFF Foam extinguishers. 2 types of variants of extinguisher
are implemented as these are one of the 2 most commonly used extinguishers and has an
easy method of operation.
UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 227: Portable Extinguishers
Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and
shall be site in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

72
AFFF Foam Extinguisher Dry Powder Extinguisher
Figure 7.1.1.20: Image above indicates the location of the 2 types of extinguishers that are
implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)
The main extinguisher used throughout the premises is the AFFF Foam based extinguisher
as it can combat against various amount of fire source and considered to be one of the
excellent rounded base-type fire extinguisher. The only space within the elderly care centre
which is not using the AFFF Foam based extinguisher is the kitchen/pantry. This is because
kitchen is a space bound by the presence of oil and AFFF Foam based extinguisher are not
suitable for putting out oil as when these two comes into contact thus will cause an explosion
to occur. Hence, in order to overcome this issue, a dry powder based extinguisher is proposed
to combat fire in the presence of oil within the kitchen space of the elderly care centre.
Overall, the AFFF Foam based extinguisher which is considered the general and main type of
fire extinguisher used within the care centre, are strategically located at mostly (1) the corridor
where is most accessible, (2) a few other compartmentalized and segregated spaces i.e. the
meditation space and the office, (3) in the outdoor areas i.e. the outdoor deck and also (4) one
at the fire escape stairs on each floor to ease convenience for the users in cases of an
emergency.

73
Proposal for Passive Fire Protection System Procedures
in Elderly Care Centre
Passive fire protection provision is required in all buildings, whether domestic or non-domestic,
with the purpose of containing, compartmentalizing or retarding the spread of fire.
This system should always be present and available within the building, placed and located
evenly within every floor of the building for easy accessibility. The passive fire protection
system do not rely on operational mechanical devices in order to be active or triggered.
Passive Fire Protection System
Fire Escape Fire Barrier
Emergency Exit Signage Compartmentation
Fire Exit Route
Fire Staircase
Fire Exit Doors

74
Emergency Exit Signage
Fire escape signs are provided to show and direct escape routes for occupants to the nearest
safe exit. The signs are green and white in color because the green colour scatters the least,
therefore, easier to identify for users.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 172: Emergency exit signs
v) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall
not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
vi) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every
location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately
apparent.
vii) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than
150 millimeters high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeters
wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.
Figure 7.1.2.1: Image above indicates the location of the emergency exit signs that are
implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

75
Exit Route
Two exit routes provided is a continuous and obstructed paths from any point within the floor
plan towards a place of safety. The exit routes are permanent and separated by all fire
resistant materials, with limited opening excess.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 169: Exit route
No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
Figure 7.1.2.2: Image above indicates the emergency exit routes that are implied onto the
ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

76
Fire Staircase
Staircases are one of the main features in connecting and giving access from one floor to
another in a building. The dimensions of the staircase are according to the UBBL to provide
suitable means of escape and adequate space for emergencies.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 166: Exits to be accessible at all times
1. Except as permitted by By-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided
from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.
2. The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are
within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-
laws and are readily accessible at all times.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 168: Staircases
(1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via
at least two separate staircases.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being
available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the
highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance
with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.
(3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but the
handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimeters.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at
landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no
point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

77
Figure 7.1.2.3: Image above indicates the location of the fire staircases that are implied onto
the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

78
Exit Doors
The function of an exit door is to allow easy access through the building to allow occupants
safe exit as well as acting as a defensive fire protection barrier when shut, preventing the
spread of fire throughout a building.
The purpose of the exit door is to improve security such as unauthorized from the outside and
to allow a quick escape in fire situation. These doors open easily, and it is generally locked
and only opens in the emergency situation. It is widely used for hospitals, libraries, shopping
mall and large size buildings.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 173: Exit doors
i. All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any
special knowledge or effort.
ii. Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including
magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the
fire alarm
Figure 7.1.2.4: Image above indicates the location of the exit doors that are implied onto the
ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

79
Compartmentation
Compartmentalization or also known as separation of fire risk area is implemented in the
building. By proposing the separation of fire rated walls, spreading of flames could be
prevented in the building, therefore protecting the evacuating occupants during emergency.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls
(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door
having a FRP in accordance with the requirements fir that wall specified in the Ninth
Schedule to these By-laws.
(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not
less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule
to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.
(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire
doors having FRP of half-hour.
(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown
to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section
3 of BS 476: 1951.
Figure 7.1.2.5: Image above indicates the location of the compartmentation that are implied
onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

80
Door Closer
Door closers are mainly used for fire safety and are most commonly installed on fire doors,
which needs to be closed in case of fire, to help prevent the spread of fire and smoke.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 164: Door closers for fire doors
(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring
operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the
case of sliding doors.
Figure 7.1.2.6: Image above shows a typical door closer.

81
7.2 PROPOSAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
7.2.1 Introduction
As this structure functions as an elderly centre, it is a public area that facilitates a large
number of people. So, a proper air-conditioning system is designed to keep the building cool
in appropriate spaces.
The type of system used is the split air-conditioning system. Firstly, it is chosen due to
its versatility. Split systems are powered by an external compressor which is placed outdoors.
These compressors are either placed on the ground or hung on the wall using brackets
outdoors. Its outdoor unit are also placed high up on the exterior wall, away from a person’s
line of sight. Aesthetically, it also has a sleek, design that blend easily with modern building
designs. Split systems are also very quiet as the only air-blowing unit is located indoors, but
its outdoor unit is very noisy.
Moreover, it is a very efficient system as compared to a central air-conditioning system
where a duct seepage can occur. Split system is a ductless system which involves the lack of
energy waste. In a central air-conditioning however, cool air can seep through gaps in ducts
which increases energy wastage. In comparison with central air-conditioning system,
expensive duct work has to be implemented onto the building while split systems do not use
ducts. Central air-conditioning also uses a larger amount of energy because cool air is
dispersed into spaces that do not need it. The elderly care centre contains many outdoor
recreational spaces and spaces that are naturally ventilated. Thus, it is essential to control the
dispersion of cool air into only the necessary spaces.
The split system is adopted because it provides individual control of room temperature
settings. Individual settings can achieve greater efficiency at lower cost. Its indoor units have
a modern design which is aesthetically appealing.

82
Figure 7.2.1: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of indoor and outdoor unit.

83
Figure 7.2.2: First floor plan indicating the placement of indoor and outdoor unit

84
7.2.2 Operation of Split Air-conditioning system
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
The fundamental components of the Split unit air-conditioning system are the
compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or the capillary tubing. This unit is
positioned on the exterior of the building, close to the space which needs to be cooled.
A refrigerant gas is used in the compressor where it is pressurized which increases
the temperature of the compressor. This causes the heat in the gas to rise. Then, pressurized
gas goes through a succession of tubes that are meant to condense into a liquid. This
pressurized liquid flows through condenser tubes until they come to an expansion valve. This
valve functions to restrict the flow of the liquid to decrease its pressure as it leaves the valve.
After that, the low-pressure liquid moves to the evaporator, where heat from the interior
is absorbed and transforms from a liquid to gas. The heated low-pressure gas is then moved
to the compressor where the cycle is repeated.
Figure 7.2.3: Flow Chart of Split Unit Air Conditioning System

85
7.2.3 Multi Split Systems
Similarly to split air-conditioning systems, multi-type air conditioning systems operates
on the same principles. In this type of system, multiple evaporator units are connected to one
external condensing unit. This system allows up to eight individual controlled indoor units to
be connected directly to a single outdoor unit. Indoor units can be ceiling cassette, ducted,
floor, wall or ceiling suspended types. It is mainly designed for small and medium commercial
properties
One disadvantage from this system is that it does not provide individual control of
temperature. Multi-split systems switches on or off from a single thermostat/control station.
Figure 7.2.4: Multi Split System

86
7.2.4 Variable Refrigerant Flow or VRF Systems
Similarly to multi-split systems which connect multiple evaporator units to one
condenser, Variable Refrigerant Flow continually adjust the flow of refrigerant to each
individual indoor evaporator whereas multi-split systems are controlled by one master
controller. This is achieved by varying the flow of refrigerant though a pulse modulating valve
(PMV) whose opening is determined by the microprocessor receiving information from
thermistor sensors in each indoor unit. These indoor units are linked to the outdoor unit which
responds to the demand of the indoor units and varies its compressor speed to match the
cooling or heating requirements.
Besides, its small-bore refrigerant piping requires lower spaces and it is easier to install
than metal ducting. Due to the fact that multiple indoor evaporator units can be connected to
one large condenser can be energy efficient and eliminates the need for ductwork installation.
This system also significantly reduces the number of outdoor units needed to be used. Doing
this reduces the amount of noise produced from the exterior of the elder care centre as only
one condenser would be used.
Figure 7.2.5: VRF with evaporator units
In comparison to Multi split air conditioning system, VRF is a better choice. This is because
every room have individual control over the indoor unit. Also, cooled air will not be dispersed
into unnecessary spaces. These factors increases the energy efficiency in the building.

87
UBBL 1984, Part 3, Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning
2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in
addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved
means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-
conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified
hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning
system is not functioning.

88
7.2.5 Types of air-conditioners used
Ceiling Cassette Air Conditioning
This ceiling cassette air-conditioning type of units are mounted onto the ceiling and
are able to cover a fairly large room. They can cool and heat up to 3 rooms from a single
system. Cold are from the unit falls towards the floor and is dispersed throughout the room. It
provides large coverage provided the fans are powerful enough. Ceiling cassette units are
small in size but they require space on the ceiling on be installed.
Figure 7.2.6: Cassette Air Conditioners
Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioners
These types of air conditioner units are most often used in multifamily housing and offices.
They are small in size and flexible for heating and cooling individual rooms. Many models
may have as many as 4 indoor air handling units connected to one outdoor unit.
Figure 7.2.7: Mini Ductless split air conditioners

89
7.2.6 Consideration of placement of outdoor unit of Split air-conditioning system
a) The outdoor unit should be located in an open space, i.e. a terrace, so that air can flow
freely over the compressor and the condenser. Alternatively, it can be kept on the
awning above the wall or it can be hung on the exterior wall supported by brackets.
b) The location of an outdoor unit should be easily accessible for carrying out
maintenance works of the compressor, condenser and other components of the
outdoor unit. The installation and gas charging should also be convenient.
c) There should not be any obstruction for the passage of fan air from passing to the open
space. These blockages can seriously affect the performance of the air-conditioning
system.
d) The surface on which the outdoor unit is to be should be rigid enough to avoid vibration.
The vibration from the operation of the outdoor unit may raise excessive noise and
lead to the breaking of the copper tubing and leakage of the refrigerant.
e) It is advisable to keep the outdoor unit at the height above the indoor unit. If the outdoor
unit is kept at a level below the indoor unit, it will reduce the overall performance of the
compressor. This is due to the fact that the compressor power is used in pumping the
refrigerant against the gravity.
f) Distance between the indoor and outdoor unit should be kept as minimum as possible
to reduce the loss of the cooling effect. The maximum distance between the indoor
and outdoor units can be 15 meters as the refrigerant flows inside the tubing between
the indoor and outdoor units.
Only one outdoor unit is used at the elderly centre. It is located at the exterior wall of the
staircase at the hallway on the 1st
floor.

90
7.2.7 Consideration of placement of indoor unit of Split air-conditioning system
a) The indoor unit should be located inside the room at a position from where the air can
be distributed evenly throughout the room.
b) When installed in a bedroom, the indoor unit should be installed above the bed so that
the maximum cooling effect can be obtained from the unit. It should be placed directly
above the bed.
c) Wall mounted indoor units should be located at a height of 8 to 10 feet from the floor
so that cooled air can be dispersed effectively throughout the room.
d) The indoor unit should be easily accessible so that maintenance can be done
conveniently.
e) If the indoor unit is installed above a certain window, it should be installed in symmetry
with the window or else it may look shabby.
8 evaporator indoor units are used throughout the building. They are located in: -
1. Office
2. Reception Foyer
3. Dining and Kitchen room
4. Communal reading room
5. 1st
floor Hallway
6. Clinic and Healthcare
7. Physiotherapy room
8. Communal Playroom
These indoor units are connected to a single outdoor unit.
UBBL 1984, Third schedule, Section 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning
2) The air inlets should be at high level with extraction points at low level. Recirculation
arrangements should not be provided. The incoming air should be filtered and air-
conditioned (the theatre temperature being capable of adjustment with mechanical
requirements within the range 20°C to 24.4°C). Control over humidity of the air in the rooms
should be provided to ensure that in will be within the range of 55% to 65%.
5) Air inlet points shall be not lower than two-thirds of the height of the room and
exhaust air openings shall be within 1 metre of the finished floor level of the enclosure.
6) Air shall not be recirculated nor combined with any other air-conditioning or
ventilation system and all air introduced into the enclosure shall be exhausted to the
atmosphere without recirculation.

91
The use of split air-conditioning system in commercial buildings is rapidly increasing. It
provides many advantages and contains only a few disadvantages:
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Versatility
Split systems powered by an external
compressor can be either placed on the
ground or hung on the exterior wall using
brackets.
Cost
Split systems cost more than a traditional
air condoning system
Visual Aesthetics
Outdoor units are usually placed high up on
an exterior wall, away from a person’s line
of sight. It also has a modern design that
blend easily with modern building designs.
Installation
Only a licensed professional is allowed to
install a split system as it is not easy to
install.
Noiseless
Split systems are very quiet as the only air-
blowing unit is located indoors.
Outside noise
Outdoor units can be very noisy on the
exterior of the building.
Efficiency
Split system is a ductless system which
involves the lack of energy waste.
Easy control
Each individual indoor unit can be
controlled manually by users using a
thermostat.
Easy maintenance
Indoor units and outdoor units can be easily
maintained as they are easily accessible.

92
In conclusion, the elderly care centre uses the Split air-conditioning system and the Variable
Refrigerant Flow (VRF) as its air-conditioning system. It complies with the UBBL by-laws
stated in section 41 (Mechanicals ventilation and air-conditioning). Suitable air-conditioning
systems and placement of indoor and outdoor units are chosen according to the necessary
spaces and their functions so that thermal comfort can be achieved throughout the building.

93
7.3 PROPOSAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
Supply Ventilation System
A basic supply ventilation system is used to supply air for the general spaces in the elderly
centre such as the office, corridors, dining, physiotherapy rooms and clinic.
Figure 7.3.1: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of air supply units.

94
Figure 7.3.2: First floor plan indicating the placement of air supply units.

95
The components used in the system:
Figure 7.3.3: Rectangular aluminium ductwork
Aluminium ductwork is used to channel/ supply the air to the common areas.
Figure 7.3.4: Square air diffuser and section
7.3.1 Consideration of placement of supply ventilation system
Supply ventilation systems allow better control of the air that enters the space than exhaust.
By pressurizing the house, it discourages the entry of pollutants from the outside and prevent
back drafting of combustion gases from appliances. For the general spaces, the only the
supply ventilation system is provided as the spaces are designed with slit openings at most of
the spaces, allowing natural air flow out of the building without the need of exhaust systems.
It is relatively simple and inexpensive to install. It is suitable as it works best in hot/ mixed
climates.

96
UBBL 1984, Part 3, Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,
bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws
relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,
water closets, bathrooms and corridors.

97
Exhaust Ventilation System
The type of exhaust ventilation used in the kitchen and the toilets are different as it serves
different functions.
Figure 7.3.5: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of air exhaust units.

98
Figure 7.3.6: First floor plan indicating the placement of air exhaust units.

99
Commercial Cooking ventilation system:
Figure 7.3.7: Exhaust hood above stove
Figure 7.3.8 : Make up air unit
Figure 7.3.9 : Air flow in the kitchen
7.3.2 Consideration of placement of exhaust ventilation system for kitchen
The commercial cooking ventilation system is proposed due to the heavy cooking catered for
20 plus customers. The system consist of a large exhaust hood and a make-up air unit. The
exhaust hood is placed directly on top of the stove. The close distance promotes the smoke
from the cooking to be draw in effectively. The make-up air unit is placed directly in the ceiling
of the kitchen. It channels air directly into the kitchen, replacing the huge lack of air due to the
exhaust hood. A motorized fresh air damp is installed to synchronizing the make-up air unit
and the exhaust hood, providing steady passive flow of replenishment air into the kitchen.
However, the make-up air unit does not fully replenish the depressurization. Instead, openings
from the kitchen supply some air in to balance the pressure.

100
Wall Mounted Exhaust System
Figure 7.3.6: wall mounted exhaust fan
Figure 7.3.7: exploded wall mounted exhaust fan components
Figure 7.4: air flow in the water closet
7.3.3 Consideration of placement of exhaust ventilation system in toilets
Wall mounted exhaust fan is proposed due to the location of the washing closet being close
to the outside of the building. The exhaust wall is installed on the wall of the washing closet,
channeling the pollutants outwards effectively. The exhaust fan has shutters which opens
when in used and closes when not. This prevents the pollutants from back-flowing into the
washing closet. A mechanical counter weight is used to control the shutters which
synchronizes with the motor of the fan.

101
7.4 PROPOSAL MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
The hydraulic elevator system is proposed for the elderly centre.
Hydraulic elevator system can allow a capacity of very heavy loads. The accuracy in floor
levelling provides safety for the elderly especially for those with stability problems. This system
allows smooth rides which is comfortable for the users. Low level plant rooms is needed. There
are no structural loads from winding gears which reduces the maintenance.
The lift car shall be driven by one of the following machine/drive system methods:
(a) Direct acting.
(b) Indirect acting (suspended) hydraulic system in case of using Roped Hydraulic elevator.
In case of direct acting system, the hydraulic ram shall be located either at the side, or the
back. Unless otherwise specified, direct acting underneath the lift car is not acceptable.
7.4.1 Openings in lift shafts
The locations of the lift shafts are provided with a protected lobby with convenient opening to
be used by users. The lobby is not obstructed, therefore, having a clear and an easier
accessible pathway towards the lift.
UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 152: Openings in lift shafts
(1) Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into a protected lobby
unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local
authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other
special building as may be approved by D.G.F.S.

102
Figure 7.4.1: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of lift.

103
Figure 7.4.2: First floor plan indicating the placement of lift.

Introduction to Building Services Systems

Introduction to Building Services Systems

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (16)

Similar to Introduction to Building Services Systems

Similar to Introduction to Building Services Systems (20)

More from Ryan Kerry Jy

More from Ryan Kerry Jy (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Introduction to Building Services Systems