Final Report, Tzu Ji Charity House (Ipoh)

BACHELORS OF HONOURS ARCHITECTURE
METHOD 1215 METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWINGS
TZE CHI BUDDHIST MERITS SOCIETY HOUSE
NO. 47, JALAN RAJA DR NAZRIN SHAH, 30250 IPOH, PERAK

TAYLOR’ S UNIVERISTY
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
I
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project was to identify the types
of architectural historical structure and the importance of
conserving the historical heritage. This report contains the
overall research and information, some of which was ob-
tained from the site at No. 47, Jalan Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah
(Jalan Gopeng), 30250 Ipoh, Perak, while others from arti-
cles, interviews, photos and etc.
Built since the British colonization around the turn of
19th century, the design and concept of the house was in-
fluenced by both the ‘Malay kampong’ houses and British
style architecture. The design of the house was a fusion of
vernacular and western neoclassical styles. The architec-
tural influence was one of Ipoh’s architectural style icons
during the British and Japanese colonization. However,
due to the rising development of different foreign architec-
tural styles of malls, shop lots etc. In the late 20th century,
the House that was once an architectural icon has been
declining in it’s influence over Ipoh today.
Although renovations and different changes were made
to the house to suit the different owners over the years, the
house no longer holds value in its architectural influence to-
day. Hence, in order to conserve the architectural and histor-
ical value of the house, different methods of documentation
were used. As a non-renewable resource, Cultural Heritage
should be conserve so that the image of humanity is defined
for now and for the future.

II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our group would like to acknowledge and express our ap-
preciation to the following people and organizations that
have helped in contributing the information, support and
help needed to complete this project. Below are the lists of
people to whom we owe our deepest gratitude for.
Mr. Hoi Jung Wai, our lecturer for his patience in guiding
and providing us with feedbacks throughout the execution
of the measured drawings and report.
Mr. Lim, current owner of the Gopeng Road Old house
for his permission in allowing us to measure the historical
building on site as well as documenting it.
Mr.Wong Chong Win, the current president of Tzu-Chi Bud-
dhist Charity House In Ipoh as well as a contractor, who did
all the construction work for the House and providing us
with information through the interviews.
Mr. Lee Teik Huat, Vice president of Tzu-Chi Buddhist Charity
house of Ipoh for providing us with information and also vre-
sponsible for finding the current owner, Mr. Lim to buy over the
property of the house.
Ms. Hu Yoke Wan and Mr. Sim Kuan Hin, residents and mem-
bers from the Tzu-Chi Buddhist Charity house of Ipoh who
provided us with the information needed through the interview
as well.
Other members of the Tzu-Chi Buddhist Charity house of Ipoh,
current residents of the house for extending their hopitality to-
wards us during our measurement activity on site as well as
providing us with lunch on the last day.
Mr. Kenny Chan, the son of the previous owner, Mr. Chan
Chee Keong for allowing us the time to interview him as well
as providing us with information needed to complete the re-
port.

III
DECLARATION
Name of the house: Tze Chi Merit House
Address: No. 47, Jalan Raja Dr Nazrin Shah, 30250 Ipoh, Perak.
This report is submitted for the subject ARC 1215 Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings to the School of
Architecture, Building and Design Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus to obtain 5 credits in Praticum 1.
A Group Work by:
Name Student I.D.
Johan Syahriz bin Muhaiyar (Leader) 0316115
Meera A/P B. Satheesh (Leader) 0317062
Chia Wee Min 0315186
Einas Adel Ahmed Maizran 0316350
Farah Farhanah binti Kassim Kushairi 0317534
Gennieve Lee Phick Choo 0311622
Ibrahim Adhnan 0314694
Imran Suhaimi bin Muhammad Ali 0311624
Ivan Ling Chyi Rui 0313583
Joshua Ting Sing Rong 0311461
Kelvin Ng 0315081
Khor Xin Suan 0316230
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
January 2015
Taylor’s University
Lee Yi Feng 0315750
Lee Yi Na 0318211
Nicholas Lai Ken Hong 0317435
Nicolas Wong Xiao En 0314377
Nur Aiman Mohamad Shakir 0311759
Nur Syazleen Sies 0321260
Poh Ziyang 0807P68823
Ricky Wong Yii 0313785
Tan Shing Yeou 0314850
Tan Wei How 0310707
Visagan A/L P. Arudeselvan 0313710
Yap Zhi Jun 0310738
Supervised by:
Mr. Hoi Jung Wai

IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DECLARATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
1 . 1 OBJECTIVES OR AIMS
1 . 2 SCOOP
1 . 3 LIMITATION
1 . 4 METHODOLOGY
1 . 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
1 . 6 EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
2 . 1 SITE CONTEXT
CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
3 . 1 IPOH, PERAK
3 . 1 . 1 BRITISH COLONIZATION
3 . 1 . 2 JAPANESE COLONIZATION
3 . 1 . 3 INDEPENDENCE
3 . 1 . 4 HISTORY TIMELINE
3 . 2 TZE CHI BUDDHIST MERIT SOCIETY HOUSE
3 . 2 .1 TZE CHI BUDDHIST MERIT SOCIETY
HOUSE OWNERSHIP TIMELINE
CHAPTER 4: ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
4 . 1 ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES
4 . 1 . 1 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
4 . 1 . 2 NEW STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE
4 . 2 BUILDING EXTENSION
4 . 3 BUILDING RENOVATION
4 . 4 BUIDLING CHRONOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: CULTURE AND ACTIVITY
5 . 1 SPACE PLANNING
5 . 1 . 1 FAMILY STRUCTURE
5 . 1 . 2 ASSOCIATION STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 6: BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY
6 . 1 BUILDING ORIENTATION
6 . 2 CLIMATE
6 . 2 . 1 TEMPERTURE AND HUMIDITY
6 . 2 . 2 SUN PATH
6 . 2 . 3 WIND ANALYSIS

V
CHAPTER 7: MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
7 . 1 MATERIALS
7 . 2 SKELETAL FRAMING
7 . 2 . 1 COLUMN AND BEAM
7 . 2 . 2 FOOTING
7 . 3 BUILDING
7 . 3 .1 SLAB
7 . 3 . 2 JOINTS
7 . 3 . 3 FLOOR, WALL AND ROOF JUNCTION
7 . 4 BUILDING
7 . 4 . 1 ROOF
7 . 4 . 2 DOORS
7 . 4 . 3 WINDOWS
7 . 4 . 4 STAIRCASE AND HANDRAIL
7 . 4 . 5 FINISHES
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
GLOSSARY
SCALE DRAWINGS

VI
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Measuring Tape
Figure 1.2 Open Reel
Figure 1.3 Digital Laser Measuring Tape
Figure 1.4 Steel Ruler
Figure 1.5 Adjustable Set Square
Figure 1.6 Ladder
Figure 1.7 DSLR Camera
Figure 1.8 Butter Paper
Figure 1.9 Laptop
Figure 1.10 Printer
Figure 2.1 Key plan of the site
Figure 3.1 New Town and Old Town with Kinta Valley in the middle
Figure 3.2 Tin Mine (1906)
Figure 3.3 Standard Chartered Bank of India
Figure 3.4 Ipoh Railway Station c. 1930
Figure 3.5 St. Michael’s Institution (Clayton Road)
Figure 3.6 Bridge at the Kinta River
Figure 4.1.1 Malay Kampong House
Figure 4.1.2 Top view of the Traditional Malay Kampong
Figure 4.1.3 Spatial Organization of Malay Kampong house
Figure 4.1.4 The Front Entrance of the Main Buiding
Figure 4.1.5 Timber Embelishment on the ‘Anjung’
Figure 4.1.6 ‘Anjung’ of the Main Building
Figure 4.1.7 Vents on Timber Wall
Figure 4.1.8 Open Vents on the Roof
Figure 4.1.9 Greek and Roman columns
Figure 4.1.10 Footings of the House

VII
Figure 4.1.11 The Roof of the House
Figure 4.1.12 The Front Elevation of the House
Figure 4.1.13 Traditional Fanlight Window
Figure 4.1.14 Arch Windows and Jalousie Windows
Figure 4.1.15 Jalousie Window and Geometical
Figure 4.1.16 Chinese Influence Airholes
Figure 4.1.17 Retractable Security Door
Figure 4.1.18 Geometrical Colored Floor Tiles
Figure 4.1.19 Ceramic Tiles for Kitchen Table Top
Figure 4.1.20 Geometrical Patterned Grilles
Figure 4.1.21 Back View of the House
Figure 4.1.22 Bedroom in the Extended building
Figure 4.2.1 Layout of the Building Before Renovation
Figure 4.2.2 Services Block in the Primary Building
Figure 4.2.3 Storage under the Elevated
Figure 4.2.4 Services Pipes and Junks in the Store Room
Figure 4.2.5 Living Room Connecting all the Bedrooms
Figure 4.2.6 Kitchen in the Extended Building
Figure 4.2.7 Bedroom in the Extended Building
Figure 4.2.8 Rear Court and Services Blocks
Figure 4.2.9 The Living Hall Connecting from the Primary Building to Secondary Building
Figure 4.2.10 The Storage Room Near the Courtyard
Figure 4.2.11 The Storage Room Near the Kitchen
Figure 4.3.1 Old Concrete Staircase used by Mr. Chan’s Family
Figure 4.3.2 New Timber Staircase Built by Tze Chi
Figure 4.3.3 The Old Carpet Floor in the Main Building
Figure 4.3.4 The New Timber Flooring
Figure 4.3.5 The Old Wall with Vents on Top
Figure 4.3.6 The Newly Painted Plasterboard wall

VIII
Figure 4.3.7 The Foldable Timber Door with Metal Grille
Figure 4.3.8 Double Hung Timber Door Figure 4.3.8 Double Hung Timber Door
Figure 4.3.9 Casement Window with Metal Mesh used in Primary Building
Figure 4.3.10 Jalousie Window with Metal Grille
Figure 4.4.1 Front Elevation of the Old House
Figure 4.4.2 Side Elevation of the Secondary Building
Figure 4.4.3 Front Elevation of the House
Figure 4.4.4 Meeting Room
Figure 4.4.5 Front Elevation of the Newly Renovated House
Figure 4.4.6 Exterior Hallway Leading to the Kitchen
Figure 5.1.1 Typical Spatial Layout of Malay
Figure 5.1.2 Spatial Layout of Old Building Plan
Figure 5.1.3 Front Porch of the House
Figure 5.1.4 The Courtyard
Figure 5.1.5 Rear Entrance of the House
Figure 5.1.6 The Well
Figure 5.1.7 The Main Common Room
Figure 5.1.8 The Hallway Leading to the Back
Figure 5.1.9 The Hall in the Secondary Building
Figure 5.1.10 The Storage Area
Figure 5.1.11 The Rear Court
Figure 5.1.12 Toilet
Figure 5.1.13 The Bedroom in Secondary Building
Figure 5.1.14 The Common Room in the Secondary Building
Figure 5.1.15 The Association Structure
Figure 5.1.16 The Recycle Centre for Collecting Recyclable Items
Figure 5.1.17 The Old Folks Segregating the Recyclable Items
Figure 5.1.18 Semi Open Storage area

IX
Figure 5.1.19 Kichen Area near to the Courtyard
Figure 5.1.20 The Main Hall for Religious Activities
Figure 5.1.21 The Main Hall used as part of a Temporary Storage Area
Figure 5.1.22 The Meeting Room
Figure 5.1.23 The Entrance to the Office
Figure 5.1.24 The Office
Figure 5.1.25 The Cafe
Figure 6.1.1 Building Orientation
Figure 6.2.1 Temperature Line Chart
Figure 6.2.2 Humidity Line Chart
Figure 6.2.3 The Open Airholes for Ventilation
Figure 6.2.4 The Open Vents on the Roof
Figure 6.2.5 The East Sun Path
Figure 6.2.6 The West Sun Path
Figure 6.2.7 The ‘Anjung’ to help Shade the ‘Serambi’
Figure 6.2.8 Awning Use to block Excessive Sunlight
Figure 6.2.9 The Wind Analysis
Figure 7.1 Plan of The House
Figure 7.1.1 Timber Deck at the Front Porch
Figure 7.1.2 Timber Facade, Columns, Louvers etc.
Figure 7.1.3 Red Ceramic Tiles
Figure 7.1.5 Geometry Glazed Tiles on the Kitchen Table Top
Figure 7.1.6 Glazed Wall Tiles
Figure 7.1.7 Masonry Structure in the Footings
Figure 7.1.8 Clay Roof Tiles
Figure 7.1.9 Zinc Corrugated Roof

X
Figure 7.1.10 Geometry Steel Grille
Figure 7.1.11 RetractableSteelGate
Figure 7.1.12 Concrete Footing at the Front Porch
Figure 7.1.13 Concrete Footing under the House
Figure 7.1.14 Mortar Tiles on the Roof
Figure 7.1.15 Old Asbestos Ceiling
Figure 7.1.16 New Asbestos Ceiling
Figure 7.1.17 Plasterboard Partition Wall
Figure 7.2.1 Column and beam
Figure 7.2.3 Mitered Slip Joint
Figure 7.2.4 Footings
Figure 7.2.5 Construction Details of Footing
Figure 7.3.1 Overlapping Joists Supporting the Timber Floor
Figure 7.3.2 Construction Details of Floor Joist
Figure 7.3.3 The Beam Set on Top of the Masonry Wall and Footing
Figure 7.3.4 Timber Flooring in the Main Hall
Figure 7.3.5 Three Members Joined by Tenon and Mortise
Figure 7.3.6 Construction Details of Column and Footing
Figure 7.3.7 The Shape of Interlocking Scarf Joint
Figure 7.3.8 Construction Details of Interlocking Scarf Joint
Figure 7.3.9 Half Lap Joint used at the the Corner of the Building
Figure 7.3.10 Construction Details of the Half Lap Joint
Figure 7.3.11 Construction Details of Interior Wall
Figure 7.3.12 Timber Louver Wall on the Exterior of the Building
Figure 7.3.13 The Grooves on the Wall Frame
Figure 7.4.1 Construction Details of Roof
Figure 7.4.2 Construction Details of Queen Post Roof Truss
Figure 7.4.3 Queen Post Roof Truss
Figure 7.4.4 Construction Details of Collar Roof

XI
Figure 7.4.5 Collar Roof in the Storage Room
Figure 7.4.6 Construction Details of Joints
Figure 7.4.7 The Joints in the Internal Roof
Figure 7.4.8 Construction Details of Ceiling Joist and Rafter Connection
Figure 7.4.9 Ceiling Joist and Rafter Connection
Figure 7.4.10 Construction Details of QueenPost to Ceiling Joist
Figure 7.4.11 QueenPost to Ceiling Joist Connnection
Figure 7.4.12 Corrugated Galvanized Zinc Roof from the Interior View
Figure 7.4.13 Construction Details of the Zinc Roof Structure
Figure 7.4.14 Construction Details of Predrill holes with Screws
Figure 7.4.15 Zoom in Details of the Screw Connection
Figure 7.4.16 Gutter at the back of the House
Figure 7.4.17 Construction Details of the Downpipe
Figure 7.4.18 Ridge Cap View of the House Roof
Figure 7.4.19 Ridge Cap Line Connected to the Apex
Figure 7.4.20 Construction Details of Ridge Cap
Figure 7.4.21 Construction Details of Ridge Cap
Figure 7.4.22 Bedding Cement Applied on Ridge Cap
Figure 7.4.23 Bedding Cement Applied on Ridge Cap
Figure 7.4.24 Timber Door Leading to the Storage Room
Figure 7.4.25 Butt Hinges installed on Door Panel
Figure 7.4.26 Retractable Security Door Details
Figure 7.4.27 Retractable Security Door at Storage
Figure 7.4.28 Construction Details of the Retractable Security Door
Figure 7.4.29 Pocket Sliding Door for the Office
Figure 7.4.30 Construction Details of the Pocket Sliding Door
Figure 7.4.31 By Pass Sliding Door in the Secondary Building
Figure 7.4.32 Jalousie Window and Grille on the Main Building
Figure 7.4.33 Construction Details of The Jalousie Windows

XII
Figure 7.4.34 Timber Staircase at the Entrance of the Main Building
Figure 7.4.35 Axonometric of the Staircase at the Main Entrance
Figure 7.4.36 Staircase Detailing
Figure 7.4.37 Side View of the Staircase Details
Figure 7.4.38 Construction Details of Staircase
Figure 7.4.39 Timber Open Riser Staircase in the Hall of the Secondary Building
Figure 7.4.40 Steel Open Riser Staircase in the Storage room
Figure 7.4.41 Construction Details of Open Riser Staircase
Figure 7.4.42 Open Riser Staircase Details
Figure 7.4.43 Concrete Staircase at the Back of the House
Figure 7.4.44 Concrete Staircase at the Main Entrance of the House from the 60’s to 90’s
Figure 7.4.45 Concrete Staircase Details
Figure 7.4.46 Section of Concrete Staircase
Figure 7.4.47 Section of Concrete Handrails
Figure 7.4.48 Adding Timber Riser and Thread on Concrete Staircase
Figure 7.4.49 Crown Moulding
Figure 7.4.51 Applying the Compound using a Putty Knife
Figure 7.4.52 Zoom in of the Application
Figure 7.4.53 Butt Joint
Figure 7.4.54 Timber Skirting in the Main Hall
Figure 7.4.55 Sawing the Timber FloorPlank
Figure 7.4.56 Placing the Skirting on the Floor
Figure 7.4.57 Asbestos Ceiling Wall Details
Figure 7.4.58 Asbestos Ceiling Wall in the Main Hall
Figure 7.4.59 Applying the glue
Figure 7.4.60 Screwing Up the Drywall piece
Figure 7.4.61 Suspended Ceiling in the Meeting Room
Figure 7.4.62 Construction Details of Suspended Ceiling
Figure 7.4.63 Construction Details of Cover Batten
Figure 7.4.64 Cover Batten in the Main Hall

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
1
1 . 1 OBJECTIVES AND AIMS
The objectives and aim of this project are as follow:
• To identify the Architectural style and influence of
the building
• To obtain precise measurement of the whole
building and site
• To provides documentary, graphic, and physical
information about the building history and existing
condition.
• To provide information for possible changes –
repair, rehabilitation, or restoration of the building over
the years
• To record the findings of research and
investigation, as well as the process of physical work.
• To produce scale drawings according to the
existing heritage building on site
The overall outcome of this project is to be a source of
information about the building and the methods of
conservation.
1 . 2 SCOOP
The study focus on the chosen building which is located at
No. 47, Jalan Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah (Jalan Gopeng), 30250
Ipoh, Perak. The building contains it’s own uniqueness in
terms of style, aesthetic value, purpose and history.
The key components of this report is to give a better
understanding of the historical timeline of the cultural
heritage, the construction methods and elements used to
build it as well as the conservation methods used to maintain
the heritage to this day.

2
1 . 3 LIMITATION
Our site is located along the Gopeng Road in Ipoh town.
The location of the hotel that we were staying at in Ipoh
was slightly far from the site as the roads to access it
are mainly for the use of traffics. Hence, traveling by
bus was more convenient.
During the measurement on site, we were faced with
different challenges and obstacle. For instance, the
condition of the landscape on site was mostly covered
with weeds and tall grasses. Due to the low number of
workers and limited budget, Tzu Chi was not able to
completely maintain the whole area of the site. Hence,
it was challenging when measuring the whole perimeter
of the site plan, especially towards the back part of the
house.
Another limitation that we had to face was during the mea-
surement of the whole house. Built for more than half a centu-
ry ago during the British colonization, the house was not in the
best of condition even when it was renovated over the years.
Many of the paint, concrete walls and floor were chipping
off. Hence, we were not able to achieve an exact measure-
ments of the building especially for the detailing parts. For
instance, the length, height and width of the footings were all
differed by an approximate of 0.1 to 0.5 cm.
It was a challenge to synchronize all the measurements.
Given that the building was very old and fragile, we were not
able to access the entire roof area because the roof condition
would not be able to withstand the load of heavy objects and
people.

3
1 . 4 METHODOLOGY
To complete our research and documentation of the
heritage building at No. 47, Jalan Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah
(Jalan Gopeng), a variety of methods were used to
collect the information and data needed.
Before going to the site, in a group consisting of 26
members, we had to divide our task and the number
of group members evenly according to the respective
measurement groups, which consist of floor plans,
elevations, sections and detailing group.
After that, we had to further segregate ourselves into
process teams, in charge of AutoCAD, Research,
Report, and Model making. It took us a few days of
group discussion before we could properly organize and
arrange ourselves in a proper table chart. Each group
was lead by a sub-group leader, who was in charge of
giving the other team members guidance and
measuring task.

4
1 . 4 . 1 MEASURING METHODS
To achieve a more exact measurement, we used
different measuring tools on site, which are measuring
tapes, digital laser measuring devices, rulers and Set
Square. These tools were used to measure the
dimension of floors, walls, columns etc.
For the high walls and column, the digital laser device
was mostly used to measure the height and areas that
we could not reach. As for the roof and column pinna-
cles, we had to use the measuring tape with the help
of a ladder to access it. Most of the detailing was mea-
sured with measuring tape and ruler, which was later on
photographed as reference for the AutoCAD team.
Our measurements on site were jotted down on barter papers
or white papers using hand-drawn sketches or photos taken
on site. The measurement process was repeated two to four
times before the final compilation of the measurement to min-
imize errors.

5
1 . 4 . 2 PRODUCTION OF DRAWINGS
After compiling the measurements on site, the AutoCAD
team will Cad the building plans, elevations and so on to
ensure that every part of the house was measured and
corresponds to one another.
Discussion sessions were held every night to further
discuss the measurements and drawings of the building
to achieve a more precise work.
1 . 4 . 3 RESEARCH PROCEDURES
To document the research data collected, the team members
will jot down the information into papers, and later on
compiled in the laptop. Besides, photographs and videos
were taken to record the house and interviews.
At night, subgroup discussions were held after every general
meeting. The topics would cover the compile research data
from interviews, books, articles etc.

6
1 . 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The purpose of this project was to understand
better the significance of the historical heritage, while
relating it back to the architectural style as well as the
social, economical, political and other influences to the
design and concept of the building in the past.
The measurements, photography and videography ev-
idence were the methods of documenting the heritage
building on site. This was to evoke a sense of appreci-
ation to the cultural heritage and architectural style of
the building. The house was once an icon of architec-
ture in Ipoh. Today it allows the younger generation to
see a glimpse of the past.
Researching the functions and history of the building provides
the students with a different perspective view of the western
colonization that has influence greatly not just the style of ar-
chitecture, but also the economic, social and political status of
the country. Overall, students will gain a better understanding
of the cultural history and learn to appreciate the importance
of conserving architectural heritage.

7
1 . 6 EQUIPMENT
To carry out the task of the methods of measurement, drawings and
recording, a number of equipment and tools were needed on site.
1. Measuring Tapes
The measuring tapes consist from 10 to 30 meters in length. They
were mostly used to measure the dimensions of building structures and
details.
2. Open Reel Tape
The longer version of measuring tapes that was used to measure the
floor plans and site plan.
3. Digital Laser Measuring Device
Laser measuring device was used to measure the height of walls,
columns and roof as well as large spaces that cannot be measured
using the measuring tape.
4. Steel Ruler
Steel Ruler was used to measure the intricate or very small details on
the footings, cap and etc.
5. Adjustable Set Square
Adjustable Set Square was used to measure angles of certain parts of
the house. This tool is helpful in measuring an accurate angle of a small
part of the building that is not joined at a 90 degree.
Figure 1.1 Measuring Tape Figure 1.2 Open Reel
Figure 1.3 Digital Laser
Measuring Tape
Figure 1.4 Steel Ruler
Figure 1.5 Adjustable Set Square

8
6. Ladder
Ladder is used to access the higher parts of the building like roof,
ceiling, pinnacles of the columns, doors and windows.
7. Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) cameras
The DSLR camera was used to photograph pictures of the
building and recording videos of the interviews and activities on
site.
8. Butter Paper
Butter papers were used as medium to sketch the layout of the
building in order to record the measurements before transferring
them to AutoCAD.
9. Laptops
Laptops were brought to site to produce AutoCAD drawings right
after measurement. It was also use to record down the data and
information collected on site.
10. Printers
Printers were used to scan old photographs found on site and to
print the finished AutoCAD floor plan drawings.
Figure 1.6 Ladder Figure 1.7 DSLR Camera
Figure 1.8 Butter Paper Figure 1.9 Laptop
Figure 1.10 Printer

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
9
2 . 1 SITE CONTEXT
The house is located at No. 47, Jalan Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah
(Jalan Gopeng), 30250 Ipoh, Perak. A British officer originally
constructed it during the British colonization in between the
late 19th and early 20th century. The location of the house
was strategic and convenient to the British owner, as it is place
near to the mining areas and mining administration depart-
ment, where he worked back then. Gopeng road used to be
one of the earliest mining towns in Perak.
In 1892, the mining town of Gopeng was the booming area
during the British colonization. However, after the great fire,
the Gopeng town was rebuilt again and it slowly became less
prominent. In the early 20th century, more British tin-mining
companies were set up in the city. Hence, Ipoh continues to
grow greater in prominence and was soon made to be the
capital of Perak, replacing Taiping.
Today, the Gopeng area is mostly occupied with more laid
back architecture buildings, such as homes and other cultural
heritage buildings. The Royal Palace is also placed just
opposite of the house.
Figure 2.1 Key plan of the site
Source: District Office Ipoh

3.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
10
3 . 1 IPOH, PERAK
Perak State is one of the largest cities in the country. It is
approximately 200 km (125 miles) north of Kuala Lumpur
and 130 km (81 miles) south of Penang on the North-South
Expressway. Today, Ipoh is the capital city of Perak state.
Until the 1820s, this inland city in the center of the Malay-
sia Peninsula was little more than thick jungle surrounded
by limestone cliffs. Ipoh is located at the highest navigable
stretch on the Kinta River. Like many other areas in Malay-
sia, the arrival of the British here changed the history of Ipoh
forever.
Figure 3.1 New Town and Old Town with Kinta Valley in the
middle
Source: http://www.perak.info/Perak_Photo_Gallery/Ipoh_
Town.htm

11
3 . 1 . 1 BRITISH COLONIZATION
During the British colonial era, Ipoh was Malaysia’s second
city for administrative purposes. Ipoh developed from a Ma-
lay village of Palau along the banks of Kinta River to what
it is today. In 1880’s, the tin rush caused the town to boom
caused rise in population.
Unfortunately on 1st June 1892, a great fire broke out and
destroyed over half the town. After the fire, the town was re-
built, in time with the second tin rush and the vast numbers
of people, especially the Chinese miners that descended
upon Ipoh, transforming Ipoh into a business and social
Centre.
Figure 3.2 Tin Mine (1906)
Source: http://www.rsmurthi.com/OldPerakPhotos1.html

12
In 1902, The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China
Limited opened offices in Ipoh. Between 1905 and 1914, a
wealthy Hakka miner from Southern China, Yau Tet-Shin
started to spend millions developing a large tract of the city
today known as the ‘New Town’ section. The town continued
to grow rapidly, as a result of the tin mining and rubber
production.
In 1935, the British built the first new railway station near the
Kinta River, which overall adds to the prosperity.
Nicknamed as the ‘Taj Mahal’ of Ipoh, this striking colonial
structure looks similar to that in the capital of Kuala Lumpur.
Even after the Japanese surrendered in 1945, the British
colonization did not end and prolonged until 1948. Violence
was caused everywhere in Perak by the Communist Party
of Malaya.
Figure 3.3 Standard Chartered Bank of India
Source: https://www.google.com.my/search?q=standard+char-
Figure 3.4 Ipoh Railway Station c. 1930

13
3 . 1 . 2 JAPANESE COLONIZATION
The destruction of World War II was equally felt by the
people in the Federated states of Tanah Melayu with the
landing of the Japanese army. The Japanese officially
invaded Ipoh on 15th
December 1941. Perak felt into the hands of the Japanese
on 1st January 1942. During the Japanese Occupation,
Ipoh was made the capital of Perak in place of Taiping. In
March 1942, St. Michael’s Institution became the Japanese
Civil Administration Headquarters. St. Michael was
originally built in 1923. It was used to serve as a school
even till today.
Figure 3.5 St. Michael’s Institution (Clayton Road)

14
3 . 1 . 3 INDEPENDENCE
After liberation in 1945, Ipoh remained the capital of
Perak and gained its Municipal status. In 1970s, the
economic of tin-mining industry pricing collapse and the
city’s growth stagnated. As a result the booming tin mining
industry of Ipoh story was brought to a close.
On 27th May 1988, Ipoh was granted the City status by the
Sultan of Perak. The Sultan divided the town into Ipoh Old
Town and Ipoh New Town. The old town contains older and
pre-war architectures comprising of government buildings,
shop lots, residences and historical landmarks. Even until
today, many of the historical buildings are still in existence
and functioning well.
Figure 3.6 Bridge at the Kinta River
Source: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=305688

15
3 . 1 . 4 HISTORY TIMELINE
1820’s - Ipoh, an inland city in the center of the Malaysia
Peninsula was little more than thick jungle surrounded by
limestone cliffs, at the highest navigable stretch on the Kinta
River
1880’s – Booming Tin mining industry
1892 – Great fire broke out and destroyed half the town
1902 – Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China Limited
opened offices in Ipoh
1905 - 1914 – Wealthy Hakka Miner, Yau Tet-Shin develop a
large part of the city known as the ‘New Town’ today
1920’s - 1930’s – Town continue to grow rapidly due to the tin
mining industries and rubber production.

16
1941 – World War II and Japanese invasion
1942 – Japanese colonization and Ipoh made as the
Capital replacing Taiping
1945 – Ipoh was liberated and remains the capital of Perak
and the Japanese Surrendered.
1946 – British introduced Malayan Union
1957 – Malaysia gain Independence
1962 – Ipoh gained Municipal Status
1970’s – Economic of tin mining industry pricing collapse
1988 – Ipoh was granted the city status by the Sultan of
Perak

17
3 . 2 TZE CHI BUDDHIST MERIT SOCIETY HOUSE
The Tze Chi Merit house originally belongs to a British Officer
during the British colonization. The officer was working in the
Mining Department and lived in Malaya for quite some time be-
fore he bought the plot of land along Gopeng Road in Ipoh, Per-
ak. The house was built on this land soon after. After World War
II and the Japanese took over Malaya, the British officer went
back to his homeland. The house was then sold to an Indian
guy who stayed there for years before it was bought over by Mr.
Chan Chee Kheong, one of the richest men in Ipoh back then.
In 1940’s to 50’s, Mr. Chan Chee Kheong bought the house
and renovated some part of it. He even extended the house by
building another block behind the main house as there were not
enough rooms for his family of eight, which consisted of him-
self, his wife, his three sons and three daughters. After the
renovation, he and his whole family moved into the house. After
living in the house for nearly fifty years, Mr. Chan passed away
in the 90’s. Back then; all of his children had already migrated to
Singapore and Australia.

18
After the death of her husband, the wife of Mr. Chan, known as
Mrs. Chan was still unwilling to let go of the house even after she
went abroad to live with her children from 1990’s to 2013. How-
ever, in between the years of living abroad, Mrs. Chan came
back to Ipoh twice a year and stayed at the House for every
three months until her visa expires before going back living with
her children.
In 2001, the main block of the house was rented out to a Bud-
dhist organization, known as ‘Ju Shi Lin’. The extended rooms
behind the house was used as Mrs. Chan’s bedroom whenever
she came back to visit Ipoh. The house was renovated again in
2002 after it was rented out to Tze Chi Charity Association.
In 2013, Mrs. Chan passed away leaving all of her properties be-
hind for her children including the house in Ipoh. However, due
to living in overseas and unable to keep watch over the house,
they finally decided to sell off the house. The house was bought
over for 6.5 million by Mr. Lim, a wealthy man from Ipoh who
owns the ‘Lim Kopi’ company. The house is still rented out and
occupied by the Tze Chi organization to this day.

19
3 . 2 . 1 TZE CHI BUDDHIST MERIT SOCIETY HOUSE OWNERSHIP TIMELINE

4.0 ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
20
4 . 1 . 1 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Vernacular style is also known as Traditional Malay Style.
There are several varieties of traditional Malay houses ac-
cording to regions. The differences of each house are most-
ly evident in the roof design. The form, plan and structures
remain constant across the varieties of Traditional Malay
Houses.
The design concept of traditional Malay houses owe little
to none self-conscious design. It was evolved through the
many generations of the Malay society. It was designed and
built by the user themselves.
The Malay houses are built to meet the daily needs of the
occupants and to suit the natural environment. It incorpo-
rates and reflects their way of life and culture. Thus, the Ma-
lay houses is a natural expression of the social and cultural
ways of life of the family unit and community.
Figure 4.1.1 Malay Kampong House Air Ventilation Flow
Source: http://mygreentech.blogspot.com/2013/06/green-design-fea-
tures-in-malay-kampung.html

21
INFLUENCE FROM BUMBUNG LIMA HOUSE
Also known as ‘ five ridge roof’, it is a hipped roof comprising of
one main ridge across the top of the rectangular floor plan and
four descending corner ridges.
The roof, which covers the main area of the house including the
‘rumah ibu’ and the ‘serambi’, provides protection and shelter.
An ‘anjung’, protruding from the ‘serambi’, forms another hipped
roof and built at the same elevation as the main house.
Believed to be influenced by the British and Dutch style of archi-
tecture, the roof’s great height allows the introduction of furniture
and explains its popularity among less traditional and more urban
families. The concrete staircase and masonry columns shows
further evidence of the Malay response to the foreign influence.
Besides, the shuttered full length windows contribute to the stur-
dy appearance of the house. The ‘Bumbung Lima’ house and its
varieties are mostly found in the states of Penang, Perak, Selan-
gor and Johor.
Figure 4.1.2 Top view of the Traditional Malay Kampong
house
Source: http://fooartdm-fyp.blogspot.com/2009/11/re-
search-analysis.html

22
SPATIAL ORGANISATION
Traditional Malay house are normally built on big plots of
land and free standing. During the construction process of
the house, care was taken in not clearing the whole site
and only a few trees are removed. The Malay house merge
naturally with the environment.
A Traditional Malay house is raised on stilts, mainly to be
safe from animals and flood. The space under the house
is normally used as a working area or storage for rearing
animals.
INTERIOR
The Traditional Malay house can be divided into the front
and back portion centered around the core house (rumah
ibu) and the kitchen (dapur).
Figure 4.1.3 Spatial Organization of Malay Kampong house
Source: http://dekampunglife.blogspot.com/

23
ELEMENTS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
ENTRANCE
At the entrance of most Traditional Malay houses, stairs lead-
ing up to the covered porch, acts as a transition space be-
tween the public and the private domain. Unfamiliar visitors
or guests would be entertained in this area. It also acts as a
place for the family to relax and watch the passers-by in the
village.
Figure 4.1.4 The Front Entrance of the Main Buiding
Source: Author

24
EMBELLISHMENTS
The amount and quality of embellishments depends on the
ability of the owner. Most of the embellishments found are
done by the craftsmen who built the house. Carvings can be
seen on the wooden panels and grilles of the house such as
the fascia board staircases, balustrades, etc. Design of the
embellishments are not figurative. Common motives found
are floral design, geometric design, inspiration from na-
ture and calligraphy of Islamic scripts. Carvings are mainly
bas-reliefs done on wooden panels, which are sometimes cut
through, leading fenestration in them. This creates a good
visual interest as well as allowing ventilation and reduces
glare.
Figure 4.1.5 Timber Embelishment on the ‘Anjung’
Source: Author

25
VENTILATION AIR HOLES
Ventilation grilles at the gable end of the roof allows
good ventilation of interior space. In order to keep
the house cool in the warm and humid climate, direct
sunlight is minimized. Instead, the interior lighted up by
indirect sunlight.
Large roof, overhangs, grilles and carved wooden
panels become a practice in most of the Traditional Ma-
lay houses. Metaphorically, the house breathes through
the doors, windows, grilles, floors and walls.
ANJUNG
‘Anjung’, is an additional structure protruding from the
‘serambi’ (main house), which forms another hipped
roof. It is built at the same elevation as the main house.
Figure 4.1.6 ‘Anjung’ of the Main Building
Source: Author
Figure 4.1.7 Vents on
Timber Wall
Figure 4.1.8 Open Vents on the Roof
Source: Author
Source: Author

26
STILT
Stilts are known as footings, raise the building above ground
level. The raised building catches winds of higher velocity.
Besides, the space beneath the building is used as a stor-
age chamber.
Most of the them are made out of timber with plain design
during the early stages. However, timber stilts were replaced
with concrete stilts during the colonial era. The design of the
stilts is mainly influenced by the elements of colonial bunga-
low. The concrete stilts was believed to be influenced by the
design of greek column, which vastly practiced in colonial
architecture.
Figure 4.1.9 Greek
and Roman columns
of the House
Source: Author

27
BUMBUNG LIMA
Also known as the five ridge roof, effectively prevents the
rain water to sip in and reduces direct sunlight from enter-
ing the interior space. However, one of the down-side of the
roof is that it tends to trap heat with the absence of ‘tibar la-
yar’ in the roofing system. The main function of ‘tibar Layar’
is to channel air in and out the roof structure.
COLOUR
The Traditional Malay house is seldom painted. Instead,
the house is painted with termite repellent varnish which
turns the timber dark brown. Most of the timber members,
partically the structural ones, are treated this way. Through
this treatment, the natural colours of the house change with
age. The timber in the interior are also varnished, especially
the floors.
Apart from the colourful timber members, colours are also
found with the use of tiles, which were originally influenced
by the Traditional Chinese Houses.
Figure 4.1.11 The Roof of the House
Source: Author
Figure 4.1.12 The Front Elevation of the House
Source: Author

28
4 . 1 . 2 “NEW STRAIT” ECLECTIC STYLE
In the early 20th century , shophouses in the Straits Settle-
ments began to adopt Western architectural styles, which
mainly emphasized on the full-length French windows with
full-length timber shutters and pilasters of classical orders. In
the early 1900’s, reinforced concrete was used to allow wid-
er roof overhangs and more elaborated cantilevered brack-
ets, which sprung from above the pilasters. The ‘Peranakan
Cina’ shophouse uses coloured tiles on either the walls or
floors. The Malays use them to decorate staircase. Coloured
floor tiles made of terra-cotta are also commonly seen in the
Straits Eclectic style.
Most of the shophouses were built with a series of gable and
pitch roofs. Some shophouses has a Jackroof which is like
a raised mini-roof locating at the peak of the main roof. The
spaces between the two roofs is filled with patterned grilles
or timber louvres. It provides both cross and stack ventilation,
which reduces the build-up internal heat especially during
day time. Load-bearing walls at both sides of the shophouse
support the roof load through timber purlins, which span hori-
zontally across the width of the building.
Figure 4.1.13 Shophouses in the Straits Settlement
Source: https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.aka-
maihd.net/hphotos-ak-xpf1/v/t34.0-
12/11015324_10205097357966022_659795039_n.
jpg?oh=69f501e3c06ac8d055c37b27847b9d-
f8&oe=54F572BE&__gda__=1425341450_477ef245e-
f1aa82d35104d341fee9532

29
COLONIAL BUNGALOW
The Colonial Bungalow was built using load-bearing brick-walls.
The upper floors of Colonial Bungalows were usually made of tim-
ber, while the ground floors were made of either brick, concrete or
Portland cement finished with red Malacca clay floor tiles. In some
bungalows, marble slabs or patterned mosaic tiles were laid in-
stead. Furthermore, unpolished granite slabs were used sparingly
either as the trimming to floor egdes, airwells and verandas or as
pavings in airwells, courtyards and patios. Both external and inter-
nal walls were made of brick, which were rendered with lime plaster
prior to lime-wash painting of white, pale yellow or light green col-
our. Before reinforced concrete was introduced, many bungalows
had timber staircases with timber handrails and cast-iron or timber
balustrades. Balusters of green glazed earthenware were usually
found on the first floor verandahs.
The Colonial Bungalows were usually owned by the Straits Chinese
families. The bungalows were distinguishable from the European
residences in terms of their architectural details and uses of the
internal spaces reflecting the social customs. The Chinese owned
bungalows mostly used the application of security bars to the win-
dows, and the use of ‘pintu pagar’ or fence door around the house.
Chinese families need more rooms to accommodate the big family.
The front hall or sitting room area of the Chinese bungalow func-
tioned as the reception hall, while the dining room, rear verandah
and side rooms formed the private family area.

30
SEMI-CIRCULAR CLERESTORY
It provides better ventilation and additional lighting to the
interior space. Besides, its unique appearance also enhance
the overall aesthetic quality of the façade. The design is be-
lieved to have inspiration of fanlight windows found in colo-
nial bungalow. The architect of this building obey the common
practice of placing fanlight window over another window or a
doorway.
The installation of semi-circular clerestory creates harmony
and interesting fusion of elements of vernacular and colonial
architecture.
Figure 4.1.14 Traditional Fanlight Window
Source: http://www.ukworkshop.co.uk/forums/help-with-fanlight-win-
Figure 4.1.15 Arch Windows and Jalousie Windows
Source: Author

31
JALOUSIE WINDOW
The application of jalousie window was influenced by the
Colonial Bungalow during the 70s. Materials such as frost-
ed-glass and Iron bars were vastly used for the window
constructions during the early 70’s.
CHINESE INFLUENCED AIRHOLES
Airholes found around the extended house, covering part
of the walls provide ventilation as well as allowing natural
light into the interior space.
Figure 4.1.16 Jalousie Window and Geometrical Grille
Source: Author
Figure 4.1.17 Chinese Influence Airholes
Source: Author

32
RETRACTABLE SECURITY DOOR
Retractable security door is mainly found and used
in Chinese shoplots. Hence, the same design was
also used for the main doors of the Colonial Bunga-
low architecture.
COLOURED TILES
The application of coloured tiles on the walls and
floors provide easy cleaning and maintenance, be-
sides contributing to the bungalow’s aesthetic val-
ue. Coloured tiles can be classified into ceramic and
mosaic tiles. Both tiles can be found on the walls and
floors of secondary house as well.
Figure 4.1.18 Retractable
Security Door
Source: Author
Figure 4.1.19 Geometrical Colored
Floor Tiles
Source: Author
Figure 4.1.20 Ceramic Tiles for
Kitchen Table Top
Source: Author

33
PATTERNED GRILLES
Patterned grilles found on most of the windows pro-
vide aesthetic properties and safety security to the
house.
COLOURS
Both external and internal walls were made of brick,
rendered with lime plaster prior to the lime-wash
paint of white.
Figure 4.1.21 Geometrical Patterned Grilles
Source: Author
Figure 4.1.22 Back View of the
House
Source: Author
Figure 4.1.22 Bedroom in the
Extended building
Source: Author

34
4 . 2 BUILDING EXTENSION
The building plan contains influence from
the flexible plan of the Malay Vernacular
house, which allows the internal space to
be extended. There are four phases of ex-
tensions that were constructed to the orig-
inal building.
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
v
Figure 4.2.1 Layout of the Building Before Renovation
Source: Author

35
PHASE ONE
Due to the introduction of Services block
in the house, two toilets were added
to the main building and the bedrooms
were also enlarged. Storage space was
added below the elevated floor to store
large equipments, tools, and other junks
as well as to locate services pipes.
Figure 4.2.2 Services Block in the
Primary Building
Source: Author
Figure 4.2.3 Storage under the Elevated Floor
Source: Author
Figure 4.2.4 Services Pipes and Junks in the
Store Room
Source: Author

36
PHASE TWO
A secondary building is built be-
hind the main building due to the
increased number of family mem-
bers and allowing larger mobility
around the house by the family
members.
The kitchen and dining room were
shifted to the secondary building.
Living room, bedrooms and ser-
vices blocks were added to the
building. The extended secondary
building function as the main living
space for the family.
Figure 4.2.5 Living Room Connecting all
the Bedrooms
Source: Author
Figure 4.2.6 Kitchen in the Extended
Building
Source: Author
Figure 4.2.7 Bedroom in the Extended
Building
Source: Author
Figure 4.2.8 Rear Court and Services
Blocks
Source: Author

37
PHASE THREE
A space was built in between the
main building and secondary building
to act as a connection between both
buildings. The space was used as a
common living hall by the family. The
secondary building consist of signif-
icant differences compared to the
main building in terms of construction,
building materials and architectural
style.
PHASE FOUR
Spaces at both side of the living hall
are built as storage rooms. Kitchen
utilities, grocery and furnitures are
stored inside these rooms.
Figure 4.2.9 The Living Hall Connecting from the
Primary Building to Secondary Building
Source: Author
Figure 4.2.10 The Storage Room Near the
Courtyard
Source: Author
Figure 4.2.11 The Storage Room Near
the Kitchen
Source: Author

38
4 . 3 BUILDING RENOVATION
Renovations were mainly done to the main build-
ing. Tze Chi Association wanted to maintain the
structure of the building as much as possible to
how it was originally.
STAIRCASE
The staircase at the main entrance of the house
were made of bricks and cement. After Tze Chi
Association occupied the building, they add-
ed another layer of timber flooring on top of the
old staircase. However, the cement handrail re-
mained as how it was buit originally. Besides,
timber handrails were also added at both sides of
the staircase during the renovation. The timber
deck below the staircase was also added to the
front porch during renovation by Tze Chi.
Figure 4.3.1 Old Concrete Staircase used by Mr. Chan’s Family
Source: Owner
Figure 4.3.2 New Timber Flooring Added on Concrete
Staircase by Tze Chi
Source: Author

39
FLOOR
Before Tze Chi came in, the old timber floor was
laminated by plastic laminating flooring. After the
newly constructed staircase increased the floor
level of the house, Tze Chi added another new
layer of timber flooring at the front porch of the
house. Skirting was used to cover the joints on the
floor connecting it to the columns and wall.
From Top to Bottom
Figure 4.3.3 The Old Carpet Floor in the Main
Building
Figure 4.3.4 The New Timber Flooring
Source: Author

40
WALL
The old walls had vents near the roof for ven-
tilation purposes. In addition, the walls were
covered with plasterboard to block the exces-
sive sun light from entering the house. During
the renovation by Tze Chi, some of the old walls
in the main house were removed and new wall
partitions were added instead to create more
spaces.
From Top to Bottom
Figure 4.3.5 The Old Wall with Vents on Top
Source: Owner
Figure 4.3.6 The Newly Painted Plasterboard
wall
Source: Author

41
DOOR
At the main entrance of the house, the
original foldable door was removed and
was replaced with a new double hung
timber door. A few of the interior doors
remained the same while others were
repainted or replaced with a new design
to make it similar with the front door.
Figure 4.3.7 The Foldable Timber Door
with Metal Grille
Source: Owner
Figure 4.3.8 Double Hung Timber Door
Source: Author

42
WINDOW
Casement windows were used originally in the house.
After renovation, the casement windows were re-
placed with Jalousie windows due to the influence of
the ‘new straits’ style. Metal grilles were also added as
part of the decoration as well as for security purposes.
Figure 4.3.9 Casement Window
with Metal Mesh used in Primary
Building
Source: Owner
Figure 4.3.10 Jalousie Window with Metal Grille
Source: Author

43
4 . 4 BUIDLING CHRONOLOGY
Early 20th
Century
The building was built in the early 20th
century. It was constructed mainly us-
ing timber.
1950’s - 1962
Secondary building was built behind the
main building to accomodate larger
family members. The building was
influenced by the New Straits style.
1950’s - 1962
Renovation was also done to the
windows and doors.

44
2001
After the Buddist Association moved in,
the interior spaces were renovated again
and divided accodingly to each
respective function using wall partitions.
2002 - 2003
External spaces such as the kitchen,
storage area and Recycle Centre were
added for Tze Chi to execute their daily
activities.
2002 - 2003
Tze Chi Association repainted the
main building with a cooler hue color to
match the Tze Chi logo.A new building
for the cafe and office were constructed
adjacent to the main building. The
floors, walls and front deck of the house
were also renovated.

5.0 CULTURE AND ACTIVITY
45
5 . 1 SPACE PLANNING
5 . 1 . 1 FAMILY STRUCTURE
The interior organization and spatial layout of the family
structure is determined by the activities that took place in
the interior spaces. The space organization depends on
the type, quality and time of activity done by the family.
The layout design of the house is somewhat similar to
the typical layout of a Malay house. It comprises of two
main zones, which are the public and private space. The
public space is allocated at the front part of the building
while the private space is at the back part of the building.
Public Space
Private Space
Figure 5.1.1 Typical Spatial Layout of Malay Kampong House plan
Source: Author
Figure 5.1.2 Spatial Layout of Old Building Plan
Source: Author

46
A) EXTERIOR
FRONT PORCH
The front porch is a small, open space area located
in front of the main entrance. It is a public space
where the guests are being greeted before entering
the house. The timber deck below the staicase is
built for the family members to relax and be
entertain.
Figure 5.1.3 Front Porch of the House
Source: Author

47
COURTYARD
A courtyard is an open space area located before
the entrance of the rear building. It has the same
function as the front porch. It is a more private
space compare to the front porch as it is normal-
ly used by the family members only. They usually
play badminton or hang out in the garden. The lay-
out of the garden and plantation at the are mostly
influence by the Chinese garden.
Figure 5.1.4 The Courtyard Behind the Main House
Source: Owner

48
REAR ENTRANCE
According to Malay tradition, the rear entrance is
normally for the woman and children, which leads
directly to the kitchen.
Female visitors are able to join the womenfolk in the
kitchen from the rear entrance.
Figure 5.1.5 Rear Entrance of the House
Source: Author

49
WELL
The well is located at the garden near to the
kitchen and services blocks.
Water can be easily collected from the well for the
use of cooking, bathing and washing.
Figure 5.1.6 The Well Located Next to the Main House
Source: Author

50
B) INTERIOR
MAIN COMMON ROOM/ VERANDA
The main common room is a reception area where
social and religious activities are being held. It is a
public area where the guest will be entertained.
There is an absence of partition wall or known as
solid ceiling height wall separating the different ar-
eas in the room.
Figure 5.1.7 The Main Common Room
Source: Owner

51
HALL WAY
The hall way is a semi-public space located be-
tween the two bedrooms in the main house. It al-
lows access from the public space to the private
space at the back of the house. The hall way also
acts as a connection link between the veranda and
bedrooms.
Figure 5.1.8 The Hall way Leading to the Back House
Source: Owner

52
HALL
The hall has a staircase that acts as a linkage
between the primary building and the secondary
building.It functions as the dining hall, located
near to the kitchen. At the same time, it is also
used as a living space for the family members to
study or relax.
Figure 5.1.9 The Hall in the Secondary Building
Source: Author

53
STORAGE
The storage areas are the extended spaces located at
both sides of the building to store large equipment, tools,
junks and furnitures as well as groceries. It is located
near to the kitchen area and hall way.
Figure 5.1.10 The Storage Area
Source: Author

54
REAR COURT AND SERVICE BLOCK
The Rear Court is a semi open space area located
at the back of the building. It acts as an access
space to the services.
The court is reserved as a place for the families to
do the washing and drying of their clothes. Water is
easily accessible from the well outside.
Figure 5.1.11 The Rear Court
Source: Author
Figure 5.1.12 Toilet
Source: Author

55
BEDROOM
COMMON ROOM
Figure 5.1.13 The Bedroom in Secondary Building
Source: Author
Figure 5.1.14 The Common Room in the Secondary Building
Source: Author

56
5 . 1 . 2 ASSOCIATION STRUCTURE
After the family moved out, the front part of the
building is rented out to Tze Chi Asssociation.
The secondary building has closed for Mrs
Cheng’s use only. The spatial layout has divid-
ed into public, semi-public and private spaces.
The semi-public zone is used by the volunteers
and officer for event preparation.
Public
Semi-public
Private
Figure 5.1.15 The Association Structure
Source: Author

57
A) EXTERIOR
RECYCLE CENTRE
The Recycle Centre collects recyclable materi-
als such as unwanted plactics, papers, clothes,
aluminium tin cans and old furnitures from the
public. The recyclable items are segregated
based on the type of materials by the old folks
who works at Tze Chi as volunteers.
Figure 5.1.16 The Recycle Centre for Collecting Recyclable Items
Source: Author
Figure 5.1.17 The Old Folks Segregating the Recyclable Items
Source: Author

58
COURTYARD
The courtyard functions as a temporary storage
for the volunteers to store the kitchen utilities
and food. The volunteers uses the space as a
kitchen area to cook and wash the dishes. They
usually conduct the preparation for an event or
function in the courtyard.
Figure 5.1.18 Semi Open Storage area
Source: Author
Figure 5.1.19 Kichen Area near to the Courtyard
Source: Author

59
B) INTERIOR
MAIN HALL
The main hall is a big and open space area with-
out any partition or solid wall located at the front
part of the building. It can accommodate a large
amount of people. Thus, it is often used to cater
activities like seminars, talks, meetings and so
on. Sometimes, the space is also used for the
preparation of an event. For example, packag-
ing of small gifts and hampers.
Figure 5.1.20 The Main Hall for Religious Activities
Source: Author
Figure 5.1.21 The Main Hall used as part of a Temporary Storage Area
Source: Author

60
MEETING ROOM
The meeting room is a small space adjacent to the
main hall where the private meetings are usually
held at. It is a space that is used as a preparation
room or waiting area for any particular event. The
room is also an access way to one of the storage
areas and bathroom.
Figure 5.1.22 The Meeting Room
Source: Author

61
OFFICE
The office is an enclosed space that was added by
Tze Chi during the renovation of the house. Before
the renovation, it was originally a hall way that could
be used to access the extended building at the back
of the house. The office is a space that was parti-
tioned by walls to store important documents and
doing paperworks.
Figure 5.1.23 The Entrance to the Office
Source: Author
Figure 5.1.24 The Office
Source: Author

62
CAFE
The building for the Cafe was built by Tze Chi As-
sociation when they renovated the house. It is lo-
cated next to the old main building. Besides, food
and drinks are also available in the cafe. It is a quiet
place ideal for reading and relaxation.
At noon, the officers and workers in Tze Chi will
chant Buddhist scripture in the Cafe.
Figure 5.1.25 The Cafe
Source: Owner

6.0 BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY
63
6 . 1 BUILDING ORIENTATION
The House is oriented towards the north-east direction.
Hence, the front elevation of the house, where the main
hall or living space is located, will face the morning sun.
In Chinese beliefs, the house orientation is consider to
have a good feng shui. Besides, most of the day activi-
tes will also be conducted in the living area. Thus, having
sufficient supply of natural lighting is important especially
in the past, when there were no electricity for lightings or
fan.
In the evening, the sun will set at the back of the House.
Thus, the front hall of the building will not be as hot. In
the past, family members living in the Malay Kampong
Houses often relax in the ‘Serambi’ area to see passer-by
in the evening. Therefore, the orientation of the building
is significant as it is also relatable to the daily lives of the
occupant.
Figure 6.1.1 Site Plan of the House
Source: Author

64
6 . 2 CLIMATE
6 . 2 . 1 TEMPERTURE AND HUMIDITY
The annual temperature in ipoh is fluctuates
between 24 - 33 degree celcius. The humid-
ity of ipoh is higher at the end of the year as
there are higher rainfalls and high tempera-
ture at the same time.
Hence, the building has architecture ele-
ments in adaption to the local climate. Firstly,
the primary building is elevated in order for
cross ventilation below the floor level. Roof
vents are added to cool the interior via stack
effect. Air holes in the secondary building are
vital to remove heat and moisture from the
interior. In addition, there are vents at the top
of the wall for ventiltion.
Figure 6.2.1 Temperature Line Chart Figure 6.2.2 Humidity Line Chart
Figure 6.2.3 The Open Airholes for
Ventilation
Source: Author
Figure 6.2.4 The Open Vents on the
Roof
Source: Author

65
6 . 2 . 2 SUN PATH
In the morning, the west side of the building is
shaded by the building. The living spaces and
courtyard, which is located in the secondary
building will be cooler. Heat gain in the cafe is
reduced as well as the a.c. usage in the space.
The east side of the building is shaded in the
evening, where the kitchen and dining room
are located.
Louver ornamentation at the main entrance
helps to shade the front porch.Awning is placed
to block excessive sunlight into the building.
Jalousie windows are adjustable to shade the
interior from the large amount of sunlight. How-
ever, the placement of the air holes at the east
and west side of the building are not efficient to
reduce heat gain from the sunlight.
Figure 6.2.5 The Sun Path of the Building facing North East on
MARCH 4TH
Source: Author
Figure 6.2.6 The ‘Anjung’ to
help Shade the ‘Serambi’
Source: Author
Figure 6.2.7 Awning Use to block
Excessive Sunlight
Source: Author
7AM
12PM
6PM
N

66
6 . 2 . 3 WIND ANALYSIS
The characteristic features of the climate in Ipoh are uniform
temperature, has high humidity and copious rainfall. Winds
are generally light in the morning and afternoon from 8 a.m.
to 12 p.m. In the evening, around 4 p.m. the wind starts to
become a little stronger.
Over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0
m/s to 4 m/s (calm to gentle breeze), rarely exceeding 6 m/s
(moderate breeze).
The wind is most often out of the north east (29% of the
time), north (15% of the time), and south (13% of the time).
The wind is least often out of the north west (2% of the time),
west (2% of the time), and south east (5% of the time). Figure 6.2.8 The Wind Analysis
Source: Author
N

7.0 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
67
7 . 1 MATERIALS
Figure 7.1 Plan of The House
Source: Author
M1 - TIMBER
M2 - CERAMIC QUARRY
TILES
M3 - GLAZED TILES
M4 - BRICK
M7 - STEEL GRILLE
M8 - CONCRETE WALL
M11 - PLASTERBOARD WALL

68
M1 - TIMBER
Timber is used as the material for the floors, walls,
staircase and skeletal frame. It is the main con-
struction material for the building to suit the hot
tropical weather in Malaysia. Timber is easy to in-
stall and aesthetically attractive even after a long
term. It has low thermal capacity, which is able to
cool down the house. Figure 7.1.1 Timber Deck at the Front Porch
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.2 Timber Facade, Columns, Louvers etc.
Source: Author

69
M2 - CERAMIC QUARRY TILES
The red tiles are used in the kitchen area. It is du-
rable and easy to clean. It is resistant to scratch
and is non-slip, which is vital at wet area. In the
living hall, geometry tiles are used as they have
a wide variety of colors. They are attractive and
can create a vibrant space.
M3 - GLAZED TILES
Glazed tiles are used on the kitchen walls and
counter top as they are easy to clean and main-
tain, as the kitchen space is often expose to
greasy and oily air due to cooking and washing.
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.4 Geometric Tiles
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.5 Geometry Glazed Tiles
on the Kitchen Table Top
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.6 Glazed Wall Tiles
Source: Author

70
M4 - BRICK
The brick is influenced by the Traditional Chinese houses. It
is strong and durable and has a high fire resistance. Bricks
can withstand heavy loads because they are strong and
highly durable.
M5 - CLAY ROOF TILES
Clay roof tiles have a long life span and are very durable.
They have the ability to reflect heat from the sun. Hence,
they are suitable for the hot tropical weather like Malaysia.
Clay tiles are also fireproof and only requires low mainte-
nance. Besides, they can maintain their aesthetic value due
to their long lasting color and are environmentally friendly.
Figure 7.1.7 Masonry Structure in the Footings
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.8 Clay Roof Tiles
Source: Author

71
M6 - ZINC
Zinc corrugated roof is introduced during the
British colonization. It is a new building tech-
nique that replaces the ‘Atap’ roof.
M7 - STEEL
Steel grille are used on doors and windows. The
material has high strength that provides good
security and protection. Besides, steel has Low
maintainance and is recyclable.
Figure 7.1.10 Geometry Steel Grille
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.9
Zinc Corrugated Roof
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.11 RetractableSteelGate
Source: Author

72
M8 - CONCRETE
Concrete is used in the structural framing of the second-
ary building and staircases. It is a new building material,
that is strong in compression. Concrete has a high du-
rability and is weatherproof. Unlike wood that has to be
carved, concrete is moulded and can be handled by un-
skilled worker as well. It conforms to the shape of each
block. In addition, the building time using concrete is
faster as well.
M9 - MORTAR
Mortar is used as a mould for the shape of the footing. It
is easy to use and is quick in setting. It is a new building
material with high compressive strength and does not
slide easily. Hence, it is suitable for a structure like the
roof that is constantly expose to the sun and rain.
Figure 7.1.14 Mortar Tiles on the Roof
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.12 Concrete
Footing at the Front Porch
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.13 Concrete Foot-
ing under the House
Source: Author

73
M10 - ASBESTOS
Aebestos is widely used during the 60’s to
80’s. The asbestos ceiling is a flat sheet slate
placed at the ceiling level to cover electrical
lines and construction joints. It allows noise
reduction and prevent water leakage into the
interior.
M11 - PLASTERBOARD
Plasterboards are used for partition walls in
the building. It is an excellent heat insulation
that reduces energy loss. Plasterboard is also
able to reduce unwanted noises and sound
transmission.
Figure 7.1.15 Old Asbestos Ceiling
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.16 New Asbestos Ceiling
Source: Author
Figure 7.1.17 Plasterboard Partition Wall
Source: Author

74
7 . 2 . 1 COLUMN AND BEAM
The Traditional Malay house relies on the complex
Joining system made rigid by the use of timber wedg-
es for it’s stability. Timber wedges provide structur-
al flexibility, which inhibits the use of nailing. Without
nails, a timber house could be easily dismantled and
reconstructed in a new location.
The Traditional Malay house is primarily a timber
structure, built off the ground using post-and-beam
method by the local carpenters or by the owner them-
selves.
The“corner rail to levg” mortis and tenon joints are
common construction techniques used and practiced
in most of the Traditional Malay houses. This struc-
ture has a ‘bare-faced’ which allows the cheek of the
beam to line up. As a result, it enables the structure
with good strength in compression and is fairly resis-
tant to stacking.
7 . 2 SKELETAL FRAMING
Figure 7.2.1 Column and beam
Source: Author
post
beam

75
MITERED SLIP JOINT
The mitered slip joint is a slip joint with the appearance
of a mitered joint, that can be made by mitering the slot
of the slip joint first. Then, cutting the tenon on an angle
to match the miter so the shoulders have a mitered ap-
pearance.
A blind mitered slip joint can be constructed by stopping
the mortise before becoming a complete slot and trim-
ming the tenon to match it.
Figure 7.2.3 Mitered Slip Joint
Source: Author

76
7 . 2 . 2 FOOTING
Figure 7.2.5 Construction Details
of Footing
Source: Author
There are three types of footings that can be found be-
low the main building, which are the plain footing, sin-
gle ornamented footing and triple ornamented footing.
Timber beam rest on top of the brick footing and mor-
tar helps to join them firmly together. Besides, plaster-
ing is also applied on the surface of the brick footings
to protect them from being expose to the weather.
Besides, plastering also provides a neat and attractive
aesthetic appearance. Brick footings provide excel-
lent strength to resist compression from the mass of
the whole building. Lastly, the arrangement of footings
are constructed in a systematic grid system.
Source: Author
column
clay
brick

77
7 . 3 BUILDING
7 . 3 .1 SLAB
FLOOR JOIST
The joist are spaced 685mm based on the magnitude
of applied loads. The cavities are used for piping and
electrical lines of the air-conditioning system. The joist
are supported by the beam and in turn supported by
brick footing.To avoid deflection of the joist under the
floor load, the joist is placed in an overlapping meth-
od.Two joist are set over the beam. The connection is
done by overlaping them at 150mm and nailed togeth-
er with galvanized nails .
Figure 7.3.1 Overlapping Joists Supporting the Timber Floor
Source: Author
overlapping
joistcolumn
beam
Figure 7.3.2 Construction Details of Floor Joist
Source: Author

78
FLOOR BEAM SYSTEM
The grid of the floor beams are integrated with the
placement of interior partitions. Most of the parti-
tions in the primary building are non-load bearing.
The load is transferred to beam and joist subse-
quently to the load bearing foundation wall or ma-
sonry footings via two way load distribution meth-
od.
Figure 7.3.3 The Beam Set on Top of the Masonry Wall and Footing
Source: Author

79
TIMBER FLOOR
Timber planks are laid perpendicular to the joist. Then
the load of partition wall is distributed evenly across
the planks via a one way load distribution method. A
new layer of timber floor laid above the old following
the same pattern. A layer of syelek is painted onto the
hardwood plank to increase the strength.
Figure 7.3.4 Timber Flooring in the Main Hall
Source: Author

80
7 . 3 . 2 JOINTS
MORTISE AND TENON JOINT
Joints are used frequently to connect floor beams
and column. The joint is able to resist twisting,
bending and breaking. They are strengthened by
the interlocking system.
In order to join column to beam, the mitered tenon
is installed into the mortise for maximum strength.
Tenon is not visible once the joint has been assem-
bled .
Some part of the footing, column and beam are
connected, whereby the mortise on column re-
ceives tenon on the beam.
Figure 7.3.5 Three Members Joined by Tenon and Mortise
Source: Author
Tenon
Mortise
Column
Beam
of Column and Footing
Source: Author

81
INTERLOCKING SCARF JOINT
Due to insufficient spannning of the beams, intelock-
ing scarf joints is used to connect two beams.The
joints are able to withstand high compression and
tensile stresses to support horizontal planes. The
joints is further secured by screwing both beams
with metal plate.
It is placed directly on top of the masonry footing for
support and the opposing members will also push
them tight into one another.
Figure 7.3.7 The Shape of Interlocking Scarf Joint
Source: Author
beam
beam
Figure 7.3.8 Construction Details of Interlocking Scarf Joint
Source: Author

82
HALF LAP JOINT
The beams are notched out and the remaining por-
tion are intersected in a right angle. The notches
prevent each other from moving and twisting. The
hole between the half lap joints enable the installa-
tion of the column. It connects to the joint by using a
mortise and tenon joints.
Figure 7.3.9 Half Lap Joint used at the the Corner of the Building
Source: Author
Half Lap
Figure 7.3.10 Construction Details of the Half Lap
Joint
Source: Author

83
7 . 3 . 3 FLOOR, WALL AND ROOF JUNCTION
INTERIOR WALL
A timber plate with 80 x 50 mm is nailed to the floor
plank and the beam between the column. Then 25mm
thick plasterboards are fixed and fastened onto the
plate on both sides. Flat beading is installed at the side
of the plasterboard to cover the edge.
Plasterboard
Plate
Skirting
Column
Nail
Figure 7.3.11 Construction Details of Interior Wall
Old wall

84
LOUVER WALL
517 mm long timber louver panels are inserted
into the grooves on the wall frame that have been
trimmed according to the proposed dimension. The
louver panels are placed in an angle to prevent di-
rect sunlight and rainwater from entering into the
building.
Figure 7.3.12 Timber Louver Wall on
the Exterior of the Building
Source: Author
Figure 7.3.13 The Grooves on the Wall
Frame
Source: Author

85
7 . 4 . 1 ROOF
7 . 4 BUILDING
Corrugated galvanized zinc roof
Timber roof truss
Aesbestos ceiling
Post and beam
Figure 7.4.1 Construction Details of Roof
Source: Author

86
ROOF
The roof is constructed by two types of roof trusses,
the queen post truss and collar truss.
QUEEN POST ROOF TRUSS
The truss has two rafters that attach to a tie beam
and a straining beam through two vertical queen
posts.
This arrangement imposes a greater load. It gives
a clean, open space feel without the use of inter-
nal post while maintaining its structural stability and
strength. Besides, it is also made to fit almost any
size or shape of a roof.
Tie Beam
Queen Post
Straining Beam
Rafter
Figure 7.4.2 Construction Details of Queen Post Roof Truss
Figure 7.4.3 Queen Post Roof Truss
Source: Author

87
COLLAR ROOF
The roof pitch of a collar roof can be more than 45
degrees. The arrangement of collar ties are able to re-
duce the bowing of the rafters. A greater span can be
bridged. The collar holds the rafters together to pre-
vent the roof spread.
Collar ties are usually arranged in pairs, as horizontal
ties and are fixed to the middle of the rafters. They are
best positioned statically in the middle of the rafter to
give a greater ceiling height so that the roof space can
be made accesible to and provide more headroom. Collar Ties
Figure 7.4.4 Construction Details of Collar Roof
Figure 7.4.5 Collar Roof in the Storage Room
Source: Author

88
JOINTS
RAFTER TO TIE BEAM CONNECTION
This strong and simple connection joins a rafter to a tie
beam in a wide variety of truss combinations. The notch
is strengthen by the strength of the connection.
Rafter
Plate
Tie beam
Figure 7.4.6 Construction Details of Joints
Figure 7.4.7 The Joints in the Internal Roof
Source: Author

89
CEILING JOIST AND RAFTER CONNECTION
The rafters are mortised over the queen post and
tenon to the ends of the tie beam. The queen post
helps to hold up the straining beam rather than
bearing upon it.
Queen post
Straining beam
Rafter
Figure 7.4.8 Construction Details of Ceiling Joist and
Rafter Connection
Figure 7.4.9 Ceiling Joist and Rafter Connection
Source: Author

90
QUEENPOST TO CEILING JOIST CONNECTION
The load from the purlins act perpendicularly to the
plane of the roof, when the load is applied on top of the
queen post and along the rafter.
Queen post
Purlin
Figure 7.4.10 Construction Details of QueenPost to
Ceiling Joist
Figure 7.4.11 QueenPost to Ceiling Joist Connnection
Source: Author

91
CORRUGATED GALVANIZED ZINC ROOF
An iron sheet with zinc coating formed into corrugated
sheets to allow precipitation on the roof to drain away.
It is waterproof and fireproof to protect the structural
elements underneath.
The roof covering has a high heat conductivity and
requires the incorporation of insulation into the roof
structure. Seal off the ends with a wood or plastic strip
under the panel at both end to prevent the entry of
rain, wind and pest.
The coverings should place directly onto the purlins,
which are attached to the roof trusses. Pre-drill the
holes with screws. The lapping sheet shoud be ad-
justed so that the last panel completes the coverage
without making a cut lengthwise.
Figure 7.4.12 Corrugated Galvanized Zinc Roof from
the Interior View
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.13 Construction Details of the Zinc Roof Structure
Figure 7.4.14 Construction
Details of Predrill holes with
Screws
Figure 7.4.15 Zoom in De-
tails of the Screw Connec-
tion

92
GUTTERS
The function of a rain gutter is to direct water from the
roof to the ground. It protects the painted surface of the
wall by reducing it’s exposure to water.
Water is either collected or discharged by a rain gut-
ter via downpipe from the roof edge to the base of the
building.
DOWNPIPES
The pipes are attached to the building by brackets. The
pipes should have a distance from the building so that
water will not easily penetrate into the wall. Gutters and
pipes can be either angled or rounded.
Figure 7.4.16 Gutter at the back of the House
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.17 Construction Details of the Downpipe

93
RIDGE CAP
A ridge cap is installed along the ridge line of a
slope roof. The ridge line points that meet will form
the apex of the roof. A ridge cap keeps the rain out
of the home. It also helps to finish off the look of the
roof by creating a tightly sealed joint.
Ridge cap is strong and cannot be remove easi-
ly after bedding cement is applied. Pointing is ap-
plied to cover the junction. It is a thin layer of oxide
coloured sand or cement. It has a good chance of
sticking onto the bedding without cracking.
Figure 7.4.18 Ridge Cap View of
the House Roof
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.19 Ridge Cap
Line Connected to the Apex
Figure 7.4.20 Construction De-
tails of Ridge Cap
Figure 7.4.21 Construction
Details of Ridge Cap
Figure 7.4.22 Bedding Cement
Applied on Ridge Cap
Figure 7.4.23 Bedding Cement
Applied on Ridge Cap

94
7 . 4 . 2 DOORS
The doors are categorised into three group, the timber
door, retractable security door and sliding door.
TIMBER DOOR
A rough opening on the wall is cut out for the timber door
frame to be fitted. The door panel is installed with butt
hinges.Then, the joint between the door frame and the
opening are covered with timber casing.
Figure 7.4.24 Timber Door Leading to
the Storage Room
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.25 Butt Hinges installed on Door
Panel

95
Lattice
Sash
RETRACTABLE SECURITY DOOR
The retractable security door is installed using “re-
veal fitting installation”, where the security door is
fitted within the opening on the wall. First, place the
bottom track of the gate at the bottom of the rough
opening and assemble the gate. After that, place
the gate within the door opening. Then, mark the fix-
ing holes and position the gate back into the rough
opening and fix it with screws.
Figure 7.4.26 Retractable Security Door
Details
Figure 7.4.27 Retractable
Security Door at Storage
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.28 Construction Details of the Retractable
Security Door

96
POCKET SLIDING DOOR
A rough opening is cut to fit the door jamb. Then, install
the header and track to the top jamb and nail the end
plate to the wall studs. The split jamb stiffeners are nailed
to the floor and the header. Slide the wheel hangers into
the track. Next, install the drywall over the door pocket.
Coat the joints with a drywall compound and hang the
door. After that, install the door track on the inside and
outside of the door. Lastly, install the door casing and
nail it to the jamb and door studs. Header-and-jamb
Split Jamb stiffener
Wall stud
Figure 7.4.29 Pocket Sliding Door for the Office
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.30 Construction Details of
the Pocket Sliding Door

97
BY PASS SLIDING DOOR
First, the door frame of the sliding door are installed
into the rough opening in one piece. The door slides
that run on an overhead track, is screwed to the
top jamb. The rollers are secured to the doors. The
floor tracks are screwed to the floor after the doors
are hung.
Figure 7.4.31 By Pass Sliding Door in the Secondary Building
Source: Author
Top jamb Overhead track
Floor track

98
7 . 4 . 3 WINDOWS
The type of windows used for both buildings are known
as the Jalousie windows. Grilles are also attached to
the windows.
JALOUSIE WINDOW CONSTRUCTION
The top and bottom channel of the window frame is
pressed using a screw. The operating mechanism
is placed against the side of the window frame and
screwed. The slat holders are pushed at a 45-degree
angle and frosted glass is then slided into the slat hold-
ers.
SECURITY GRILL CONSTRUCTION
Holes are marked and drilled on the window frame.
Then, the grille is screwed in place using a long screw.
Slat holder
Figure 7.4.32 Jalousie Window and Grille on the Main Building
Source: Author
of The Jalousie Windows

99
7 . 4 . 4 STAIRCASE AND HANDRAIL
Figure 7.4.34 Timber Staircase at the Entrance of the Main Building
Source: Author

100
Riser
Thread
Timber deck
Concrete staircase
Timber deck joist
Stringer
Figure 7.4.35 Axonometric of the Staircase at the Main Entrance
Source: Author

101
Carriages or stringers are the incline beams
supporting the treads and risers of a flight of stairs.
The numbers and spacing of carriages required
depend on the spanning capability of the tread.
Figure 7.4.36 Staircase Detailing
Stringers are the sloping finish members running
alongside a staircase, against which the risers and
treads terminate.
Carriages may be attached to their supporting
beam, header or wall framing with metal hangers or
a ledger.
Kick-plate anchors and absorb the load of an
inclined carriage.

102
Finish timber flooring over treads and risers
Riser
Thread
Chamfer edges of plywood
treads for carpeting
Carriage
Spacer
Figure 7.4.37 Side View of the Staircase Details

103
Balusters assemble into treads
Face stringer receives riser at a
mitered joint.
Housed stringer is routed to receive
the ends of treads and risers.
Figure 7.4.38 Construction Details of Staircase

104
OPEN RISER STAIRCASE
Open Raiser
Figure 7.4.39 Timber Open Riser Staircase in the
Hall of the Secondary Building
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.40 Steel Open Riser
Staircase in the Storage room
Source: Author

105
Open Riser Staircase
Treads may be supported either by steel
angles let into the treads or by letting the
planks into the carriage.
Steel anglebolted to carriage and floor structure
Balusters bolted to carriage.
1” to 1-1/2” (25 to 38) overlap.

106
OPEN RISER STAIRCASE
• Shop-fabricated handrail of metal pipe
• Bar grating treads
• Nosing may consist of a checkered plate,
closely spaced bars, or an angle with an
abrasive strip
• Flat plate treads with textured top surfaces
• Clip angle with anchor bolts
secure each stringer to the
floor structure
Field weld
Figure 7.4.42 Open Riser Staircase Details

107
CONCRETE STAIRCASE
Figure 7.4.43 Concrete Staircase at the
Back of the House
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.44 Concrete Staircase at the Main Entrance of the House
from the 60’s to 90’s
Source: Owner

108
Edge of stair slab may be turned up
to form railing.
Span is equal to the
horizontal distance
between the slab
supports.
Nosing bars
Horizontal bars extend into
side wall
Steel reinforcement as required
Figure 7.4.46 Section of Concrete StaircaseFigure 7.4.45 Concrete Staircase Details

109
• Handrail supports anchored to the top of the stair slab.
Cast-in-place sleeve
Escutcheon
Post supports for handrail
Figure 7.4.47 Section of Concrete Handrails

110
PROCESS OF MAKING CONCRETE STAIRCASE
1. Build the form. The
form can be made of
plywood or framing
lumber.
2. Pour the
concrete.
3. Add the finishing
touches.
4. Wait and
dampen once
you have to
smoothe the
surface. Keep
the concrete
wet or damp for
up to one week
while it cures.

111
INSERTING TREADS AND RISERS
Concrete staircase
Inserting timber tread onto the
concrete staircase
Inserting timber riser onto the
concrete staricase
Figure 7.4.48 Adding Timber Riser and Thread on
Concrete Staircase

112
7 . 4 . 5 FINISHES
SKIRTING - CROWN MOULDING
Crown moulding is installed at the junction
of the floor, wall and the ceiling. They are
relatively thin material and are installed on
the diagonal between the wall and ceiling.
Hold the molding at an angle. Apply sand-
able joint compound to the top and bottom
edges of the crown. Butt joint is used to
join two pieces in a straight run. After the
compound dries, smooth the joints with a
fine-grit sanding sponge. Dab in joint com-
pound to fill any gaps.
From Left to Right
Source: Author
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.51 Applying the Compound
using a Putty Knife
Figure 7.4.52 Zoom in of the Applica-
tion
Figure 7.4.53 Butt Joint

113
FLAT BEADING
Flat strip are suitable for covering the gaps
between the wall, skirting board and nosing
and timber floor planks.
Measure and cut the length of beading. Cut the
joining ends at 45 degrees using the chop saw
to join two pieces of beading together. Fix the
flat bead down by hammering small panel pins
through in order to grip the floor below. As the
beading is not very wide or thick, it can be cut
at an angle to fit it neatly whatever the shape
of the wall is.
To join a straight run of bead, it is wise to do a
scarf joint to the bead to hide the seam.
Figure 7.4.54 Timber Skirting in the Main Hall
Source: Author
Figure 7.4.55 Sawing the Timber
FloorPlank
Figure 7.4.56 Placing the Skirting
on the Floor

114
AEBESTOS CEILING
First, measure the drywall from the corner to
ceiling joist. Run a bead of glue down each
ceiling joist (Figure 7.4.59) and hoist the dry-
wall panel up onto the ceiling. Drive the screws
across the middle of the drywall piece into the
joist. (Figure 7.4.60) Figure 7.4.57 Asbestos Ceiling Wall
Details
Figure 7.4.58 Asbestos Ceiling
Wall in the Main Hall
Figure 7.4.59 Applying the
glue
Figure 7.4.60 Screwing Up
the Drywall piece

115
SUSPENDED CEILING
A suspended ceiling is a framed panel which appears
to float away from the walls. A suspended ceiling is
able to make utility lines accessible to install light fix-
tures and provide sound insulation.
Plasterboard or ceiling tile is installed onto the panel
and securely screwed in position to the joist. Timber
batten used as covering is cut to suit the spacing in
order to support the board or tiles.
Figure 7.4.61 Suspended Ceiling in the Meeting
Room
Source: Author
Suspended Ceiling

116
COVER BATTEN
Batten is a narrow strip of wood nailed over the vertical
joints of plasterboard to form board-and-batten siding.
A flat moulding can be used to cover the joints.
Cover batten can also be used to cover wall joints.
Figure 7.4.63 Construction Details of Cover
Batten
Figure 7.4.64 Cover Batten in
the Main Hall
Source: Author

Final Report, Tzu Ji Charity House (Ipoh)

Final Report, Tzu Ji Charity House (Ipoh)

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