BUILDING SERVICE PROJECT 2 FINAL REPORT

1 | Building Services Systems in Old Folks Home
BUILDING SERVICES [BLD60903/ARC2423]
PROJECT 2
BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS IN PUBLIC BUILDING
(OLD FOLKS HOME)
PREPARED BY:
CHOW HONG DA (0318571)
DARSHIINI VIG (0319359)
EVELIN DEVINA (0322176)
ICHE DUNSTAN OMARI (0323347)
LIM JOE ONN (0318679)
PABLO IDRIS (0321895)
TUTOR:
MR. AZIM SULAIMAN
SUBMISSION DATE:
25th
NOVEMBER 2016

TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................03
INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING..........................................................................04
CH 01. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Fire Protection System..............................................................................................05
1.2. Air Conditioning.......................................................................................................06
1.3. Mechanical Ventilation.............................................................................................07
1.4. Mechanical Transportation .......................................................................................08
CH 02. FINDING AND ANALYSIS
2.1. Fire Protection System..............................................................................................11
2.1.1.Active Fire Protection System..........................................................................11
2.1.2.Passive Fire Protection System.........................................................................18
2.2. Air Conditioning System ..........................................................................................23
2.3. Mechanical Ventilation System................................................................................28
2.4. Mechanical Transportation System ..........................................................................31
CH 03. PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS
3.1. Fire Protection System .............................................................................................38
3.1.1. Active Fire Protection System........................................................................38
3.1.2. Passive Fire Protection System ......................................................................42
3.2. Air Conditioning System ..........................................................................................43
3.3. Mechanical Ventilation System................................................................................44
3.4. Mechanical Transportation System ..........................................................................48
SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................56
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................57

ABSTRACT
Buildings function in service for the residents. This report studies the requirements
and needs of services in a building to enhance the living of the user. The notion of building
services is a necessity of combating both comfort to people and also safety in the unpredicted
events. A brief introduction of some essential systems: Fire Protection System, Air
Conditioning, Mechanical Ventilation, and Mechanical Transportation, is initially outlined.
The discussion widens to the technology and knowledge ready on hand at present, then
focuses on how the relevant systems can be installed in the building. In regards of the
building function as a public building for old folks home, the preceding study supports the
proposal of systems to be incorporated into the building program. The choices of systems to
be applied on the building is considered in relation to the necessity of the system, space
availability, installation and maintenance cost in comparison to its worth. Laws and
regulations standardized by the nation for each system are compared to get a better
understanding of the space implications and the regulations related to different services.

INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING
‘Breathe’ Elderly Centre is located in Taman Kanagapuram, a community resides Old Klang
Road in Malaysia. The activity hub, designed with respect for the elderly in mind, is capable to
accommodate around 20 senior citizens inside the spaces and 2 live-in staffs with the necessary spaces
for living. The building structures are primarily reinforced concrete while other components such as
the finishing, louvers, wall surface are mostly wood. Lush vegetation surrounds the building. In
response to the Malaysian climate, the centre has open plan and spaces, giving exposure of the
residents to the green side of the tropical country.
Figure 1 & 2 : Image of Massing model of The Breathe Elderly Centre

CHAPTER
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Fire Protection
Life safety is the ultimate consideration in building design and the risk of fire
jeopardizes this safety. Outbreaks of fire within a building is highly dangerous because it may
become fatal if the spread of fire is not controlled. Fires affect thousands of people each year
by resulting in injury and loss of valuables. By establishing a fire prevention and
preparedness program, costly damages by fire can be prevented. For fire to be produced,
three factors must be present: Fuel, oxygen, and heat.
Fire started with the three elements stated above and ignites when all three are
combined. Next, it spreads rapidly with the aid of combustible materials nearby. A rapid
growth of fire will cause development stage to happen, temperature at this stage increases
slower but if it spreads to another area the cycle will begin again (Lai, Soo, Chan et al, 2015).
Fire will only decay when the fuel and oxygen supply diminishes. But a sudden rush of
oxygen like breaking a window can reignite the fire with explosive violence (Lai, Soo, Chan
et al, 2015).
Fire protection refers to measures taken to prevent fire from becoming destructive,
reduce the impact of uncontrolled fire and save lives and property (Cintas, n.d.). It is a very
important system as it ensures the user’s safety and security. Below is the summary of
practices to help prepare facilities for a fire emergency:
1. Implement a fire emergency evacuation plan
01
Fuel
Oxygen Heat

2. Establish a fire prevention plan
3. Educate building occupants
4. Practice Proper Housekeeping Techniques
5. Preventative Maintenance
Fire protection can be further divided into two types: active and passive fire protection
systems. Both are researched in this paper together with reference of UBBL rules and
regulations.
1.1.1. Active Fire Protection System
Active fire protection system a group of systems that require some amount of
action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be
manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either
way they require some amount of action (LSS,2015). Without any signals or
responses, active fire protection system will not operate.
1.1.2. Passive Fire Protection System
Passive fire protection system is defined as a group of systems that
compartmentalize a building using fire-resistance rated walls or floor.
Compartmentalizing the building into smaller sections helps to slow or prevent the
spread of fire and smoke from one room to the next (LSS, 2015). It mitigates the
amount of damage done to a building and provides people more evacuation time.
Fire escape is also one of the major design factors that determine the effectiveness
of escaping the building during an emergency. Implementations to support it
include emergency exit signs and emergency staircase design, increasing the
chances of survival.
1.2. Air Conditioning
Malaysia is a hot and humid tropical country. Because of this, many buildings in
Malaysia need to have an air-conditioning system in place to keep them cool. This is used to
keep the temperatures in the building at a comfortable level for people to run their activities
in. So, the air conditioning system is a necessity in our building.
Air conditioning is a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature
in a building or vehicle, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions.

1.3. Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilation is a process of exchanging air. It includes both replacing air from outside or
circulating air within a space. Ventilation helps to prevent heat concentration (heat produced
by lighting, machine, and human) and air humidity. The disposal of gas plays a crucial role in
fire prevention. Therefore, a building should ensure a good air circulation for comfort and
safety purposes.
Ventilation in a building can be achieved through natural way or with mechanical
devices. Natural ventilation occurs when there is an air difference which can be achieved via
operable windows. Warm air inside the space rises to the upper openings and cool air Is
forced in to ventilated the building. Although very energy saving, this ventilation is very
climatic based and varies due to different coordinates. That’s when mechanical ventilation is
then introduced to reach the human comfort level.
Air motion and relative humidity are significant comfort determinants, Watler T.
Grondzik (2010). The determinants often require mechanical devices, this system is called
mechanical ventilation. In commercial development, mechanical ventilation is typically
driven by Air Handling Units (AHU) connected to ductwork within the building that supplies
air to and extracts air from the interior.
Mechanical ventilation may be controlled by a building management system (BMS) to
maximize occupant comfort and minimize energy consumption.
1.3.1.Functions of mechanical ventilation (Energy Star, n.d)
1.3.1.1. Expel stale air containing water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne
chemicals, and other pollutants
1.3.1.2. Draw in outside air which presumably contains fewer pollutants and less
water vapour
1.3.1.3. Distribute and circulate the outside air throughout the building
1.3.2.Advantages of mechanical ventilation
1.3.2.1. Better indoor air quality. Mechanical ventilation system helps to remove
allergens, pollutants, etc.
1.3.2.2. Provides more fresh air control. It allows control with appropriate
locations for intake and exhaust
1.3.2.3. Improved comfort. It provides filtration, dehumidification, and
conditioning of the constant incoming air

1.4. Mechanical Transportation
The purpose of mechanical transportation is to transport people or goods from one
location to another through machines instead of human muscle. These transportation systems
are designed to transport their loads in the quickest and most efficient manner without the
burden of human fatigue. For a building to be built high, mechanical transportation should be
provided in the building not only for efficient circulation, but to also allow the elderly or
disabled to ascend higher levels without extensive use of ramps.
This research paper will be exploring the different types of mechanical transportation
that can be implemented into the elderly care center to serve senior citizens and the disabled.
Throughout this research paper, the rules and standards of mechanical transportation are to be
strictly adhered to meet the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) requirements.
Mechanical transportation is a mechanical system which moves people or goods from
one location to another, either vertically or horizontally, easily and efficiently. There are
many types or mechanical transportation, each serving different purposes for a building.
In a four-storey high building, the usual kinds of mechanical transportation
implemented are elevators and escalators. For the context of the elderly care center, an
elevator is the transportation of choice as the size of the building makes installing an
escalator space-consuming. An elevator not only is an efficient mechanical transport system
to travel between floors, it also fits the requirements of the elderly and the disabled, providing
them access to other floors without the laborious climbing of stairs.
There are 4 types of elevators, differentiated by the drive system it uses to pull the
elevator:
1.4.1. Traction Elevator
Traction elevators are elevators that use worm gears to
control mechanical movement of elevator cars by
"rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is
attached to a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These
machines are generally the best option for basement or
overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s. A
counterweight is usually added to balance the empty
weight of the car and the live load. The machinery and
control system can be accommodated in a
separate machine room, or in the case of lifts
Figure 1.4.1 Components of a
traction elevator.
Image source:

Figure 1.4.3: A climbing elevator in a
construction site
Image Source:
without machine rooms, can be placed in the shaft.
1.4.2. Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators uses a push cylinder,
either pushing directly or indirectly, to move
the car upwards or downwards. An electric
motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder
to move the piston. The piston smoothly lifts
the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the
release of the oil for a gentle descent. Such
low mechanical complexity of hydraulic
elevators make it suitable for low-rise
installations, provided the shaft should be
regularly checked for any fluid leakage.
1.4.3. Climbing Elevators
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator that
carries their own propulsion, which can be done with
either an electric or combustion engine. These kinds of
elevators can be found in construction sites on guyed
masts or towers, or on flight safety masts for
maintenance.
1.4.4. Pneumatic Elevators
This elevator uses a vacuum to pull the cab upwards, by using the differences
in air pressure above and below the cab as propulsion for the cab. The "shaft"
is made of acrylic, is always round due to the shape of the vacuum pump
Figure 1.4.2: Components of a hydraulic
elevator
Image Source:

turbine. This kind of elevator is suitable for existing homes due to their
compact nature, not requiring to excavate a pit and not requiring to install
hoist ways, but this kind of elevator have very low capacity and ca only carry
1-3 people.
Figure 1.4.4(1): A pneumatic elevator in a
house.
Image Source:
Figure 1.4.4(2): Components of a
pneumatic elevator.
Image Source:

CHAPTER
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
2.1.Fire Protection System
2.1.1. Active Fire Protection System
Outbreaks of fire are highly hazardous, making understanding and countering
unwanted fire outbreaks crucial in building design. Active fire protection design is
the usage of both mechanically activated and manually engaged equipment or
components by building occupants. Example of mechanical active fire protection
systems are water sprinklers and fire alarms while manual active fire protection
systems include fire extinguishers. Mechanical active fire protection systems are
triggered when fire or smoke is detected, warning building occupants of the
emergency, stimulating their ‘fight or flight’ response: to attempt extinguishing the
fire or flee to safety.
2.1.1.1. Smoke detector
A smoke detector is a smoke sensing
device that indicates fire. Smoke detectors
are very common in homes, offices,
schools and industries. Smoke detectors
are very useful devices as the damage
caused by fire is catastrophic
(electronicshub.org, 2016). Nowadays,
smoke detectors are easily available and
are cheap in price.
There are two basic parts of a smoke detector: a sensor to sense the smoke
and a very loud electronic horn. Smoke detectors can run off a 220-volt
house current or a 9-volt battery (electronicshub.org, 2016). There are two
types of smoke detectors, namely Ionization Detector and Photoelectric
Detector.
02
Figure 2.1.1.1(1): Smoke detector
Image Source:
http://www.guardhousesecurity.com/five
-reasons-smoke-alarm-detector-beeping

Ionization Detector
Ionization smoke detectors contain a very
small amount of americium-241 within
an ionization chamber. They create an
electric current between two metal plates,
which sound an alarm when disrupted by
smoke entering the chamber. Ionization
smoke alarms can quickly detect the
small amounts of smoke produced by
fast flaming fires, such as cooking fires
or fires fuelled by paper or flammable
liquids (Alt, 2016). This type of smoke detector is commonly used in
kitchens.
Photoelectric Smoke Detectors
Photoelectric smoke detectors contain an
Infrared LED and a Photodiode Light
Receptor. They contain a light source in a
light-sensitive electric sensor, which are
positioned at 90-degree angles to one
another. Normally, light from the light
source shoots straight across and misses the
sensor. When smoke enters the chamber, it
scatters the light, which then hits the sensor
and triggers the alarm (Alt, 2016). This
type of smoke detector generally respond faster to a fire in its, early
smouldering stage.
UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices
controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force
close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam
causes the door to close within a preset time.
Figure 2.1.1.1(2): Ionization detector
Image Source:
http://www.directindustry.com/prod/edw
ards-signaling/product-9260-
569429.html
Figure 2.1.1.1(3): Photoelectric smoke
detector
Image Source:
https://www.bunnings.co.nz/our-
range/building-hardware/general-
hardware/fire-safety/smoke-alarms

2.1.1.2. Break Glass Call Point
A break glass call point is a device
that enables personnel to raise the
alarm by breaking the frangible
element on the fascia (Firesafe, n.d.) if
an emergency occurs. They should be
mounted 1.4m from the floor and sited
where they can be easily seen, such as
nearby stairways and at exits to open
air. When activated, the alarm bell
releases a sound of at least 65 decibels
2.1.1.3. Sprinkler
Considered as one of the key
component under the active fire
protection system, the fire sprinkler
system is extensively used
worldwide for its convenience and
efficiency (Phua, Tan, Lee et al,
2015). The sire sprinkler systems are
hooked up to water pipes in ceilings
and walls. The network of water pipes
is either filled with water at all times or hooked up to a storage tank via a
water pump or valve (Fire Sprinklers UK, n.d.).
Each sprinkler is fitted with a glass bulb containing gases and liquids that
expand under heat, or with a fusible link with seals that melt upon contact
with high heat. The contents of the glass bulb expand when a plume of hot
air is sent from the fire. The glass bulb ruptures when it is hot enough. This
releases a valve connected to the ceiling, dousing the fire with water (Fire
Sprinklers UK, n.d.). The glass bulbs and link seals are often designed to
break at specific temperatures, typically 68 degrees Celcius.
Water droplets released from sprinklers are strictly controlled to be large
enough to penetrate the core of the fire without evaporating (Fire Sprinklers
Figure 2.1.1.2: Break glass call point
Image Source:
://www.vedardalarm.com/emergency-
break-glass-fire-alarm-manual-call-
point-p-51
Figure 2.1.1.3(1): Sprinkler
Image Source:
http://www.incontrolfp.com/posts/

UK, n.d.). Therefore, the fire extinguishers quickly before the chance for it
to spread.
Upright Sprinkler
Water is projected upwards from the upright
sprinkler and has a built-in deflector that
deflects water downwards. It sprays water in a
circular motion. Upright sprinklers are typically
installed in inaccessible areas such as
mechanical rooms that contain obstructions such
as ducts or areas that do not have a ceiling to
attach to.
Recessed Pendant Sprinkler
Water is shot downwards from the ceiling in
a circular motion from recessed pendant
sprinklers. This type of sprinkler is common
and are applicable to all sorts of rooms.
Connecting pipes are usually hidden behind
the ceiling for aesthetic purposes.
UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinklers
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position
on the exterior wall ad shall be readily accessible to the Fire
Authority
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest
fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the
alarm when activated.
Figure 2.1.1.3(2): Upright sprinkler
Image Source:
http://en.09635.com/pd/5396183/UL-
Upright-Sprinkler-NX003-Brass-.htm
Figure 2.1.1.3(3): Recessed pendant
sprinkler
Image Source:
http://www.qrfs.com/Senju-ZN-UF-True-
Flush-Pendent-Standard-Response-
Fire-Sprinkler

Fire Sprinkler Control Valve
The Fire Sprinkler Control Valve is attached to the
Suction Tank and pipes to all sprinklers present in
the building. It is used to switch the existing
sprinklers on or off. Sprinklers are occasionally
switched on for maintenance purposes, which is to
check if they are functioning.
2.1.1.4. Fire Hydrant
A hydrant is a valve connected to the water
main which allows fire services and
authorized users access to the main water
supply. Fire services use the hydrant for a
continuous flow of water which is vital to
firefighting operations. A fire truck carries
only enough water to make an initial fire
attack (NSW.gov,au, 2015). Firefighters
connect a hose to the hydrant and open
the valve of the hydrant to allow high
pressured water to blast out. To increase water pressure, firefighters attach
the hose to a firetruck, in which a pump boosts the water pressure.
UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkler Valves
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed
position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to
the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the
nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay
of the alarm when activated.
Figure 2.1.1.3(4): Fire sprinkler control valve
Image Source:
http://ufpsys.com/en/taxonomy/term/52
Figure 2.1.1.4: Fire hydrant
Image Source:
http://www.kumpulanprotection.com/cat
alog/hydrant-system-equipment-c-
21_26.html

2.1.1.5.Fire Extinguisher
The fire extinguisher is an active
fire protection device manually
used to smother small fires by
spraying onto them, cutting off
oxygen supply and overcoming
its combustive source. They can
be classified into 5 major classes,
each performing the best in specific
scenarios to overcome fire
emergencies.
Fire extinguishers are not designed to fight large or spreading fires. Even
for small fires they are useful only under certain conditions:
UBBL 1984 Section 225: Detecting and Extinguishing Fire
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and
extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated
exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the
Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant
located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire
brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the
provision of access for the fire appliances, additional fire hydrant
shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
UBBL 1984 Section 227: Portable Extinguishers
Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant
codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes
to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building
shall be of the same method of operation.
Figure 2.1.1.5(1): Fire extinguisher
Image Source:
http://www.firefightingprotectionsystem.
com.my/portable-fire-extinguisher/

1) The operator must know how to use the extinguisher. There is no time to
read directions during an emergency.
2) The extinguisher must be within easy reach and in working order, fully
charged.
3) The operator must have a clear escape route that will not be blocked by
fire.
4) The extinguisher must match the type of fire being fought. Extinguishers
that contain water are unsuitable for use of grease and electrical fires.
5) The extinguisher must be large enough to put out the fire. Many portable
extinguishers discharge completely in as few as 8 to 10 seconds.
Foam Extinguishers
More effective on combustible solids such as paper and wood as wells as
flammable liquids. Its foam discharge is easier to clean up than powder. It is
not as conductive as water, so it won’t cause as much damage if sprayed on
electrical equipment.
ABC Powder Extinguishers
Figure 2.1.1.5(2): Foam extinguisher
Image Source: http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-
clean-up-fire-extinguisher-chemicals
Figure 2.1.1.5(3): ABC powder extinguisher
Image Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=To9Jt1YZ_tU

Ideal as a multipurpose extinguisher and twice as effective as foam on fires
from combustible solids and very effective for burning and free-flowing
liquids. When its powder is applied to hot smoldering surfaces, the particles
fuse together and swell. This forms a barrier which excludes oxygen and
prevents reigniting. However, cleaning up its fine powder is costly and time
consuming. It also may aggravate respiratory conditions when discharged
(Fireproducts.ie, 2016).
2.1.2. Passive Fire Protection System
The schematic diagram at the
right shows the chart flow of
the building’s passive fire
protection system. Passive fire
protection system is important
in preventing and protecting
the occupants during a fire
outbreak. Hence, for this
project we will be focusing on
the necessary compartment
building design and the means
of escape of occupants.
2.1.2.1. Fire Rated Door
Fire rated doors (also known as fire door) is
an essential and important fireproofing
component that need to be concerns about
the designing a building as this was a
pathway to ensure the users safety. With
having the same usage with fire wall, fire
door serves as the critical
compartmentalization of building
entrances or exits in order to prevent firs
and smoke applied the 1.5 hours fire rated door were installed at the
egress fire staircase each floor as well as office entrances.
Figure 2.1.2.1: Fire rated door
Image Source:
http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/fire-
resistant-doors.html

The fire door located at the side of the building, has been situated there in
the consideration in terms of circulations that allow users of the building
to walk easier however the escape routes will be protected by the fire rated
door during the fire event taking place. The door is made up of aluminium
with steel door frame which is sustainable enough to be used for a long
period. In fulfilling the requirements of By-Laws Section 164 (1),
automatic door hinges and devices are installed.
2.1.2.2. Emergency Exit Signage
Exit sign that are above the
fire rated doors are installed
with neon green word is to
indicate the escape way when
fire breakouts happens in the
building. There will be
emergency light lighting up
when the main electricity supply has been cut off (blackout). This signage
plays an important role in terms of fire escaping as when fire events takes
place, building will be filled up with smoke and is hardly visible, this
signs lights up in order to show the pathway of to escape fast. With the
design of the font and mechanism applied into the signage has vastly
helped to reduce the panic aggression of users. In Malaysia, the exit signs
are indicated as KELUAR in Malay language meaning exit. Based on the
image above, the exit sign is located about fire doors, which directs the
UBBL – SECTION 162 (1)
- Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided
- Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be
protected by a fore door having a FRP in accordance with the
requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to
these By-Laws
UBBL – SECTION 164 (1)
ALL fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closed of the
hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of
wire rope, weight type in the case of sliding door.
Figure 2.1.2.2: Emergency exit signage
Image Source: http://eshop.vivalec.com/index.php/emergency-
lighting-exit-lighting/pne-pex-215-led-wall-kuluar-sign.html

users towards the fire escape staircase. According to UBBL, the exit
signage must not be blocked by other decorations, hence it should be
located in the specified location.
2.1.2.3. Fire Emergency Staircase
Fire escape staircase is very important as
it is a pathway that leads users or
occupants of a building to a much safer
area or an assembly point in case of
emergency events. According to law, fire
escape staircase that leads to an
assembly point should be located
strategically to ensure safety of the users
of a building. This is also to ensure
they are safe from any harm and
danger.
UBBL – SECTION 172
- Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily
visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations,
furnishing or other equipment.
- A sign reading ‘KELUAR’ with an arrow indicating the direction
shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to
reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
- Every exit sign shall have the word ‘KELUAR” in plainly legible
letters not less than 150mm high with principal strokes of the
letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red
against a black background.
- All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of
occupancy.
Figure 2.1.2.3: Fire emergency staircase
Image Source:
https://www.google.com/search?site=imghp&tbm=isch&sourc
e=hp&biw=1892&bih=857&q=emergency+stairs&oq=emerge
ncy+stairs&gs_l=img.3..0l6j0i30k1j0i8i30k1l2j0i24k1.2665.55
66.0.5648.16.14.0.2.2.0.80.619.13.13.0....0...1ac.1.64.img..1.
15.625.cUsv1EgC3Mo#imgrc=_QMi_3lDF_SwSM%3A

2.1.2.4. Separation of Fire Risk Area
By the laws, all fire risk area should be allocated evenly and separately
when design and by doing spatial planning would be helpful to the
building as it reduces the fire to expand from one point to another rapidly.
Based on my elderly care center, spatial planning is implemented in my
design.
With this location distribution, the risk of fire area are greatly reduced as
they are far apart from each other which helps to generate more time for
the users and occupants to escape when fire occurred. It will also allow
less damage to the building.
 The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout
its length including at landings
 Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall
have means of access via at least two separate staircases
 The required width of staircase shall be clear width between
walls but landrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to
a maximum of 7.5 millimeters
 Tiles on staircases-risers maximum 180mm and thread
minimum 255mm
 No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from
story exit to the final exit
 In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly,
exits to streets or large open space, together with staircases,
corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located,
separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the
occupants of the place

2.1.2.5. Fire Wall
Generally, fire wall is a fire resistant barrier that is designed to prevent the
spread of fire in a period of time. Assembly of materials that does not only
acts as a wall that separates spaces but also separates those high fire risk
area such as transformer rooms, electrical rooms and mechanical rooms.
2.2 Air
Conditi
oning
System
2.2.1. R
e
f
r
i
g
e
r
ant Cycle
The following area shall be separated from other areas of the occupancy
in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of
structure of a FRP to be determined by local authority based on the
degree of hazard:
 Boiler rooms and associated fuel storage area
 Laundries
 Repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials
 Storage area of materials in quantities seemed hazardous
 Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas
 Linen rooms
 Transformer rooms and substations
 Flammable liquid stores
UBBL – SECTION 138(C)
Any wall or floor separating parts of buildings from another part of the
same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a
purpose failing within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth
Schedule by laws
UBBL – SECTION 148(6)
Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these
laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of
non-combustible materials apart from the ceiling, the required FRP of
wall and floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-
combustible materials

This is a process that removes heat from one place to another by using a
refrigerant. In this cycle the heat in a room is transferred through an Evaporator
and is removed to the outside through a Condenser. There are 4 components in the
refrigerant cycle which are evaporator, condenser, expansion valve and
compressor.
Components and Functions:
2.2.1.1. Evaporator
This is a heat absorbing surface. It
consists of a coil of pipe with refrigerant
inside of it that will vaporize and absorb
heat. The air that is blown over this
surface is cooled.
2.2.1.2. Condenser
This is the place where the heat absorbed by
the refrigerant in the evaporator is
dissipated. The refrigerant changes from
vapor to a liquid in the condenser, due to
this change of state a great amount of heat
is released.
2.2.1.3. Compressor
This is a component of the cycle that
compresses the refrigerant vapor from
Figure 2.2.1: Refrigerant cycle
Image Source:
http://www.warmair.com/images/refrigeration.
gif
Figure 2.2.1.1: Evaporator
Image Source: http://image.made-in-china.com/
Figure 2.2.1.2: Condenser
Image Source:
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/air-
condensing-unit-3-19653756.jpg
Figure 2.2.1.3: Compressor
Image Source:
http://autoservicecosts.com

the evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system.
Refrigerant vapor enters the compressor through the suction valve and
fills the cylinder. This refrigerant is cool, but it absorbs heat in the
evaporator. Most of this heat is absorbed while it was changing state from
liquid to a vapor.
2.2.1.4. Expansion Valve
A valve or small fixed-size tubing or orifice that
meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator.
2.2.2. Air Cycle
This is a process that distributes treated air into the room that needs to be
conditioned. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the returned air is
absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or
water. The air can either be distributed through ducts or chilled water pipes. Heat
inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler.
Components and Functions:
2.2.2.1. Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Figure 2.2.1.4: Expansion valve
Image Source: http://www.freongas.net/images/expansion-
valves1.jpg

This is a central air conditioner station that handles air that supplied into
the buildings by ventilation ductwork. AHU treats the air by filtering,
cooling or heating, humidifying or dehumidifying.
2.2.2.2. Air Filter
Filters the dust in the air and reduce the dust
release to the room.
2.2.2.3. Blower Fan
To propel the air for distribution to remove heat from
the condenser.
2.2.2.4. Ductwork and Diffusers
Discharging supply air in different
directions and planes and arranged to
promote mixing of primary air with
secondary room air.
2.2.2.5. Clean air intake
Figure 2.2.2.1: Air handling unit
Image Source: http://lynettevanheukelum.com/img/portfolio/AHU.png
Figure 2.2.2.2: Air filter
Image Source: http://www.acfilters.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/11/Types-of-Home-Air-Conditioner-Filters-
275x300.png
Figure 2.2.2.3: Blower fan
Image Source: http://www.asia-
manufacturer.com/whousepic/a46/36990/pb_l3mi1296032001.jpg
Figure 2.2.2.4: Ductwork
Image Source:
http://www.rackettering.com/images/

To renew the contents of air to be distributed.
2.2.3. Air Conditioning Systems
2.2.3.1. Split Unit Air Conditioning System
This is one of the most common and popular type of air-conditioning units
used today. It operates silently, has elegant looks and there is no need to
make a hole in the wall to install the unit. It consists of two units, an
outdoor unit (Condenser) and one or several indoor units (Evaporators)
connected by copper tubing.
Outdoor Unit/Condenser
This is the part of the split unit that
dissipates heat to the outside thus, sufficient
flow of air is required around it to remove
the heat from compressor and condenser.
The outdoor unit unit normally contains the
compressor, condenser and expansion valve
of the A/C. The condenser within the unit
is covered with aluminum fins so that the
heat from the refrigerant can be removed
at faster rate. A propeller fan draws in the surrounding air and blows it
over the compressor and condenser thus cooling them.
Indoor Unit/Evaporator
This is the part of the split unit that
produces the cooling effect inside the
room. It contains the Evaporator,
Blower fan, Supply air louvers, Air
filter, return air grille, Drain pipe and
Control panel. The blower fan draws
in the warm room air and it passes it
through the filter and the evaporator, which leads to the cooling of the air.
This cool air is then blown back into the room, thus cooling it.
Copper Tubing
Figure 2.2.3.1(1): Condenser
Image Source:
http://resource.carrierenterprise.com
/is/image/Watscocom/
Figure 2.2.3.1(2): Evaporator
Image Source:
http://www.cruiseac.com/source/ima
ges/hp/internal/

The refrigerant piping is made up of
copper tubing and it connects the indoor
and the outdoor unit while covered with
insulation. It consists of two pipes, one to
supply the refrigerant to the evaporator
and the other to return the refrigerant to
the compressor. Distance between the
indoor and the outdoor unit should be
kept as minimum as possible so that the
use of the copper tubing is kept to a minimum.
2.2.3.2. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
T
This is one of the more sophisticated technological air conditioning
systems that are used nowadays. A VRF air conditioning system consists
of an outdoor unit (comprising one or multiple compressors depending in
the number of indoor units), several indoor units, refrigerant piping,
running from the outdoor to all indoors, and communication wiring.
Communication wiring consists of a 2-wired cable, chained from the
outdoor to all indoors, creating an internal closed loop network, that is an
essential part of any VRF installation. Each indoor unit has its own
individual temperature controller and each unit functions as required to
maintain the individual room temperature for a certain space.
Figure 2.2.3.1(2): Copper tubing
Image Source:
https://n2.sdlcdn.com/imgs/a/s/6/Co
pperpiping1-8254a.jpg
Figure 2.2.3.2: VRF
Image Source: https://coolautomation.com/wiki/vrv-or-vrf/

The ability to adjust itself to the outdoor conditions is one of the main
factors that makes VRF systems so efficient, compared to the traditional
water cooled systems, based on chillers and fan coils.
The only limitation for this system of cooling is, if cooling is required in
one area, it is not possible to provide heating in a different area served by
the same system because the compressors will function in only cooling
mode or heating mode.
2.3. Mechanical Ventilation System
MS 1525:2007
Where appropriate the EMS should start and stop mechanical ventilation equipment such
as supply or exhaust fans. Some applications may require a number of fans to be grouped
together as a column zone for start and stop control by the EMS. Control should be based
on, but not limited to:
1) Time schedules
2) Carbon monoxide level in parking garages or carbon dioxide level in large rooms in
highly variable occupancy
3) Duty cycling alogarithm
(Malaysian standard, 2007)
Types of Mechanical Ventilation System:
2.3.1.Natural Inlet – Mechanical Extract (Exhaust System)
A
controllable exhaust controls the ventilation capacity. Suction duct is required.
Figure 2.3.1: Exhaust ventilation air flow
direction diagram
Image Source:
https://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-
ventilation

The most common type of systems used for kitchen, workshop, laboratory,
internal sanitary apartment, garage, and hall. In non-residential building, such
system is applied in places like basement, corridor, food court, and etc.
The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side which causes the air inside the
room to move towards the fan and the room air is displaced by the fresh air from
the outside of the room. The extraction of air processes a loud noise, thus, baffle
filters can be used.
Single fan is installed in the duct connect to the central exhaust point to be
expelled to outside. Passive vents are installed for the air to flow in. It however
needed a large pressure difference compare to those induced by mechanical
supply system.
2.3.2.Mechanical Inlet – Natural Extract
Fresh air is brought in mechanically, and extract naturally through the openings
from the building, it creates over pressure condition. Air is then drawn out due
to lower pressure at the outside. The air supply is located in high place and the
air inlet must have the possibility of regulated. It should not be located near the
outlet location to prevent air from escaping being circulating the building. An
air filter is connected to the inlet inside the ductwork to clean the coming air.
A fan or a set of ductwork is used to distribute the fresh air from outside or it
can be connected to the returning air duct, allowing the heating and cooling
system’s fan and ducts to process the outdoor air before being distributed.
Figure 2.3.2: Supply ventilation air flow
direction diagram
Image Source:
ventilation

The benefit of connecting to returning air duct is the outdoor air can be air-
conditioned or dehumidified before it’s introduced into the room. At the same
time, refreshing the returning indoor air. Supply ventilation system suitable for
hot or mixed climates. It is because they pressurize the house, but may have the
potential to create moisture problem in cold climates.
2.3.3.Mechanical Inlet – Mechanical Extract
Known as combined or balanced ventilation system. The air pressure of the
room is in neutral state. As the pressure created by the supply air is then
depressurized by the exhaustion of air. The system is known as the most
efficient way in ventilating the air as it is independence of outdoor weather
despite of noisy environment and high installation cost. The combination of
system requires two ducts and fan system. This system is usually applied in the
area where natural ventilation hardly access or hard to control such as basement
and suitable for all climates.
Figure 2.3.3: Combined ventilation air flow
direction diagram
Image Source:
ventilation

UBBL Section 41. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant
bulding bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting, and heights of rooms may
be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in
addition to the permanent air-conditioning system, there is provided alternative
apporoved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh
air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the
air-conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,
bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws
relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,
water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
2.4. Mechanical Transportation System
2.4.1 Hydraulic Lifts
Hydraulic elevators uses a push cylinder, either pushing directly or indirectly, to
move the car upwards or downwards. Such low mechanical complexity of
hydraulic elevators make it suitable for low-rise installations, provided the shaft
should be regularly checked for any fluid leakage.
The old arrangement of a direct cylinder inside a protective tube underground is
no longer suitable due to safety requirements for the protection of groundwater.
In such cases, a pull piston can be an appropriate alternative. Machine rooms are
unnecessary in such types of lifts.

There are 2 main types of hydraulic elevators:
2.4.1.1.1. Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators
They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which
receives the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations
have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below
the pit. Maximum travel distance is approximately 60 feet.
2.4.1.1.2. Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators
This hydraulic elevator has a piston on either side of the cab. There are 3
different sub-types hole-less hydraulic elevators:
1) Telescopic Hydraulic Elevator: This configuration has the telescoping
pistons fixed to the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole
below the pit and has 2-3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping
pistons travel up to 50 feet (approx. 15 meters).
2) Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevator: It has only one piston
and has a maximum travel distance of about 20 feet (approx. 6 meters).
Figure 1.4.1(1): Different varieties of
hydraulic lifts.

3) Roped Hydraulic Elevator: This uses a combination of ropes and a
piston to move the elevator. This elevator can travel up to 60 feet
(approx. 18 meters).
2.4.2. Components
2.4.2.1. Piston/Plunger/Jack
Comprised of 2 parts:
1) The Cylinder- Made of a steel pipe of sufficient thickness and suitable
safety margin. The top of the cylinder shall be equipped with a cylinder
head with an internal guide ring and self-adjusting packing.
2) Plunger/Ram- Constructed of a steel shaft machined to the proper
diameter related to the cylinder. A stop is electrically welded to the
bottom to prevent the plunger from leaving the cylinder.
2.4.2.2. Hydraulic Power Unit
The power unit shall be generously rated and
shall operate with minimum noise and vibration.
The unit is mounted on vibration insulators above
the machine room floor. A silencer unit is fitted
into the hydraulics to minimize transmission of
pulsations from the pump to the car and the
elimination of airborne noise. Figure 2.4.2.2: A tank in a
hydraulic lift

The hydraulic power unit consists of the following components:
1) The Tank holds the liquid used in the hydraulic system. The liquid used
is usually oil based because oil is non-compressible and self-
lubricating. The tank should have sufficient capacity to provide an
adequate reserve to prevent the entrance of air or other gases into the
system. A sight glass tube shall be provided for checking the oil level
and the minimum level mark shall be clearly indicated. An oil level
monitoring device shall be provided, and if operated, shall maintain a
visual and audible signal in the control panel until the fault is rectified.
2) The Pump/Motor constantly pushes the liquid
into the cylinder to lift the elevator. The
pump is Submersible type with Variable
Speed Valve Leveling. The pump and motor
shall be mounted on one robust bedplate or
within the power unit assembly if it is
suitably rigid. The motor pump and bearings
shall be mounted and assembled that proper alignment of these parts is
maintained under all normal operating conditions. An oil filter shall be
fitted on the pump inlet. A stopcock shall be provided to enable the
filter to be cleaned or changed without significant loss of oil. The pump
motor shall be of the single speed squirrel cage or slip ring type and it
shall run with minimum noise and vibration.
3) The Valve has the function of letting liquid out
of the system, keeping pressure low when open,
and increasing pressure when closed. The power
unit control valve shall be a variable speed
proportional valve type that includes all
hydraulic control valving inherently. A
stopcock shall be provided between control
valves and cylinders, and also between the reservoir and pump if the
pump is mounted outside of the tank.
Figure 2: A hydraulic pump motor
Figure 3: a hydraulic valve

4) The Actuator transfers fluid or electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The actuator could be the piston because it moves up and
down.
2.4.3. Operation of System
1) The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder.
When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least
resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the
pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the fluid
collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.
2) When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal
to the electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off,
there is no more fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that is already
in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and
the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays
where it is.
3) To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve.
The valve is operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch (Actuator).
Diagram 2.4.3: Method of operation for hydraulic elevators.

When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in the
cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the
cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir.
The car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control
system closes the valve again.
2.4.4. Hydraulic Elevators Machine Room
The equipment rooms for
hydraulic elevators are normally
located at the lower level of a
building, but can be at any floor
level or 50 to 100 feet away from
the elevator shaft.
1) The hydraulic pump unit, GFI duplex receptacle and fused disconnect
switches (elevator lighting) must be located in a dedicated machine room.
2) Adequate working space in the machine room includes clearance in front of
the pump unit and the proper location of the light switch and disconnect
switches.
3) Two dedicated PVC sleeves, at least 3” (76 mm) in diameter, will be
required between the hoist way and the machine room, one sleeve for the
hydraulic hose and one for the electrical conduit. This is to enable the
installers to make the connection between the cylinder and the pumping
unit. The sleeves should enter the hoist way at either corner of the support
wall.
4) The machine room must be provided with at least 100 lx lighting over the
pumping unit and disconnect switches.
5) The machine room must be provided with two lockable fused disconnects
rated for the pumping unit. Disconnect switches should be located on the
strike (lock) side of the machine room door.
Figure 2.4.4: Machine Room Electromechanical
Requirements

6) At least one GFCI duplex receptacle connected to a 15 amp branch circuit
shall be installed in the machine room.
UBBL 1984
152. Openings in lift shafts.
(1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected
lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the
satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not
apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as they may be
approved by the D.G.F.S.
(2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the
hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.
(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which
case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not
be more than 0.0161 square meters and the total area of one or more vision
panel in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square meters.
(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimeters in
diameter.
(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of
an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.
154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure.
(1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car
or landing calls and park with doors open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume
normal operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of
all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.

CHAPTER
PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS
3.1.Fire Protection
3.1.1.Active Fire Protection System
3.1.1.1. Ionization Smoke Detector
03
GROUND FLOOR
Within a house, the kitchen
possesses the highest risk of
causing a fire due to high
concentrations of oils and cooking
equipment. Therefore, Ionization
smoke detectors are installed at
the ceiling of the kitchen in the
building as they can quickly
detect the small amounts of smoke
produced by fast flaming fires,
precisely cooking fires in this
case.

3.1.1.2.Fire Extinguisher
GROUND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR
ABC Powder
Foam
Abiding to the laws of UBBL, fire extinguishers are
strategically placed at clearly visible areas near major
entrances for optimum reaction time of occupants if a fire
occurs. ABC Powder fire extinguisher is placed in the kitchen
as its powder is highly effective on fire from combustible
solids. However, clearing up its fine powder after a fire is
costly. Hence, Foam-type extinguishers are intended to be
used for fires from other areas. Foam also causes less damage
if sprayed on electrical equipment, which is more abundant on
rooms other than the kitchen.

3.1.1.3. Break Glass Call Point
Break glass call points are installed nearby major
entrances and open spaces for good visibility by
building users. Users break the glass to activate
the fire alarm if a fire is noticed, indicating people
to evacuate the building immediately.

3.1.1.4. Water Sprinkler
3.2.1.1. a
s
daddad
Upright sprinkler
Recessed pendent sprinkler
Water
Tank
Water
from
upstairs
Recessed pendent sprinklers are installed in
average ceilings while upright sprinklers are
installed at places where the ceiling is
unavailable such as in this case, upstairs
where the roof structure is exposed. These
water sprinklers are right above areas of
higher fire hazard such as the kitchen, gym
and sewing room.
Below
roof

3.1.2.Passive Fire Protection System
The diagram above shows the passive fire protection system chosen which are the
emergency staircase (in red coloured box) with the “KELUAR” sign ( in green
coloured box). The type of the stairs chosen for this building in the return staircase
type which is mainly used in a lot of commercial and public buildings. This type
has been chosen for the suitability of this building due to its usability during fire
breakouts or any evacuation emergencies. The return staircase is a safe staircase
that is recommended under the BOMBA requirements which is safe for the people
always. Hence, being it installed in this elderly centre would much be a good use.
Last but not least, active and passive fire protection in this elderly centre is complete and
have been installed according to the Uniform Building By-Law of Malaysia and also the
BOMBA requirements. The overall system is systematic as it has its own control panel to
control the entire system. Hence, this allows people who are in charge to be well aware of
any fire breakouts and also to prevent any false alarm of fire breakouts in happening to avoid
any inconveniences in the building. Therefore, if there were any emergency to take place, the
building is prepared has vast damages can be avoided as well the people in the building will
be more safe.

3.2. Air Conditioning System
For the elderly home, we have chosen to use the VRF Air-conditioning system. The reasons we
chose this system is that:
3.2.1.There won’t be any need to install multiple outdoor units since only one will be used.
3.2.2.The only outdoor unit will be placed on the roof, where it won’t be seen by the users.
3.2.3.All the indoor units can be controlled separately with their own control panels and, all at
once with a master control panel.
3.2.4.Since Malaysia is a hot country, it is most likely that all the units will be used for
cooling and no problems will arise where both cooling and heating is needed within the
building.

3.3. Mechanical Ventilation System
3.3.1. Whole-House Mechanical Ventilation – Supply Only
Whole-house mechanical ventilation is a relatively new system which moves air
throughout a house continuously at a relatively low flow rate. The purpose of
this system is to provide a continuous air change for fresh air in the building to
maintain healthy living conditions for the occupants and the building itself, not
to cool the temperature of the living space. Taken into consideration how the
occupants are to be senior citizens, having too much of artificial air temperature
with air conditioner or wind from fans may be vulnerable to the body of the old.
With this system, the air quality is maintained fresh, without any direct wind to
the residents, circulating the air continuously so the toxic air in the interior
space will keep being excreted.
Basic benefits of mechanical ventilation system:
1) Provides consistent supply of outdoor air for improved air quality and
occupant comfort
2) Dilutes indoor contaminants
3) Helps to control relative humidity and reduce moisture accumulation
There are three types of whole-house mechanical ventilation system:
Exhaust only, supply only, and combined system. The one proposed for the
building is the supply-only whole house mechanical ventilation. Reason being,
the cost is relatively inexpensive, considering the building is not a big
commercial space, gives better filtering of outdoor air into the space and more
control compared to the other two systems, and works well in hot climate. Its
main function is to draw clean outside air into the interior living space which
keeps moisture out in hot and humid climate compared to exhaust-only system
which focusing more into getting the indoor air substances out whilst in this
project, the spaces are not for heavy usage which may cause heavy pollution.
This system may have weakness towards cold climates, which is not a problem
for hot and humid climate in Malaysia. Oppositely, the exhaust fan works
better in cold climate which is not Malaysia. Combine system apparently is
much more expensive in installation cost whilst the maintenance cost is still
the same. The intake source is only at one point, so it won’t disturb the
building appearance with outlets.

Ventilation
System
Pros Cons
Exhaust  Relatively inexpensive and simple to
install
 Work well in cold climates.
Can draw pollutants into living space
Not appropriate for hot humid climates
Rely in part on random air leakage
Can increase heating and cooling costs
May require mixing of outdoor and
indoor air to avoid drafts in cold
weather
Can cause backdrafting in combustion
appliances.
Supply  Relatively inexpensive and simple to
install
 Allow better control than exhaust systems
 Minimize pollutants from outside living
space
 Prevent backdrafting of combustion
gases from fireplaces and appliances
 Allow filtering of pollen and dust in
outdoor air
 Allow dehumidification of outdoor air
 Work well in hot or mixed climates.
Can cause moisture problems in cold
climates
Will not temper or remove moisture
from incoming air
Can increase heating and cooling costs
May require mixing of outdoor and
indoor air to avoid drafts in cold
weather.
Balanced  Appropriate for all climates Can cost more to install and operate
than exhaust or supply systems
Will not temper or remove moisture
from incoming air
Can increase heating and cooling
costs.
Figure3.3.1: Diagram of supply-only system
Source:http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Ventila
tion_Supply_Only.php
Table 3.3.1: Comparison of systems
Source: https://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation

3.3.2. Local Exhaust Fan
One single unit of exhaust fan is to be
installed at the kitchen area, on top of
the stove area to help de-pressuring
the air of the kitchen where heat is
sourced, and so heavy substances
such as oil and smokes can be
transferred outside of the building, maintaining more fresh air inside. The single
unit is easy to install and relatively inexpensive, affordable for households.
3.3.3.Air-Vent
Another exhaust system installed at
the washrooms of the building. The
same with the local exhaust fan, it is
installed separately from each other,
giving more freedom and choices.
Air vents are installed at the
bathrooms to vent out unwanted
odours which may originated from
the toilet.

3.3.4.Components in Mechanical Ventilation System applied
3.3.4.1. Axial Fan
Functions:
1) Removes heat, humid and polluted air
2) Bring in outdoor air for comfort ventilation
(people) and convection cooling (building)
3.3.4.2. Filter
Functions:
1) Shift the external air before releasing into room
2) Trap and prevent dust, smoke, and bacteria from
entering building
3) Usually installed at the inlet grille
3.3.4.3. Ductwork
Functions:
1) Channel outside air towards the room or
the air from the room towards the outside
2) Usually in round or rectangular section
3.3.4.4. Fire Dampers
Placed at compartment wall to avoid the fire from spreading from room to
room
3.3.4.5. Diffuser
Located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is
released into the room
3.4. Mechanical Transportation System
3.4.1. Hydraulic Lift
The type of lift proposed for the elderly care center is machine room less
telescopic hydraulic elevator. The reasons are:

1) Low maintenance to reduce repair costs imposed on
the elderly care center.
2) Able to reach up to 15m, which is sufficient to carry
people throughout the building.
3) Because the lift shaft is self-supporting, no
reinforcement is necessary, and less load is imposed
onto the building itself.
4) Higher load capacity for wheelchair users.
5) For a holeless hydraulic system, no digging of holes
are needed, just a pit is needed.
6) No machine room is necessary, as the machinery is
placed in the pit itself. Diagram 2.4: Components of
a telescopic hydraulic
elevator

50 | P a g e
GROUND FLOOR PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF
ELEVATOR

51 | P a g e
FIRST FLOOR PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF
ELEVATOR AND DUMBWAITER

52 | P a g e
Plan and Section drawing of hydraulic lift:
3.4.2. Vertical Transportation System (Dumbwaiter)
3.4.2.1.Hoistway
Hoistway is the space enclosed by fire
proof walls and elevator doors for the
travel of one or more dumbwaiters or
material lifts. It includes the pit and
terminates at the underside of the overhead
machinery space floor or grating or at the
underside of the roof where the hoistway
does not penetrate the roof.

53 | P a g e
It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overhead
machinery space floor or grating or at the underside of the roof where the
hoistway does not penetrate the roof.
3.4.2.2.Guided Rail
Guide Rails are Steel Tracks in the form of a “T” that run the length of the
hoistway, round, or formed sections with guiding surfaces to guide and
direct the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweights
and usually mounted to the sides of the hoistway. Car Guide rails are fixed
to the hoistway by means of steel brackets. While counterweight guide rails
are fixed to the hoistway by means of side steel brackets
Counterweight counterbalances the load of the elevator carriage, so the
motor lifts much less of the carriage's weight (specifically, the
counterweight is the weight of the carriage plus 40-50% of its rated
capacity). The counterweight also increases the ascending acceleration
force and decreases the descending acceleration force to reduce the amount
of power needed by the motor. The elevator carriage and the
counterweights both have wheel roller guides attached to them to prevent
irregular movement and provide a smoother ride for the passengers.
3.4.2.3.Suspension Cable
Suspension cables are suspension means for car and counterweight, which
are represented by steel wire ropes. They are used on traction type
elevators, usually attached to the crosshead and extending up into the
machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the

54 | P a g e
counter weights. Hoisting cable are generally 3 to 6 in number. These ropes
are usually 1/2”or 5/8” in diameter.
3.4.2.4. Car Buffer
An Oil Buffer is type of buffer more commonly found on traction elevators
with speeds higher than 200 feet per minute. This type of buffer uses a
combination of oil and springs to cushion a descending car or
counterweight and are most commonly located in the elevator pit, because
of their location in the pit buffers have a tendency to be exposed to water
and flooding. They require routine cleaning and painting to assure they
maintain their proper performance specifications. Oil buffers also need
their oil checked and changed if exposed to flooding.
3.4.2.5.Geared Traction Machine
Geared traction elevator have
a gearbox that is attached to
the motor, which drives the
wheel that moves the ropes.
Geared traction elevators are
capable of travel speeds up to
3 m/s. The maximum travel
distance for a geared traction elevator is around 75 metres.
Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial cost,
ongoing maintenance costs, and energy consumption. It is important that
traction elevator ropes and sheaves are checked for wear on a regular basis.
As they wear, the traction between the sheave and the cables is reduced and

55 | P a g e
slippage becomes more regular, which reduces the efficiency and can
become dangerous if left unchecked.
Advantages and reasons for using dumbwaiter:
An integral part of modern buildings; used to move goods vertically.
It is normally used as small lifts to carry objects rather than people. Usually
found in multilevels restaurants and hospitals. Provide an immediate means
of transportation. Quick and efficient, no waiting time required. Should be
located close to spaces that small objects to transport, such as food, goods
baggage, etc. Intended for vertical movements.
The standard car size is 610mmx760mmx760mm. The range of safe
working load is 50 KG to 200KG. It normally serves up to 6 floors. There is
a standard vertical bi parting door in stainless steel hairline finish come
with electrical mechanical interlock. The standard electric supply is of
415V 3 phanse isolator at top floor dumbwaiter area. The enclosure should
be always brickwall.
Dumbwaiter within modern structures, including both commercial, public
and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. Here is
normally a termination in the kitchen, when installed in restaurants, schools,
kindergartens, hospitals, retirements homes or in private homes. A
dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope an a pulley,
guided by rails, and a smaller capacity than passenger elevators.

56 | P a g e
SUMMARY
Through this project, we had studied the services systems which are necessary in a
building program for the safety and comfort of the residents, which is the ultimate goal of a
building, to enhance people’s lives. The study classified the availability, necessity, and
importance of building services. We learnt how each system plays its role in the building, and
each component of the system serves its function.
Going further, with the study of the systems available, the project allowed us to
understand and be able to choose the most suitable system for the project on the run. Each
system has its own strength and weakness, it serves particular functions which may not be
relevant to another project.
Understanding about the existing law written for the standard of a building worthiness
is to be taken seriously. The laws and regulations are to keep harms away and ensure the
safety of the living being who are to reside in the space. Lives of many people are to be at
risk if the planning of the building services not considered seriously.

57 | P a g e
REFERENCES
Adib, M. 2016. Air-Conditioning Systems [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
https://times.taylors.edu.my/pluginfile.php/2015246/mod_resource/content/2/Air-
Cond%20Systems.pdf
Baiche, B., Neufert, E., & Neufert, P. 2011. Architects' data (4th ed., pp. 128-133). New
York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley-Blackwell.
Cool Automation. 2016. VRF or VRV?. Retrieved from https://coolautomation.com/wiki/vrv-
or-vrf/
Daytona Elevator: Residential Elevators - Home Elevators,Pneumatic Vacuum
Elevators,Wheelchair Lifts,Stair Lifts and Dumbwaiters. (1999).
Daytonaelevator.com. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from
http://www.daytonaelevator.com/pneumatic%20vacuum%20elevator%20main%20pa
ge2.htm
Friedman, Daniel. Supply-Only Fresh Air Ventilation System Design. Retrieved 16
November 2016 from http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Ventilation_
Supply_Only.php
Hall, F. (Fred), 2001. Building Service Handbook/Fred Hall and Roger Greeno.
Home Innovation Lab. 2015. Whole-House Mechanical Ventilation: Exhaust, Supply,
Balanced, and Backdrafting. Retrieved 08 November 2016, from
http://www.protradecraft.com/whole-house-mechanical-ventilation-exhaust-supply-
balanced-and-backdrafting
Hydraulic Elevators Basic Components. 2012. Electrical-knowhow.com. Retrieved 16
November 2016, from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hydraulic-
elevators-basic-components.html
UBBL 1984 pdf - slideshare.net. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from
http://www.slideshare. net/ JoshuaLee68/ubbl-1984-pdf.

58 | P a g e
Uniform Building By-laws 1984 (G.N. 5178/85). 2013. (1st ed.). Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Darul Ehsan.
Whole-House Ventilation. Retrieved 10 November 2016 from
http://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation

BUILDING SERVICE PROJECT 2 FINAL REPORT

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BUILDING SERVICE PROJECT 2 FINAL REPORT