Building materials & pollutants

1
Building Materials
& Pollutants

Hany S. Salem
Dipl.Eng.M.Sc Architect LEED AP BD+C, PQP
Email hani_slm@yahoo.com
Linked-in Hany Salem

3
When we are talking about our attitude to architecture
we mostly refer to Vitruvius and his ,De architectura‘.
(...) a structure must be strong or durable, useful, and
beautiful.
Talking about sustainable development and responsibility,
it would be helpful to transfer this 2000 year old demand
in our todays world and to interpret it appropriate.
So we understand ,durable‘ as ,long-lastingʻ and ,re-usableʻ,
building materials are welcome, which are decent and
disappear when there time has come without causing
problems for man and environment.
But how to interpret the term ,beauty without getting lost?
We would just give a slight reference to William Hogarth’s
„The Analysis of Beauty”. He wrote in 1756: ,Fitness of the
parts to the design for which every individual thing is formed,
either by art or nature, is first to be considered, as it is of the
greatest consequence to the beauty of the whole...ʻ.
By extending our term of beauty suitable and understand real
architectonical beauty in no case just as ,formal‘ beauty but
rather integrative, so that a responsible holistic concept for
man and environment may occur.
Maybe we say instead of ,beauty simply ,right or ,appropriate.

4
Environmental problems and its consequences
World population:
1900
1930
1950
1990
2000
2013
1.6 billion
2.0 billion
2.5 billion
5.3 billion
6.2 billion
7.1 billion

HONG KONG
22° 19'51" N / 114° 12'10" E
NEW YORK
40° 78'08" N / 73° 97'72" W
6
Dubai
50° 06'44" N / 8° 40'55" E

August 13
EARTH OVERSHOOT DAY
In the mid 1980s the earth
reached the point where the
rate at which its resources
were being consumed,
exceeded its capacity.

Term ,Sustainable Development‘ occurred the first time in 1712
Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714) is considered to be the father of sustainable forestry.
Time bar of sustainable development:
10

UN commission on environment and development 1987 - Brundtland Report
„Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.“

Three pillar model of sustainability
-Environmental
-Economic
-Social
12

13
The built environment stands for:
 60 % of worldwide resource consumption
 50 % of worldwide waste production
 35 % of worldwide energy consumption
 35 % of worldwide emissions

14
construction industry
- largest and most active sector in the world
- will keep on growing in the next decades at a very fast pace
e.g. China will need 40 billion square meters of combined residential and commercial
floor space over the next 20 years - equivalent to adding one New York every two
years
(Pacheco-Torgal and Jalali, 2011)
- Buildings have high energy consumption and account for a significant part of carbon dioxide
emissions.
- since 1930 more than 100 000 new chemical compounds have been developed, and
insufficient information exists for health assessment of 95% of chemicals that are used to
a significant extent in construction products (Pacheco-Torgal and Jalali, 2011).
- A recent investigation (Fisk et al., 2011) shows that improving indoor environmental quality in
the US office buildings would generate a potential annual economic benefit of approximately $
20 billion. So it is rather obvious that the indoor air quality must be in the center of eco-efficient
building design.

consumption
of resources
1970 2015
energy
material
15
1970
nowadays
energy efficiency
energy efficiency, occupant health and resource conservation

consumption
of resources
1970 2015
energy
material
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Focus of current green design strategies and construction
methodologies
- Recent recommendations towards the reduction of indoor air exchange rate to minimize energy
consumption contribute to increasing the effects of hazardous substances on human health.
- The same can be mentioned for the use of building materials. The focus on the single aspect of energy
has caused to a material mix that leads to environmentally problems over the life cycle of building
materials.

Sustainable construction
Phasing the lifespan of a building:
1. Begin-of-Life:
Production of materials, components and their
installation
2. Operational phase:
Heating, cooling, ventilation... Lighting, elevators...
Maintenance, repair, replacement...
3. End-of-Life:
Re-use, re-cycle
17

18
Building Materials
- physical and mechanical properties
- durability
- focus has now shifted to their environmental performance, in order to answer the question of how
building materials can contribute to the eco-efficiency of the construction industry
- reducing the toxicity of building materials is part of the ,greening‘ process and avoiding the use of
materials that release pollutants is one of the principles of eco-efficient construction

Principles of sustainable construction
19

20
Green Building Materials and Product Selection Criteria – Key Categories
Green Building Selection Criteria for Materials, Products,
Components and Assemblies

21
Conserve Natural Resources
Preserve Biodiversity

22
Contribute to Safe and Healthy
Indoor Air Quality

23
Indoor Air Quality
Efficiency in
Extraction,
Manufacturing
and
Construction
Reduce Waste
during Life
Cycle Process
Renewable
Resources
Longevity

Efficiency in
Extraction,
Manufacturing
and
Construction
Reduce Waste
during Life
Cycle Process
Renewable
Resources
24
Longevity
- efficient design, manufacturing and construction processes
- conserve material inputs including embodied energy, water and waste
- extend the useful life of a building
- increasing a building’s flexibility and adaptability
- use of disassembly or de-constructible building techniques
- locally sourced materials, products, components and assemblies

25
Longevity
- significant opportunity to conserve finite resources through a nationally
recognized waste management hierarchy
Avoidance demand management
Reduction resource conservation objective during design,
manufacturing and construction processes
Reuse, salvaged or recyclable
materials, components and assemblies can be reused or
salvaged at the end of their useful life or for purposes of
renewal or replacement
designing to facilitate easy recovery, disassembly and
de-constructability of materials
use of recyclable materials
closed-loop recycling and ‘take back’ programs
Efficiency in
Extraction,
Manufacturing
and
Construction
Reduce Waste
during Life
Cycle Process
Renewable
Resources

Efficiency in
Extraction,
Manufacturing
and
Construction
Reduce Waste
during Life
Cycle Process
Renewable
Resources
Longevity
Materials from natural, renewable
sources
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- plantation forests (preferably with independent
certification)
- agricultural waste products such as straw, etc.

Efficiency in
Extraction,
Manufacturing
and
Construction
Reduce Waste
during Life
Cycle Process
Renewable
Resources
27
Longevity
- durable materials can reduce the replacement cycle and conserve the rate of
resource consumption
- contribute to reduced building operating costs including environmental
impacts associated with maintenance and cleaning
- durability is also contingent upon design, construction detailing and assembly
of materials and components that together, reduce exposure to weather and
other external impacts

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Indoor Air Quality
Efficiency in
Extraction,
Manufacturing
and
Construction
Reduce Waste
during Life
Cycle Process
Renewable
Resources
Longevity
Non-toxic
Materials
Non-flammable
Materials
Non-toxic
Emissions

- materials, products, components and assemblies discharge
carcinogens and other deleterious substances, such as
toxicants and irritants, which can be ingested by people
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- Careful consideration of environmental risks is essential and the
choice of low or non-toxic materials
Non-toxic
Materials
Non-flammable
Materials
Non-toxic
Emissions

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- materials can release toxic gasses and smoke
during fires
Non-toxic
Materials
Non-flammable
Materials
Non-toxic
Emissions

- off gassing from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) should be avoided
31
- safe work practices must be implemented where potential toxic
emissions from adhesives are employed
Non-toxic
Materials
Non-flammable
Materials
- substances that deplete the ozone layer such as hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs)
and greenhouse gases e.g, carbon dioxide and methane should be avoided
Non-toxic
Emissions

32
Regulations, Tools,
Labels & Databases

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Governmental regulations
- On March 9, 2011 the European Union approved Regulation (EU) 305/2011
Construction Products Regulation (CPR), that replaced the Construction Products Directive
(CPD)
being a regulation means that it
shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in
all member states
by comparing the basic requirements of the CPR with the CPD
- new requirement no. 7 - sustainable use of natural resources
- redefined requirement no. 3 - hygiene, health and the environment
no. 4 - safety and accessibility in use
- new and more environmentally friendly approach will determine the manufacture of
construction products
- a crucial aspect of the new regulation relates to the information regarding hazardous
substances. While the CPD considered only a very limited range of dangerous hazardous
substances, e.g. formaldehyde and pentachlorophenol, the CPR links this subject to
Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 Registration, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals -
REACH

67
4. Safety and accessibility in use
The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they do not present unacceptable risks of
accidents or damage in service or in operation such as slipping, falling, collision, burns, electrocution, injury from
explosion and burglaries. In particular, construction works must be designed and built taking into consideration
accessibility and use for disabled persons.
5. Protection against noise
The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that noise perceived by the occupants or people
nearby is kept to a level that will not threaten their health and will allow them to sleep, rest and work in satisfactory
conditions.
6. Energy economy and heat retention
The construction works and their heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation installations must be designed and built in
such a way that the amount of energy they require in use shall be low, when account is taken of the occupants and of
the climatic conditions of the location. Construction works must also be energy-efficient, using as little energy as
possible during their construction and dismantling.
7. Sustainable use of natural resources
The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources is
sustainable and in particular ensure the following:
(a) reuse or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition;
(b) durability of the construction works;
(c) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the construction works.
ENL88/34 Official Journal of the European Union 4.4.2011
Basic requirements for construction works
no. 1 - mechanical resistance and stability
no. 2 - safety in case of fire
no. 3 - hygiene, health and the environment
(redefined requirement)
no. 4 - safety and accessibility in use
no. 5 - protection against noise
no. 6 - energy economy and heat retention
no. 7 - sustainable use of natural resources
(new requirement)

68
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
CONSTRUCTION WORKS
Construction works as a whole
and in their separate parts
must be fit for their intended
use, taking into account in
particular the health and safety
of persons involved throughout
the life cycle of the works.
Subject to normal main-
tenance, construction works
must satisfy these basic
requirements for construction
works for an economically
reasonable working life.
3. Hygiene, health and the environment
The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout their life cycle, not be a
threat to the hygiene or health and safety of workers, occupants or neighbours, nor have an exceedingly high impact,
over their entire life cycle, on the environmental quality or on the climate during their construction, use and
demolition, in particular as a result of any of the following:
(a) the giving-off of toxic gas;
(b) the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOC), greenhouse gases or dangerous
particles into indoor or outdoor air;
(c) the emission of dangerous radiation;
(d) the release of dangerous substances into ground water, marine waters, surface waters or soil;
(e) the release of dangerous substances into drinking water or substances which have an otherwise negative impact on
drinking water;
(f) faulty discharge of waste water, emission of flue gases or faulty disposal of solid or liquid waste;
(g) dampness in parts of the construction works or on surfaces within the construction works.
7. Sustainable use of natural resources
(a) reuse or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition;
(b) durability of the construction works;
(c) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the construction works.
The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources
is
sustainable and in particular ensure the
following:

36
Codes for sustainable building
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
TC 59 SC 17 sustainability in buildings
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (EPB)
M330-CEN EPBD energy performance
of buildings,
TC 89, TC 156, TC 169, TC 228, TC 247
HEALTH/COMFORT
TC 146, TC 264
air quality
LCC
Life Cycle
Costs TC 59 /
SC 14
design life
LCA
Life Cycle
Assessment TC 207 /
SC 5
ISO 14040, 14044
ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING
TC 207 / SC 3
ISO 14020, 14021, 14024, 14025
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
TC 207

37
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
TC 59 SC 17 sustainability in buildings
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (EPB)
M330-CEN EPBD energy performance
of buildings,
TC 89, TC 156, TC 169, TC 228, TC 247
HEALTH/COMFORT
TC 146, TC 264
air quality
LCC
Life Cycle
Costs TC 59 /
SC 14
design life
LCA
Life Cycle Assessment
TC 207 / SC 5
ISO 14040, 14044
TC 207 / SC 3
ISO 14020, 14021, 14024, 14025
TC 207

38
LCA
Life Cycle
Assessment TC 207 /
SC 5
ISO 14040 - principles and framework
ISO 14044 - requirements and guidelines
TC 207 / SC 3
ISO 14020 - general principles
ISO 14021 - environmental label Type II
ISO 14024 - environmental label Type I
ISO 14025 - environmental label Type III
TC 207

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Types of declaration
In accordance with ISO standards identification is made according to Type I, Type II and Type III.
Type I environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14024)
They are based on singular criteria which are to be fulfilled. The ability to fulfill requirements only applies
to one part of the market (e.g. Blauer Engel, EU Ecolabel, FSC).
They are suitable for products with singular environmental relevance.
Type II environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14021)
Here, the criteria are freely selectable and determined by the companies or associations (e.g. CFC-
free, 100% recycled).
They are suitable for use in marketing of individual products.
Type III environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14025)
They include general information on products, life cycle assessment and additives. In addition, they are
created on the basis of criteria which were developed with the involvement of independent third bodies
and additionally are independently checked (e.g. EPD Environmental Product Declaration).
They are suitable for products that are used together with others in systems.

Types of declaration
In accordance with ISO standards identification is made according to
Type I, Type II and Type III.
Type I environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14024)
Type II environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14021)
Type III environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14025)
40

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What purpose do environmental product declarations serve?
• Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) form the basis for the data for assessing
buildings on an ecological level.
• Environmental Product Declarations are based on ISO standards and are therefore
internationally aligned.
The declaration includes statements on:
- The use of energy and resources to what extent a product contributes to greenhouse effect
acidification eutrophication destruction of the ozone layer smog formation
- Details are given about the technical properties which are required for assessing the performance of
the building products in the building, like
• Durability
• Heat and sound insulation
• Influence on the quality of the indoor air

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
Overview
• Creating PCR documents
• Creating declarations
• Checking and confirming by an
independent third body
Product Category Rules (PCR) are
documents that define the rules and
requirements for EPDs of a certain
product category.
They are vital for the concept of
environmental declarations according
to ISO 14025 as they enable
transparency and comparability
between different EPDs based on the
same PCR.
verification: not independently re-assessed,
only plausibility checked
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Umwelt Produktdeklaration Name des Herstellers – Name des Produkts
Vacuum Insulation Panels
DOW CORNING CORPORATION
www.bau-umwelt.com
Dow Corning ®
Vacuum Insulation Panel
According to EN 15804 and ISO 14025
Dual Recognition by UL Environment and Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.
This declaration is an environmental product declaration (EPD) in accordance with ISO 14025. EPDs rely on Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) to provide information on a number of environmental impacts of products over their life cycle. Exclusions:
EPDs do not indicate that any environmental or social performance benchmarks are met, and there may be impacts that they
do not encompass. LCAs do not typically address the site-specific environmental impacts of raw material extraction, nor are
they meant to assess human health toxicity. EPDs can complement but cannot replace tools and certifications that are
designed to address these impacts and/or set performance thresholds – e.g. Type 1 certifications, health assessments and
declarations, environmental impact assessments, etc. Accuracy of Results: EPDs regularly rely on estimations of impacts,
and the level of accuracy in estimation of effect differs for any particular product line and reported impact. Comparability:
EPDs are not comparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited comparability when they cover different
life cycle stages, are based on different product category rules or are missing relevant environmental impacts. EPDs from
different programs may not be comparable.
44
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
as per ISO 14025 and EN 15804
Owner of the Declaration Dow Corning Corporation
Programme holder UL Environment
Publisher Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU)
Declaration number 13CA24184.104.1
MR-ULE-EPD-DWC-20130200-CBA1-EN
Issue date 19.09.2013
Valid to 18.09.2018
PROGRAM OPERATOR UL Environment
DECLARATION HOLDER Dow Corning located at Corporate Center PO Box 994, Midland, MI 48686-0994
ULE DECLARATION NUMBER 13CA27308.101.1
IBU DECLARATION NUMBER MR-ULE-DWC-20130200-CBA1-EN
DECLARED PRODUCT Vacuum Insulation Panels
REFERENCE PCR
PCR Part A and B Vacuum Insulated Panels Core EPD published by Institut
Bauen und Umwelt e.V (Oct. 2012) and regionalized for North America by UL
Environment (May 2013)
DATE OF ISSUE September 19, 2013
PERIOD OF VALIDITY 5 years
SCOPE
This EPD is Manufacturer Declaration (1a) – Declaration of a specific product from a
manufacturer’s plant. The owner of the declaration shall be liable for the
underlying information and evidence.
CONTENTS OF THE
DECLARATION
Product definition
Information about basic material and the material’s origin
Description of the product’s manufacture
Indication of product processing
Life cycle assessment results
Testing results and verifications
The PCR review was conducted by: IBU - Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.
Panoramastr.1
10178 Berlin
The CEN Norm EN 15804 serves as the core PCR. This declaration
was independently verified in accordance with ISO 14025 by
Underwriters Laboratories
□ INTERNAL © EXTERNAL
Loretta Tam
This life cycle assessment was independently verified in
accordance with ISO 14044 and the reference PCR by:
Christoph Koffler

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Dow Corning ®
Base Materials/Ancillary Materials
VIPs consist of a porous core board of non-combustible fumed silica, mixed with fibers and opacifier. The rigid core
board is evacuated from air and sealed in a gas- and water-tight envelope, typically a metalized multilayer film.
Reference Service Life
A reference service life is not indicated, as this EPD only reports the product stage and benefits and loads beyond the
system boundarys. No use stage scenario is described that refers to the lifetime of the product.
Calculation Rules
Declared Unit
This declaration refers to the production and end of life for 1 m2
of VIP.
System Boundary
Type of EPD: Cradle to gate - with options.
Module A1, raw material supply includes raw materials
extraction and processing for the raw materials for VIP
production including fumed silica, silicon carbide,
cellulose fibers, laminating foil, polyethylene film, and
electric power for the area where VIP module
production occurs. Outputs from module A1 include
emissions to the environment associated with
production of these raw materials and electric power. Module A2, transport, includes input flows of diesel for truck
transport of each of the raw materials from their place of production to where the VIP module manufacturing takes
place. The Diesel dataset is specific to the EU-27 region and includes the entire supply chain associated with diesel
Raw Material
Extraction
Intermediate
Material
Production
VIPProduction
Waste
Processing
Waste to
Energy
Incineration
Landfill
Recovery of
Core Material
for Recycle
Construction,
Use, and
Demolition
Not Reported
*Transport included in model but not shown
Page 1 of 6
Dow Corning ®
Product
Product Description
Vacuum insulation panels (VIP’s) are a highly efficient type
of thermal insulation. They consist of a porous core board
of non-combustible fumed silica, mixed with fibers and
opacifier. The rigid core board is evacuated from air and
sealed in a gas- and water-tight envelope, typically a
metalized multilayer film. The thickness of the panel
determines mainly the thermal performance. Typically, VIP
outperforms the thermal efficiency of traditional insulation
materials.
Application
Vacuum insulation Panels are to be used as thermal
insulation of construction applications where not much space is available but a high thermal efficiency is required.
Some application areas include insulation of ceilings, walls, floors or roofs but other applications are possible as well.
To enhance their robustness, VIPs can be protected in a casement made of glass and/or metal facings, similar to an
insulating glass unit.
Technical Data
The following technical construction data is provided, with reference to ASTM test standards.
Construction Data
45
Core Materials
CAS No. EINECS No. % of Core % of Total
Fumed silica 112945-52-5 231-545-4 50-100
Silicon carbide 409-21-2 206-991-8 1-20
Cellulose fibers 68442-5-3 270-493-7 1-12
Total 100 90
Envelope Materials
Total - 10
Value Unit
Declared unit 1 m2
Surface weight 3.7 kg/m2
Thickness 0.02 m
Conversion factor to 1 kg 0.27 m2
/kg
Name Value EU ASTM/ISO
Perpendicularity acc. to DIN EN 824 <0.6% ISO 29467
Deviation from the nominal measure acc. to DIN EN 822 and 823 +/-5mm ISO29466
Gross density acc. to DIN EN 1602 180-210 kg/m3 ASTM C303
Compressive stress at 10% compression acc. to DIN EN 826 >160kPa ASTM D1621
Compression acc to DIN EN 826 ASTM C165/240/522
Dimensional stability at 70 °C, 90% relative humidity acc. to DIN EN 1604 <1% ASTM D2126
Deformation at 40 kPa, 70 °C acc. to DIN EN 1605 <2% ASTM C165
Tensile strength perpendicular to the panel surface acc. to DIN EN 1607 <60kPa ASTM D1623
Thermal conductivity (without ageing) acc. to DIN 52612-1 / DIN EN 12667 0.0046W/mK ASTM C177/518

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Dow Corning ®
production (well drilling, crude oil production and processing as well as transportation of crude oil via pipeline to the
refinery). Outputs from this module are the combustion emissions and other emissions associated with imperfect
combustion and evaporative losses from the truck transport. The transport modules are scaled to the distance from
the production location of each of the raw materials to the VIP manufacturing location. Module A3, manufacturing
includes inputs of the VIP raw materials and outputs to the environment from treatment of the non-woven waste stream
and the barrier foil waste stream. Both of these are transported by truck, with associated emissions and disposed of in
an average municipal solid waste to energy plant in Euro
– Disposal from the end of life stage are reported. Modul
from the demolition site to a waste processing facility, an
incineration plants or landfill. Module C3 includes proces
materials and the incineration of a fraction of the envelop
and thermal energy. Module C4 accounts for the dispo
Comparability
The scope of this declaration excludes the use phase of
only possible in the context of the product’s use in and it
make comparisons between this product and other buildi
Scenarios and Additional Technical Information
pe. Modules C2 – Transport, C3 – Waste Processing, and C4
e C2 includes the transportation of recovered end of life VIP
d the transport of waste material to either waste to energy
sing end of life VIP to separate the core from the envelope
e material for energy recovery. The outputs include electricity
sal of the remaining envelope material in landfill.
he VIP product. Since comparison of building products is
s impacts on the building, this declaration may not be used to
ng insulation products.
enefits and loads beyond the product system boundary. It
with an assumed collection rate of 100%. The core material
a benefit based on avoided production of silicon carbide,
ted envelope material is incinerated in a municipal waste
he electricity and thermal energy recovered.
(X = included in the LCA; MND = module not declared)
BENEFITS AND
USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE
LOADS BEYOND
THE SYSTEM
BOUNDARYS
use
potential
Table 1: Description of the system boundary (X = included in the LCA; MND = module not declared)
t
PRODUCT STAGE
CONSTRUCTI
ON PROCESS
STAGE USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE
BENEFITS AND
LOADS BEYOND
THE SYSTEM
BOUNDARYS
Rawmaterial
supply
Transport
Manufacturing
Transport
Construction-
installationprocess
Use
Maintenance
Repair
Replacement
Refurbishment
Operationalenergy
use
Operationalwater
use
De-construction
demolition
Transport
Wasteprocessing
Disposal
Reuse-
Recovery-
Recycling-
potential
Module D is an optional scenario that describes the b
includes input flows from VIP modules at their end of life
is recycled into new VIP panels and this module assigns
fumed silica, and cellulose fiber. A fraction of the separa
incinerator and this module assigns a benefit based on t
Results
Table 1: Description of the system boundary
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
PRODUCT STAGE
CONSTRUCTI
ON PROCESS
STAGE
X X X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND X X X X
Rawmaterial
supply
Transport
Manufacturing
Transport
Construction-
installationprocess
Use
Maintenance
Repair
Replacement
Refurbishment
Operationalenergy
Operationalwater
use
De-construction
demolition
Transport
Wasteprocessing
Disposal
Reuse-
Recovery-
Recycling-
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
X X X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND X X X X

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Dow Corning ®
CML Impact Assessment Results
Environmental Impacts
Resource Use
Output Flows and Waste Categories
Page 6 of 6
Dow Corning ®
References
Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V., Berlin (pub.): Generation of Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs);
General principles for the EPD range of Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU), 2011-09 www.bau-umwelt.de
Part A: Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V., Berlin (pub.): Product Category Rules for Construction Products from the
range of Environmental Product Declarations of Institut Bauen und Umwelt (IBU), Part A: Calculation Rules for the Life
Cycle Assessment and Requirements on the Background Report. September 2012 www.bau-umwelt.de
DIN EN ISO 14025:2011-10: Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations —
Principles and procedures
EN 15804:2012-04: Sustainability of construction works — Environmental Product Declarations — Core rules for the
product category of construction products
47
Parameter Unit A1 – A3 C2 – C4 D
GWP Global warming potential [kg CO2-Eq.] 39.9 1.69 -39.0
ODP Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone
layer
[kg CFC11-Eq.] 9.18E-5 1.21E-8 -9.18E-5
AP Acidification potential of land and water [kg SO2-Eq.] 0.203 2.79E-3 -0.203
EP Eutrophication potential [kg (PO )3-
- Eq.]4 0.0196 1.27E-3 -.0192
POCP Formation potential of tropospheric ozone
photochemical oxidants
[kg Ethen Eq.] 0.0619 3.29E-4 -.0617
ADPE Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil
resources
[kg Sb Eq.] 2.31E-5 5.70E-7 -2.30E-5
ADPF Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources [MJ] 547 8.24 -525
PERE Renewable primary energy as energy carrier [MJ] 139 0.420 -138
PERM Renewable primary energy resources as material
utilization
[MJ] 0 0 0
PERT Total use of renewable primary energy resources [MJ] 139 .420 -138
PENRE Non-renewable primary energy as energy carrier [MJ] 547 8.25 -525
PENRM Non-renewable primary energy as material
utilization
[MJ] 0 0 0
PENRT Total use of non-renewable primary energy
resources
[MJ] 547 8.25 -525
SM Use of secondary material [kg] 0 0 0
RSF Use of renewable secondary fuels [MJ] 6.01E-3 3.53E-4 0
NRSF Use of non renewable secondary fuels [MJ] 0.0606 2.71E-3 0
FW Use of net fresh water [m!] 0.0354 6.71E-3 -0.0247
HWD Hazardous waste disposed [kg] 0.294 0 -0.0294
NHWD Non hazardous waste disposed [kg] 2.37E-3 0.170 -5.9E-4
RWD Radioactive waste disposed [kg] 0.0333 1.44E-5 -0.0292
CRU Components for re-use [kg] 0 0 0
MFR Materials for recycling [kg] 0 0 3.46
MER Materials for energy recovery [kg] 0 0 0.237
EEE Exported electrical energy [MJ] 0 0 0.275
EET Exported thermal energy [MJ] 0 0 0.800

48
LCA
TC 207 / SC 5
ISO 14040 - principles and framework
ISO 14044 - requirements and guidelines
TC 207 / SC 3
ISO 14020 - general principles
ISO 14021 - environmental label Type II
ISO 14024 - environmental label Type I
ISO 14025 - environmental label Type III
TC 207

50
Indoor pollutants
- volatile organic compounds (VOC)
- formaldehyde
- semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC)
- radon
- NOx
- asbestos
causing several health-related problems:
- asthma
- itchiness
- burning eyes
- skin irritations
- nose and throat irritations
- headaches
- reproductive impairment
- disruption of the endocrine system
- cancer
- impairment child development and birth defects
- immune system suppression

Health impacts
buildings have significant impact on the productivity and satisfaction of tenants
- we spent more than 90% of our time indoors
- indoor level of pollutants is higher than outside air
Excessive levels of a single pollutant, or elevated levels of two or more substances in
combination, can lead to sick building syndrome.
http://www.epa.gov/
52

53
Some common causes of sick buildings are:
-lack of adequate ventilation
-presence of volatile organic compounds (VOC)
- from material off-gassing
Fresh air is essential for efficient body
and brain functioning. What happened?
- building structures have become more
energy-efficient
-> air tightness of buildings lead to less
natural air exchange, ventilation has to be adequate
to avoid the circulation of dirty and polluted air
within the building
How do buildings become ,sick‘ in the first place?

200
Indoor air pollution
most indoor air pollution comes from sources inside the building
- adhesives
- carpeting
- upholstery
- manufactured wood products
- cleaning agents
all may emit VOCs
VOC can cause chronic and acute health problems. Some are known
carcinogens.

55
Benefits of healthy indoor air quality
study by William Fisk, 2000
head of the indoor environment department at the lawrence berkeley national laboratory
- examining the literature on green building and the health productivity of occupants
- the estimated potential annual savings and productivity gains are:
$ 6 - $ 14 billion from reduced allergies and asthma
$10 - $ 30 billion from reduced sick building syndrome symptoms
$20 - $160 billion from direct improvements in worker performance/productivity due to
green building that are related to health
study by University of San Diego, 2009
- demonstration that LEED certified buildings provide more productive environments for
workers than non-green buildings
- study shows gains of over $6,000 per employee per year
productivity gains (including fewer sick days) of more then 6% per
employee

Asbestos
Application
products
Health Problems
1979
,Oldʻ pollutants - risk assessment and refurbishment regulated
Ban
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB)
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Lindane,...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH)
1982
1992
1978
1989
non
2010
1978
1986
1989
1965
1979
1995
cancer
cancer,
reproductive
impairment
cancer
cancer,
mutagen
glue wooden flooring
sealing
handling
wood preservation agent
rooms (recreation rooms)
sealing, paints, ...
condenser
weakly bound
sprayed asbestos
56
Indoor pollutants

57
Synthetic Mineral Fibres
VOC
Formaldehyde
Softener
Flame retardants
molds
Application
Insulation
paints, adhesives, ...
Wood
Plastics
moisture problems
paints, insulation,
...
Health Problems
may cause cancer, in dispute
diverse
irritations, cause cancer
diverse, in dispute
persistent, toxic
sensitizing
,Current pollutants - no risk assessment
no benchmarks for indoor air quality

58
Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxics (PBTs)
- generally highly toxic in small quantities
- persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in food chains
- pose risks to human health and ecosystems
- transfer rather easily among air, water, and land, and span boundaries of programs,
geography, and generations
- assimilation
- inhalation (the lungs)
- dermal absorption ( skin)
- ingestion (mouth)
- building materials that release PBTs, e.g.
- polyvinyl chloride based products
- mercury
- lead
- certain paints / finishes

59
Phthalates
-used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride plastic, also known as
PVC or vinyl wide range of building products:
- vinyl flooring
- wall covering
- upholstery
They have to been found to leach, migrate or evaporate into indoor air and atmosphere, food
and other materials.
Human exposure occur:
- directly through contact and use
- indirectly through leaching into other products
- general environmental contamination
-> carcinogen
In October 2007 California joined the European Union in restricting the use of Phthalates in
use of children‘s products. 2008 U.S. Congress restricts the manufacture, sale or import of
children‘s products that contain certain Phthalates.
Problem:
Phthalates are not a volatile organic compound (VOC) they are usually not accounted for by
indoor air quality standards, such as those used to certify green building materials.

60
Heavy Metals
The use of heavy metals such as lead, mercury and chromium in building products lead to the
release of toxics into the environment during extraction, production, use and disposal.
lead and mercury
- neutrotoxicants, particularly damaging to the brains of fetuses and growing children
Lead is used in e.g.:
- flashing, copper and other roof products, solder, batteries
Mercury is used in e.g.:
- thermostats, switches, fluorescent lamps
Chromium is used in e.g.:
- in chrome for stainless steel, components of furniture
Cadmium, Cobalt and other metals are used in e.g.:
- paint, pigments, fabric

61
Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
What kind of requirements for construction products in terms of their VOC emissions are
applicable in Europe today?
• So far, the European Construction Products Regulation (CPR 305/2011) only contains
very vague requirements on a construction product's VOC emissions:
"The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout
their life cycle, not be a threat to the hygiene or health and safety of workers, occupants or
neighbors, nor have an exceedingly high impact, over their entire life cycle, on the
environmental quality or on the climate during their construction, use and demolition, in
particular as a result of any of the following: the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile
organic compounds (VOC), greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air
(cf. also Annex I "Basic requirements for construction works", No 3 "Hygiene, health and the
environment").

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ia-intro.html
62

63
VOCs are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids.
product examples:
solvents in paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building
materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers
typical solvents: Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
health effects:
Eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; damage to liver, kidney,
and central nervous system
Some organics can cause cancer in animals, some are suspected or known to cause cancer in
humans

64

CMR: Carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction
65

66
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
pollutant concentration is decreasing over time
emission profile paint
solvent based paint
no based paint
acceptable
emission
1st emission test
after installation
(e.g. 2000 müg/m3)
2nd emission
test after 28
days
(e.g. 300 müg/m3) target value (Seifert)

67
REACH is the Regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals.
It entered into force on 1st June 2007 to streamline and improve the former legislative framework on chemicals of the
European Union (EU). REACH places greater responsibility on industry to manage the risks that chemicals may pose to
the health and the environment.
In principle REACH applies to all chemicals: not only chemicals used in industrial processes but also in our day-to-day
life, for example in cleaning products, paints as well as in articles such as clothes, furniture and electrical appliances.
http://echa.europa.eu/
REACH Objectives
The aims of REACH are to:
• Improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals
• Enhance the competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry, a key sector for the economy of the EU
• Promote alternative methods for the assessment of hazards of substances
• Ensure the free circulation of substances on the internal market of the European Union
REACH - ARTICLE 1:
The purpose of this Regulation is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment
REACH - ARTICLE 5:
No data, no market

ibbte68
Classification and labeling of chemicals
Globally Harmonized System - GHS
All chemicals are subject to classification and labeling before they can be placed on the
market. The identification of hazardous chemical properties and the consequent labeling
with hazard symbols is intended to protect the human health, and the environment from
any adverse effects.
Worldwide, however, there are very different systems of classification and labelling of
chemicals. It can therefore happen that a substance or mixture of substances is
classified as dangerous - and treated accordingly - in one country and not in another.
This is problematic not only in terms of transport and trade but also in respect of
consumers and protection at work.
The aim of the GHS is therefore to create a standardized global system for the
classification and labeling of chemicals. Wherever this globally harmonized system is
introduced, be it in China, India, the USA or in Europe, chemicals will in future be
classified and labelled according to uniform criteria. For example, any substance
considered to be toxic or environmentally hazardous will be labelled all over the world
using the same symbol.

Chemicals play a key role in our everyday
lives, both in the private and workplace
realm.
The use of chemicals and chemical products
often comes along with harmful effects on man
and the environment.
Detecting harmful properties and labeling
products with respective hazard pictograms
serves to protect man and the environment
against the negative impacts of chemicals.
Classification
-determine the hazards posed by chemicals
- establishment of criteria and limit values
Labeling
- labeling makes known hazards visible
-quickly recognize any hazards and act
accordingly when handling chemicals
69
Classification and labeling of chemicals

Quelle: Detail - Historisches Museum in Ningbo,
China Architekt: Wang Shu - Amateur Architecture
Studio
70
Reclaiming materials

Re-using material
Ravensburg Art Museum
Architects:
Lederer Ragnarsdóttir Oei,
Stuttgart, Germany
The bricks were recovered from
a demolished monastery near
the Belgian border and through
their reuse, point to the central
role of sustainability in
construction.
Why should new materials be
produced when we can
recycle old ones that have
proven themselves over
centuries?
71

Rehabilitation of office building in
Frankfurt, Germany
Silvertower, ABB Architekten
1978
Rehabilitation,
schneider + schumacher
2008-2011
73

Skyline Frankfurt 1970s - Silvertower
under construction
75
Skyline Frankfurt 2009

Silvertower, Frankfurt 1978 - facade re-construction
- re-using the outer aluminum facade cladding and by this minimizing the material consumption for the re-
construction made the decision for the facade concept.
new requirements: - fire protection
- energy consumption / thermal insulation / comfort
76

Utilisation planning / general floorplan existing building (1978) -
redesigned building (2008 -2011)
Quelle: schneider+schumacher
77

78
Utilisation planning / general floorplan existing building (1978) -
redesigned building (2008 -2011)

79
Refurbishment Silvertower, (2008 -
2011) schneider + schumacher
architekten
- triple glazing U-value 0,7 W/m2K
(because of thermal comfort
aspects)
- module with fixed
glazing U-value
0,78W/m2K
- insulation mineral
wool rockwool
fixrock 16cm

80
old elements have been
- removed from old module
- cleaned
- adapted if necessary
- installed into new module
- permit for new module
- additional proof if old aluminum panel
ability to deal with wind suction and pressure

Re-use of outer aluminium metal sheet
81
Element (grid)
Window (grid)
width 1,80m height
4,20m 7,56 sqm
width 1,50m height
1,80m 2,70 sqm
Aluminium (grid)4,86 sqm
average percentage glass to aluminum
35,71 %
64,29 %
Total elements 2100 pieces
Total amount aluminium 10.206,00 sqm

resource efficient material selection
building materials
85

Substitution of one material by another material - ways of recycling
sleeping bag out of 40 PET bottles

Urban mining
41 cell phones 1 ton of gold ore
UN experts found out that in 41 cell phones is
exactly the same amount of gold than in one ton
of gold ore
1 ton of gold ore = not exceeding 5 gram gold

Rural Studio, USA - Cardboard Pod, Newbern, Alabama, USA - 2001
Building with secondary resources - alternative ways of design

Quelle: www.lilligreen.de - Architektenhaus aus Bauabfällen gefunden auf google earth
Building with secondary resources - alternative ways of design

beware of paralyzing
yourself by doing
everything Right

Email hani_slm@yahoo.com
Linked-in Hany Salem

Building materials & pollutants

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