The document discusses the development of geopolymer concrete using waste materials as part of an EU research project. It provides background on geopolymer research and describes the goals of developing new sustainable concrete binders from waste streams to reduce environmental impacts. The project aims to commercialize geopolymer concrete by optimizing mixtures using various waste materials as aggregates and alkali activators and understanding the reaction mechanisms.
Concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable construction material on the planet. But sustainability becomes the major concern as the conventional concrete is not eco-friendly due the large carbon footprint of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industries. Efforts are needed to develop an eco-friendly material with minimal environmental damage. A concrete with complete replacement of OPC by pozzolanic materials like fly-ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) etc. having a polymeric binder is called Geopolymer concrete (GPC). In Geopolymer concrete, most of the research work has been focused on fly ash based binders. However, the RHA has the potential to be used as a source material in Geopolymer concrete as the RHA is a pozzolanic material containing about 85-90% of silicon dioxide (SiO2).This paper briefly reviews the work carried by various researchers and scientists on RHA based Geopolymer concrete.
Keywords- Rice Husk Ash, Geopolymer, Pozzolanic material, Ground granulated blast furnace slag
EARTH FRIENDLY CONCRETE- Commercial form of geopolymer concrete.
EFC Contains a geopolymer binder made from the reaction of blast furnace
slag and flyash with concentrated alkaline solution.
Geopolymers are new materials for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation and new cements for concrete.
Concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable construction material on the planet. But sustainability becomes the major concern as the conventional concrete is not eco-friendly due the large carbon footprint of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industries. Efforts are needed to develop an eco-friendly material with minimal environmental damage. A concrete with complete replacement of OPC by pozzolanic materials like fly-ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) etc. having a polymeric binder is called Geopolymer concrete (GPC). In Geopolymer concrete, most of the research work has been focused on fly ash based binders. However, the RHA has the potential to be used as a source material in Geopolymer concrete as the RHA is a pozzolanic material containing about 85-90% of silicon dioxide (SiO2).This paper briefly reviews the work carried by various researchers and scientists on RHA based Geopolymer concrete.
Keywords- Rice Husk Ash, Geopolymer, Pozzolanic material, Ground granulated blast furnace slag
EARTH FRIENDLY CONCRETE- Commercial form of geopolymer concrete.
EFC Contains a geopolymer binder made from the reaction of blast furnace
slag and flyash with concentrated alkaline solution.
Geopolymers are new materials for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation and new cements for concrete.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study is done on various parameters i.e., Strength parameters, NaOH solution concentration, the alkalescent hydroxide to alkalescent salt ratio, period of curing, additional water in mix has been investigated. Method: The mix is trailed initially for 8 Molarity. The Alkaline content used in the study is the amalgam of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium silicate with the different ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total numbers of specimens 81 are being casted The Geopolymer specimens are tested for their Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strengths at the ages of 3-7-28 days. Findings: The strength properties strength are increased with the increase in activator ratio. The strength of all GPC specimens improved with the increase in curing time. . Applications/ Improvements: Flyash based geopolymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, pavement tiles, railway precasted sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF GEO POLYMER CON...IAEME Publication
Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES ON FLY ASH BASED GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURESIAEME Publication
Due to increase in environmental problems of the construction industry alternative technologies are emerging. A concrete is used around the world is second only to water. The making of ordinary Portland cement support 5 to 7 percent of total green house gas emission. It also takes large amount of energy .Hence it is necessary to find alternative to cement .Fly ash is a product of coal procured from thermal power plant. It is also good in silicon and alumina. In this experiment the fly ash is used to prepare the geo polymer concrete.geopolymer is a material resulting from the reaction of source materials that is rich in aluminum and silicon. One such material is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses a material like fly ash as binding material in place of cement.
Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials.
This presentation was given at the CISC Western meetings and at NASCC in Dallas in the spring of 2012. It looks at the use of unusual steel shapes and geometries in contemporary design
It is all about sustainable buildings or green buildings and a brief study of some sustainable building materials we can use for making a building sustainable and green.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study is done on various parameters i.e., Strength parameters, NaOH solution concentration, the alkalescent hydroxide to alkalescent salt ratio, period of curing, additional water in mix has been investigated. Method: The mix is trailed initially for 8 Molarity. The Alkaline content used in the study is the amalgam of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium silicate with the different ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total numbers of specimens 81 are being casted The Geopolymer specimens are tested for their Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strengths at the ages of 3-7-28 days. Findings: The strength properties strength are increased with the increase in activator ratio. The strength of all GPC specimens improved with the increase in curing time. . Applications/ Improvements: Flyash based geopolymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, pavement tiles, railway precasted sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF GEO POLYMER CON...IAEME Publication
Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES ON FLY ASH BASED GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURESIAEME Publication
Due to increase in environmental problems of the construction industry alternative technologies are emerging. A concrete is used around the world is second only to water. The making of ordinary Portland cement support 5 to 7 percent of total green house gas emission. It also takes large amount of energy .Hence it is necessary to find alternative to cement .Fly ash is a product of coal procured from thermal power plant. It is also good in silicon and alumina. In this experiment the fly ash is used to prepare the geo polymer concrete.geopolymer is a material resulting from the reaction of source materials that is rich in aluminum and silicon. One such material is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses a material like fly ash as binding material in place of cement.
Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials.
This presentation was given at the CISC Western meetings and at NASCC in Dallas in the spring of 2012. It looks at the use of unusual steel shapes and geometries in contemporary design
It is all about sustainable buildings or green buildings and a brief study of some sustainable building materials we can use for making a building sustainable and green.
This is a basic overview of the role of assessment or green rating systems in the design of buildings. It looks most closely at the LEED Version 2 system for New Construction and has not yet been updated to address LEED 2009.
A presentation on the new CISC AESS documents that was given at the OAA Conventions in Winnipeg 2010 and Toronto 2011. Introducing the AESS Categories, and the new Matrix. Authored by Terri Boake and Sylvie Boulanger.
Hot Climate Double Facades: A Focus on Solar AvoidanceTerri Meyer Boake
An overview of the adaptation of double facade systems for iconic buildings in the Gulf Region through the adaptation of the traditional mashrabiya screen.
Sustainable Design Part Two: Climate Related IssuesTerri Meyer Boake
What is Sustainable Design Part Two: Climate Related Issues looks at the bioclimatic regions and how they affect the approach to environmental building design. This also looks at the comfort zone as a way to reduce energy consumption.
Future-proof industrial assets with circular strategiesStork
Bijna de helft van de koolstof emissies is product gerelateerd en de beschikbaarheid van grondstoffen wordt steeds kritischer. Op weg naar een duurzame samenleving is het onvermijdelijk om de lineaire economie van “take-make-dispose” te doorbreken door de toepassing van circulaire strategieën. Maar wat betekent dit voor de industrie, en welke bijdrage kan Asset Management hieraan leveren?
In dit webinar schetsen Jack Doomernik en Erika Kuo mogelijke rollen die Asset Management kan spelen in circulariteit. Zij presenteren een aanpak met vier oplossingsrichtingen waarmee u uw uitdagingen in circulariteit te lijf kunt gaan
A Documentation on Construction and Demolition wasteRohanDas52
Despite being an ancient activity, the management of waste produced in construction activities
did not get much attention until the last decade. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is not
subjected to management practices as with municipal solid waste (MSW), perhaps due to the
higher toxicity of the latter as compared with the former. Recently, rapid urban expansion,
stringent environmental regulations, and the scarcity of land filling areas as well as the natural
resources over-exploitation led to the need of using CDW as aggregate for construction purposes.
CDW contains significant amounts of inert materials whose properties are being investigated and
which have been recognized for use as aggregate, although significant differences exist when
compared to conventional natural aggregates (NA). The use of recycled concrete waste-based
aggregates in new concrete is a way of maximizing the economic benefits of CDW and, even
though it has been the subject of study for a long time, opinions are still not consensual. As
expected, concrete made with recycled aggregates (RA) has different characteristics from those
of conventional concrete, and these differences are strongly dependent on the type and quality of
the aggregates used.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
Collaboration with UAF School of Management:
Associate professor Jim Collins, UAF School of Management Director of
Entrepreneurship, has taken an interest in this project and begun involving some of his
students in working on the economic feasibility and business-planning aspects. This
project provides students with an excellent opportunity to leverage their academic
study and exercises into real-world results. CCHRC is pleased and grateful to have the
opportunity to collaborate with these students and for Dr. Collins’ interest and
mentorship.
Collaboration with Small Businesses in Fairbanks & North Pole:
A growing number of local cement-related business owners and managers are
expressing interest in participating directly in CCHRC’s efforts to develop the commercial
applications of geopolymer cements and concretes. These businesses presently include
Stonecastle Masonry, Fairweather Masonry, MAPPA Test Lab, and Fairbanks Precast &
Rebar.
One of the top 20 in the 2010 Arctic Innovation Competition:
Out of more than 200 entries in the UAF School of Management 2010 Arctic Innovation
Competition, CCHRC’s presentation (given by Ty Keltner) on the potential for local
geopolymer development was selected as one of the top 20. The final four projects
were notably further along in the process of establishing a specific business. CCHRC’s
involvement in the competition helped establish connections with individuals
contributing suggestions and expressing interest in working with us in the future. These
included Jim Collins in the School of Management and Shiva Hullavarad in the Advanced
Materials Group of the UAF Institute of Northern Engineering.
Collection and organization of 2.5GB of relevant literature:
CCHRC staff have collected, organized and partially reviewed more than 2.5 GB of text
on the alternatives to portland cement. That currently amounts to 2,049 files in 161
folders and seven mind-maps, including over 600 research papers. Plus seven text books
on geopolymer cements. Although it is outside the scope of this project, the
organization of this information has been done in a manner which will facilitate
references, abstracts and CCHRC’s notes being made publically available on the Internet
without copyright infringement. It is our hope that this extensive and on-going literature
Frgc products for_undergound_infrastructure
An investigation was conduced to achieve concrete of higher strength using crushed brick as aggregate and study the mechanical properties. It was found that higher strength concrete (cf= 4500 to 6600 psi1) with brick aggregate is achievable whose strength is much higher than the parent uncrushed brick. Test results show that the compressive strength of brick aggregate concrete can be increased by decreasing its water-cement ratio and using admixture whenever necessary for workability. The compressive strength as well as the tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete were studied. The cylinder strength is found about 90% of the cube strength. The ACI Code relations for determining the modulus of rupture was found to highly underestimate the test values., whereas the code suggested expression for elastic modulus gives much higher values than the experimental ones for brick aggregate concrete. Relations were proposed to estimate the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasti
CISUFLO presentation to MMFA members_1 July 2021.pdfCISUFLO
An overview of the CISUFLO project has been provided to Multilayer Modular Flooring Association (MMFA) members, an organization which represents the leading producers of flooring in Europe and their suppliers. It has been also explored the challenges tackled by CISUFLO.
Sustainability of the product is becoming a crucial factor for success in the market. Sustainability theory and methods are quite general. This research constitutes a serious attempt to assess the sustainability of plastic sheet piling, and calculate the product carbon footprint. In the case of plastic sheet piling no significant previous research has been done to address sustainability. The product lifecycle including stages such as raw material production, manufacturing, transportation, installation, and disposal/recycling, and its related supply chain have been analysed in detail to identify those factors that have impact on the product carbon footprint and the three main dimensions of sustainability: environmental, social and economic. The installation stage, which is not normally addressed in this kind of studies, has been assessed by the development of a case study.
Similar to Commercialisation of geopolymer concrete as part of FP7 SUS-CON project (20)
Sustainability Assessment of The Hammerman Plastic Sheet Piling
Commercialisation of geopolymer concrete as part of FP7 SUS-CON project
1. Commercialisation of Geopolymer Concrete
as part of FP7 SUS-CON Project:
Sustainable, Innovative and Energy-Efficient Concrete,
based on the Integration of All-Waste Materials
2. Contents:
• Geopolymer Team at Queen’s University Belfast.
• Historical background – sustainable construction materials.
• FP7 SUS-CON - Sustainable, Innovative and Energy-
Efficient Concrete, based on the Integration of All-Waste
Materials.
• New binders from waste streams - WP3 work on pfa and
ggbs based geopolymer concrete.
• Possible sources of raw materials for “synthesizing”
geopolymer concrete – a step towards commercialisation.
• Conclusions.
3. Queen’s University Belfast
Geopolymer Team (1 of 2)
Prof. M Soutsos Prof. M Basheer Prof. D Cleland Prof. W Sha
Dr. S Nanukuttan Dr. A Boyle Dr. E Cunningham Dr. M Russell
University of Liverpool
4. Queen’s University Belfast
Geopolymer Team (2 of 2)
S. Haji A. Hadjierakleous Q. Ma L. McCluskey
University of Liverpool
T. McGrath A. McIntosh A. Rafeet
banah UK Ltd
http://blogs.qub.ac.uk/geopolymer/
5. Historical Background:
Sustainable Construction Products
Developing Precast Concrete Products made with Recycled
Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW):
• Phase I : Concrete Building Blocks
• Phase II: Concrete Paving Blocks and Flags
Funded by:
The Onyx (Veolia) Environmental Trust &
Flintshire Community Trust (AD Waste Ltd)
5th March 2003
6. Historical Background:
Sustainable Construction Products
North West Construction Knowledge Hub
Construction Sustainability Centre:
(a) Recycled demolition aggregate in precast building
and paving blocks and concrete flags,
(b) Reactive glass powder concrete flags of superior strength,
(c) Cementless “geopolymer” concrete products.
7. Historical Background:
Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced
Cementless Precast Concrete Products
Applied Research Grant Support
• The claims culture in the UK costs local authorities £500m each year
from trip, slip and fall accidents arising from cracked pavements.
• The superior performance of UHPFRC flags indicates that pavements
are unlikely to crack even if they are overloaded by unplanned
vehicle loading.
8. FP7 SUS-CON Project:
Sustainable, Innovative and Energy-Efficient Concrete,
based on the Integration of All-Waste Materials
• The construction industry is one of the largest
consumers raw materials and the built environment
consumes a lot of energy and contributes significantly to
greenhouse gas emissions.
• Concrete producers need new, eco-friendly and cost-
effective materials and binders for thermally efficient
building components – energy efficient buildings.
• Waste management is an increasingly complex and
challenging task for both local authorities and waste
recycling companies.
9. FP7 SUS-CON Project:
Sustainable, Innovative and Energy-Efficient Concrete,
based on the Integration of All-Waste Materials
Develop novel technologies to integrate wastes for the
production of lightweight concrete and thus achieve an
all-waste and energy-efficient concrete.
10. FP7 SUS-CON Project:
Sustainable, Innovative and Energy-Efficient Concrete,
based on the Integration of All-Waste Materials
• Main concrete components (binder and aggregates)
• Combine them for an all-waste concrete on the basis of
a new mix design model
• Applications:
structural and non structural
cast-in-situ and pre-cast
• Focus on waste materials that are cost-effective, readily
available across EU and also a social problem (low-
value, big quantities)
11. Work Packages in FP7 SUS-CON:
INDUSTRIAL UPTAKE
MATERIAL RESEARCH
WP1. GEOCLUSTERING - Mapping availability of waste
WP8. Certification, guidelines and decision support tool
streams and normative framework across EU-27
WP9. Training, dissemination and exploitation
WP7. LCA/LCC/HSE assessment
WP2. WASTE MATERIALS - New lightweight aggregates
WP10. Project management and coordination
from solid waste
WP3. WASTE MATERIALS - New binding systems from
waste alkaline solutions/streams and ashes
WP4. WASTE MATERIALS - Mix design and testing of all
waste concrete with benchmarking
WP5. PRODUCTION UPSCALE - Process design and
modelling
WP6. PRODUCTION UPSCALE - Demonstration
INDUSTRIAL
IMPLEMENTATION
12. Complementarity of Partners:
Waste recycling and processing
Centro Riciclo
Nano-additives and
Aggregates from waste Binders from waste surface treatments
Cetma (polymers) QUB BASF
TBTC (geo-polymers) S&B Centi
Concrete design and process LCA/LCC/HSE/Certification
TNO
TRE
FhG
TUV Italia
NTUA
Industrial end-users
Magnetti (pre-cast)
Iston (ready-mixed)
Iridex (builders)
Acciona
13. FP7 SUS-CON – Project Information
OTHER
4%
Total cost: 7.200.000 € Manag.
5%
EU funding: 4.500.000 €
Cost per activity type:
Demo.
23%
Start date: 01/01/2012
Duration: 4 years Research
68%
14. Work Package #3
New Binders - What’s Wrong with Cement?
Around 10 billion tonnes of concrete is used every year
– more than any other industrial material!
Ceramics (mostly concrete)
Natural (mostly timber)
Metals (mostly steel)
Polymers
UK production (2009) – 8 million tonnes of cement
5-8% of man-made CO2 – more than aviation
Data from Ashby, Materials and the Environment (2009) and ONS
15. Work Package #3
New Binders from Waste Streams:
Suitability of waste ash and alkali solutions for
geopolymer concrete:
1. Obtain samples from all available sources of reactive
aluminosilicate wastes and activators.
2. Assess their chemical and physical properties.
3. Obtain samples of all available sources of waste alkali
streams and assess their chemical and physical
properties.
4. Determine the reactivity potential of the above materials
for form cementless concrete.
16. Pulverised Fuel Ash based Geopolymer
Variables: M+ dosage (%) & Alkali Modulus (AM)
• Alkali dosage (M+ dosage) is the mass ratio of alkali metal
oxides (Na₂O + K2O) in the activating solution to PFA.
• Alkali modulus (AM) is the mass ratio of alkali metal oxides to
silica plus aluminate in the activating solution.
• Fixed parameters in the mix designs were:
– Water/solids ratio 0.37. Total water includes added water
and that already present in the pre-mixed alkaline
solutions (e.g Na-silicate). Total solids include PFA and
mass of alkali solids, including those dissolved in pre-
mixed solutions. Mass of sand is not included in mass of
the solids here.
– Sand/Binder ratio: 2.75:1
35. Class C PFA from Greece
Si (green), Ca (blue), and Al (red)
36. Commercialisation of
Geopolymer Concrete?
Cost of Alkali Activated Binders:
Assuming commercial alkalis are used, concrete based on
alkali-activated binders is estimated to cost around 20-25%
more than cement-based concrete.
Possible Solutions:
1. Produce products that will meet higher specifications or
last longer than existing ones.
2. Low carbon footprint - Green taxes or carbon credits.
3. Find cheaper sources of alkalis - sodium silicate is the
most expensive component!
37. Cheaper Sources of Raw Materials for
Geopolymer Concrete?
Possible sources:
1. Incinerated paper pulp sludge.
2. Air pollution control residues (APC).
3. Basic oxygen slag (BOS).
4. TRAAS
5. MIKROVER
6. Incinerated sewage sludge ash
7. Bauxite residues (Red mud)
8. Alumina
41. CONCLUSIONS
• An optimum alkali composition was identified for alkali
activation of PFA giving 70 N/mm2 compressive strength.
• Addition of GGBS enables the production of cement-free
concrete at ambient temperatures.
• There is some evidence that that there is interaction
between the two reactions occurring in alkali-activated
binders containing PFA and GGBS.
• We need to develop a better understanding of the
reaction mechanism so we can use materials from waste
streams to synthesize geopolymer - commercialisation is
likely if a reduction in the cost of producing it is achieved.