2. INTELLIGENT
BUILDING
• Intelligent building is a building that uses both technology and
process to create an environment that is safe, healthy and
comfortable to everyone.
• It is the one which provides a productive and cost-effective
environment through optimization of four basic element:
• Structure
• System
• Services
• Management
3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL
AND INTELLIGENT BUILDING
CONVETIONAL BUILDING INTELLIGENT BUILDING
1. Ordinary building there will be
different room conditions depending on
the changes in the environmental
conditions.
1. Intelligent building adjusts the inside
functional aspects such as lighting,
ventilation, fire-fighting, air
conditioning etc., automatically with the
changes in environmental conditions
controlled by computer.
2. The security system, communication
system are not coordinated and
automatically controlled by computer
work station.
2. The security system , communication
system, etc. are coordinated and
automatically controlled by computer
work station
5. PRICIPLE OF FIRE
DETECTOR
• A flame detector is a sensor
designed to detect and respond to
the presence of a flame or fire,
allowing flame detection.
• All Fire Alarm Systems
essentially operate on the same
principle. If a detector detects
smoke or heat, or someone
operates a break glass unit, then
alarm sounders operate to warn
others in the building that there
may be a fire.
6. NEED OF FIRE DETECTION
AND ALARM SYSTEM
Detect fire in the areas
Notify building occupants to take evasive action to escape from
the dangerous of a hostile fire.
Summon organized assistance to initiate or assist in fire control
activities.
Initiate automatic fire control and control systems and to sound
alarm.
Supervise fire control and control systems to assure operational
status is maintained.
7. UNDERSTADING OF
FIRE ALARM
• Fire alarm is mandatory for every building other than small
residences. A fire alarm system is required only in important
and public buildings (as per Indian Codes in 2008).
• A fire alarm system consists of fire sensors, such as smoke and
heat detectors, located throughout the building, connected to a
main alarm panel by special cables. The panel is in turn
connected to a set of hooters or speakers that give an audible
alarm throughout the building and its surrounding areas.
8. CONTINUES…….
• In most areas smoke detectors are used to sense fires they
cannot be used in areas like kitchens where smoke is usually
present.
• In such areas heat detectors are used ( which actually detect a
sudden increase in heat) .
• Devices such as a manual call point (a small button placed near
exits that can be pressed by anyone who realizes that there is a
fire) and a response indicator (a small red light that is placed
outside a door this lights if the smoke detector inside has been
activated in order to tell the fire-fighters the location of the fire)
are also used.
10. INPUT DEVICES
• Input devices can be triggered
automatically or manually
depending on their working
mechanism.
• Some of the fundamental fire alarm
input devices are given below :
Detectors
Manual call points
Input modules
11. CONTINUES…….
DETECTORS
Detectors have many types depending on which fire
indication they detect and their detection principles.
Some of the most common detectors are: Smoke
detector, heat detectors, flame detectors etc.,
MANUAL CALL
POINTS
This device is very important because it enable people to
trigger the fire alarm system in case of fire. But people
must avoid misusage of manual call points. Otherwise,
there will be false alarms in the fire alarm system
INPUT
MODULES
Input module is one of the input devices of a fire
alarm system. Input modules are used for integration of
fire alarm systems and other electrical or mechanical
systems in the building.
If the system that is monitored activates, input
module informs the fire alarm panel about the incident.
This incident does not have to be only fire. It can be
earthquake, gas leakage or other emergencies.
13. FIXED TEMPERATURE
TYPE
Heat detectors have two main
classifications of operation, “rate-of-rise”
and “fixed temperature”. The heat detector
is used to help in the reduction of damaged
property. It is triggered when temperature
increases.
Fixed Temperature Heat Detector works
when the heat exceeds a pre-determined
temperature, the bi-metal deflects and
closes the contact, triggering the fire signal.
15. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF FIXED HEAT DETECTION
ADVANTAGES
• Lower cost than smoke detector
units
• More reliable than smoke
detector units
• Not affected by dusty or dirty
environments
• Minimal maintenance
DISADVANTAGES
• Slower to respond than smoke
detectors
• Will not detect products of
combustion
• Only suitable for protection of
property
16. RATE-OF-RISE TYPE
THERMAL DETECTOR
• Rate of Rise Thermal Detectors triggers
the fire alarm when the rate of
temperature increase in the surroundings
rises above a certain rate. The air in the air
chamber will expand and close the contact
which is used to generate the alarm.
• Will initiate an alarm when the rise in
temperature exceeds 12-15F per
minute
18. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
RATE-OF-RISE TYPE
Advantages
• Responds faster than the fixed
temperature detector
• Not affected by dusty or dirty
environments
• More reliable than smoke
detector units
• Less expensive than smoke
detector units
• Minimal maintenance
Disadvantages
• Slower to respond than smoke
detectors
• Will not detect products of
combustion
• Only suitable for protection of
property
19. OUTPUT
DEVEICES• Most common output devices are sounders,
beacons and output modules.
• Sounders and beacons warn people that there is a
fire incident audibly
• Therefore people can leave the building. These
devices save lives in case of emergency.
• Output module is another fundamental output
device in fire alarm systems. They are used for
integration of fire alarm systems and other
electrical or mechanical systems in the building.
Output modules control other systems in case of
fire For example, elevators can be directed to
ground floor or exhaust fans can be triggered
20. FLAME DETECTOR
• A flame detector is a sensor
designed to detect and respond to
the presence of a flame or fire,
allowing flame detection.
• Responses to a detected flame
depend on the installation, but
can include sounding an alarm,
deactivating a fuel line (such as
a propane or a natural gas line),
and activating a fire suppression
system.
21. TYPES OF FLAME DETECTOR
• There are three types of flame detectors currently available. They are :
Infrared (IR)
Ultraviolet (UV)
combination of UV and IR.
Flame detector type regions
22. Ultraviolet detector
• Ultraviolet(UV) detectors work by detecting the UV
radiation emitted at the instant of ignition.
• While capable of detecting fires and explosions within 3–4
milliseconds, a time delay of 2–3 seconds is often included
to minimize false alarms which can be triggered by other
UV sources such as lightning, arc welding, radiation,
and sunlight.
• UV detectors typically operate with wavelengths shorter
than 300 nm to minimize the effects of natural background
radiation.
23. ULTRAVIOLET FLAME
DETECTORS
• A UV detector uses a sensor tube that detects radiation emitted in the
1000 to 3000 angstrom (one ten billionth of a metre) range.
• It is important to note that ultraviolet radiation from the sun that
reaches earth starts at 2800 angstrom. If the detector’s sensor has a
wide range then it will be triggered by the sun’s rays.
• There are sensors available with a range of 1800 to 2500 angstroms.
24. ULTRAVIOLET / INFRARED FLAME
DETECTORS
• A UV/IR detector consists of an UV and single frequency IR sensor
paired to form one unit.
• The two sensors individually operate the same as previously described,
but additional circuitry processes signals from both sensors.
• This means the combined detector has better false alarm rejection
capabilities than the individual UV or IR detectors.
25. APPLICATION AND EXAMPLE FOR
FLAME DETECTOR
• APPLICATIONS FOR OPTICAL FLAME
DETECTORS ARE:
– Highly combustible materials are
involved
– Where there is a need for
instantaneous response to flame
– Unsupervised areas require
automated fire protection
– Where there is a large capital
investment to be protected
EXAMPLES OF ACTUAL INSTALLATIONS
ARE:
– Gasoline transport loading terminals
– Pipeline pumping stations
– Refineries
– Aircraft hangers
– Automotive paint spray booths
– Jet engine test cells
– Offshore drilling and production
platforms
26. CRITERIA TO DETERMINE LAYOUT
OF THE FIRE DETECTORS
• The design, construction and operational features of all types of
detectors shall be in accordance with relevant standards.
– The number of fire detectors to be installed is governed by
– Total area to be protected
– Type of building construction
– air movement & air velocity
– ceiling obstructions
– concentration of equipment in the area covered
– sensitivity required
27. CONTINUE…….
• Area is divided into zones to be protected
• Areas above false ceiling and below false flooring shall be considered
as separate zones.
• Under ideal conditions of smooth ceiling and average room size, one
detector is recommended to protect the area.
• Detectors must always installed at the highest point of the ceiling and
minimum coverage indicated by manufacture shall be considered.
• The number of detectors and their location should be so selected that
complete coverage is obtained.
28. COMPONENTS OF
COMMERCIAL FDA SYSTEM
The main components of commercial fire detection systems :
• Manual alarm stations
• Automatic fire alarm detectors
• Supervisory devices
• Supervised water flow devices
• Systems designed to meet stringent fire code
• Monitor Fire Suppression/Sprinkler Systems
29. TYPES OF COMMERCIAL
FDA SYSTEM
• There are three types of commercial fire detection alarm system is there
they are :
Conventional fire alarm
Addressable fire alarm
Hybrid fire alarm
CONVENTIONAL FIRE ALARM :
Conventional fire alarms include a number of different “zones” that are
hardwired to central control panel. These systems allow to be able to put
separate fire alarms in each section of building and helps to monitor if an
alarm is broken.
30. CONTINUE…..
ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARMS:
These fire alarms are also called “intelligent systems” as they monitor the
fire alarms in building. Addressable alarms allow you to choose between
automatic and manual alarms. Each alarm installed in this system has its
own address, which allows to see which alarm is working and which are
failing. Addressable fire alarms are more expensive because of the
monitoring features.
HYBRID FIRE ALARMS:
Hybrid alarms combine the hardwired zone features of conventional fire
alarms with the addressable loops of the addressable fire alarms into a
single panel. This combined technology fits some of the settings better than
either the addressable or the conventional alarm.
31. COST OF FDA SYSTEM
• The cost of a fire alarm system is based on the size of your
building, the number of floors and square footage being
covered, as well as any special adherence to local and
federal occupational codes.
• A basic fire alarm system, which could include smoke, heat
and CO2 detectors and alarms with monitoring, for
example, can cost anywhere from Rs. 137.72 to Rs. 206.58
per square foot up to Rs. 275.44 to Rs. 413.16 per square
foot for a more complex system for a larger building.
